Claremont Advisors v. Sage Scholars

J-S05017-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

CLAREMONT ADVISORS, INC., : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DANIEL O. MAZE, AND DONALD J. : PENNSYLVANIA
MAHONEY :
:
Appellants :
:
:
v. :
: No. 1849 EDA 2020
:
SAGE SCHOLARS, INC., AND SAGE :
CTB, LLC :

Appeal from the Order Entered September 16, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Civil Division at No(s):
No. 2016-08682-CT

BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MAY 25, 2021

Daniel O. Maze, Donald J. Mahoney, and Claremont Advisors, Inc.

(Claremont) (collectively, Appellants) appeal from the order, entered in the

Court of Common Pleas of Chester County, granting summary judgment in

favor of SAGE Scholars, Inc. (SAGE). Upon careful review, we affirm.

Defendant/Appellee SAGE is a Philadelphia-based corporation, formed

in 1994 by Dr. James B. Johnston,1 that assists families in connection with

financing higher education through its “Tuition Rewards” program.2 SAGE is
____________________________________________

1Since its inception, Dr. Johnston has remained President, Board of Directors
Chairperson, and the largest shareholder of SAGE.

2SAGE has contractual relationships with approximately 400 private colleges
and universities throughout the country that provide guaranteed tuition
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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a closely-held corporation with approximately ten shareholders; Maze is a

long-time shareholder of SAGE. In December of 1994, Maze began assisting

Dr. Johnston in fundraising for SAGE, and, at all relevant times, Maze served

on SAGE’s Board of Directors.3 Maze is also the founder, sole shareholder,

and sole employee of Claremont, a Texas corporation specializing in

fundraising and brokerage activities.

From 2000 through 2012, SAGE—through Dr. Johnston, Maze,

Mahoney,4 and now-deceased SAGE Director Jerry Robinson—made periodic,

unsuccessful efforts to partner with Independence Blue Cross (IBC) for its

Tuition Rewards program. See Dr. Johnston Affidavit, 6/14/20, at 6-9; Maze

Affidavit, undated,5 at 3-6. In January of 2012, Maze discovered that Mahoney

was a longstanding friend of Daniel J. Hilferty, who became Chief Executive

____________________________________________

discounts for SAGE “member families.” Dr. Johnston Affidavit, 6/14/20, at 2.
SAGE earns income by contracting with banks, brokerage firms, insurers, and
other entities that differentiate themselves from their competitors by
attaching SAGE’s “Tuition Rewards” as an added value to their product or
service. Id. For a fee paid to SAGE, those entities’ customers become SAGE
“member families” who are guaranteed tuition discounts at participating
colleges and universities. Id.

3 Maze “began closely working with [Dr.] Johnston focusing on building
S[AGE]” starting in 1995, and had “attended all annual . . . Board of Directors
meetings.” See Maze Affidavit, at 3-5. Dr. Johnston explained that Maze has
been a shareholder “throughout almost the entire history of the company and
a [D]irector until 2016.” See Dr. Johnston Affidavit, 6/14/20, at 5.

4Mahoney is a financial advisor for the Union Bank of Switzerland. He is
Maze’s longtime friend and business associate.

5Maze’s affidavit is not dated; it was, however, attached to Appellants’
Amended Complaint filed on April 3, 2017.

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Officer of IBC in December 2010. Id. at 6. Thereafter, effective May 1, 2012,

SAGE and Claremont entered into a contract, drafted by Maze (2012

Contract),6 whereby Claremont would perform sales and marketing services

for SAGE in exchange for a monthly fee of $2,500 and a “Success Fee”

consisting of 25% of the ongoing revenue generated from “business identified

and closed by Claremont.” See 2012 Contract, 4/30/12, at ¶ 2. The contract

specified a term of 365 days from May 1, 2012, and further provided that the

term could only be renewed by the mutual, written consent of both parties.

Id. at ¶ 3. During the term of the 2012 Contract, neither Claremont nor SAGE

contracted to do business with IBC. The 2012 Contract was not subsequently

renewed. See SAGE’s Answer and New Matter to Amended Complaint,

4/3/17, at 15.

Prior to the 2012 Contract, A.J. Healy and Michael Ackerman had been

working with SAGE to market its Tuition Rewards program on a commission

basis. In or around 2007, Healy and Ackerman formed a limited liability

company7 that primarily marketed SAGE’s Tuition Rewards program. In or

around 2012, SAGE, Healy, and Ackerman formed CTB, whose sole business

activity has been marketing SAGE’s Tuition Rewards program, albeit under the

____________________________________________

6 Maze and Mahoney were not parties to the 2012 Contract.

7 The company, College Tuition Benefits, LLC, is not involved in these
proceedings.

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name “College Tuition Benefit” program.8 SAGE is a 40% owner of CTB, with

Healy and Ackerman each owning 30%. See Healy Affidavit, undated, at 3.9

In effect, SAGE, CTB, Claremont, and others who market SAGE’s Tuition

Rewards program compete with one another to market the same product to

potential financial partners.10

Throughout 2012 and 2013, Healy and Ackerman, on behalf of CTB,

attempted to partner with IBC and kept SAGE Directors, including Maze,

informed of their efforts. Id. at 9. In early 2014, Healy successfully

negotiated a contract to sell CTB’s benefit program—i.e., SAGE’s benefit

program—to Guardian Life Insurance (Guardian), who administered certain

insurance programs for IBC. Representatives from Guardian touted CTB’s

benefit program to their contacts at IBC, and, as a result, Healy subsequently

met with several IBC executives including Brett Mayfield, Jonathan Stump,

and Brian Lobely, Vice President for Marketing and Consumer Business. Id.

at 6-9. Beginning in June 2014, Healy negotiated with IBC for 18 months on

____________________________________________

8When financial partners contract with CTB, that partner pays revenue directly
to CTB rather than to SAGE. Nonetheless, SAGE benefits indirectly as a 40%
owner of CTB. See Healy Affidavit, undated, at 3.

9Healy’s Affidavit is undated, but was attached as Exhibit H to SAGE’s brief in
support of its motion for summary judgment on June 15, 2020.

10 During the term of the 2012 Contract, SAGE would have earned a higher
percentage of revenue from business generated by Claremont than business
generated by CTB, as SAGE was entitled to 75% of the revenue Claremont
generated pursuant to the 2012 Contract, but gets paid only 40% of what CTB
generates, commensurate with its 40% ownership interest in CTB. See Healy
Affidavit, undated, at 4.

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CTB’s behalf, meeting with IBC executives and exchanging hundreds of calls

and emails, without any involvement from Maze, Claremont, or Mahoney. On

a few occasions throughout 2014 and 2015, Maze contacted Healy regarding

status updates on the CTB-IBC negotiations. Healy, inferring that Maze was

calling in his capacity as an interested SAGE Director and shareholder, briefed

Maze on his efforts; Maze did not offer or provide, nor did Healy solicit, any

assistance in connection with Healy’s efforts to finalize a partnership between

CTB and IBC. Id. at 9. On December 15, 2015, Healy, on behalf of CTB,

signed a contract with IBC (IBC Contract), giving IBC access to SAGE’s Tuition

Rewards program under the name “College Tuition Benefit” program.

On September 13, 2016, Appellants filed suit against SAGE and CTB

alleging breach of contract and unjust enrichment. Appellants claimed they

are entitled to money arising out of the IBC Contract as a “Success Fee”

pursuant to the 2012 Contract. Appellants argued that, although the 2012

Contract was not renewed in writing pursuant to its own terms, the 2012

Contract “was extended beyond the stated period” because “SAGE[] and CTB

continued to engage the services of Claremont, Maze, and Mahoney.” See

Amended Complaint, 2/17/17, at ¶ 29. They further argued that CTB became

a party to the 2012 Contract when it “assumed control of the [Tuition

Rewards] Program . . . [and] became involved in the process to secure

business from IBC.” Id. at ¶ 31-32.

On November 18, 2018, prior to the scheduled depositions of Mahoney

and Healy, Appellants entered into a confidential settlement agreement and

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mutual release with CTB (the Release).11 On January 18, 2019, Appellants

filed a “Praecipe to Settle, Discontinue[,] and End as to [CTB] Only.”

On June 15, 2019, SAGE filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing,

inter alia, that the express terms of the Release have the legal effect of

releasing SAGE—not just CTB—from the claims underlying the instant

matter.12 On September 16, 2020, upon consideration of SAGE’s motion for

summary judgment, Appellants’ response, and all related filings, the trial court

issued an order granting summary judgment in favor of SAGE and against

Appellants. Specifically, the trial court found that the Release expressly

released SAGE as well as CTB in that SAGE was included in the definition of

“Released Parties” and was also a “third-party beneficiary” of the Release.13

Appellants timely filed a notice of appeal and court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

____________________________________________

11 In the Release, the parties refer to CTB as “SAGE.” Because this is
inconsistent with the way the parties have referred to CTB throughout
litigation, they have stipulated that, contrary to the inadvertent and
misleading naming convention used in the Release, SAGE CTB, LLC is “CTB”
and not “SAGE;” SAGE Scholars, Inc., is “SAGE.” See Stipulation of the
Parties, 1/13/21, at 3-4.

12 SAGE further argued that Maze and Mahoney were not parties to the 2012
Contract, and, thus, lacked standing to assert breach of contract claims. SAGE
also claimed that Appellants were not entitled to any “Success Fee” under the
2012 Contract because: (1) the IBC Contract was finalized two and a half
years after the 2012 Contract expired; (2) the IBC Contract resulted in
business for CTB, who was not a party to the 2012 Contract; and (3) the
“Success Fee” was for business identified and closed by Claremont, but here,
Healy identified and closed the IBC Contract. Motion for Summary Judgment,
6/15/19, at 1-2.

13 The trial court did not address SAGE’s alternative bases for summary
judgment.

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concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. The trial court issued

its opinion pursuant to Rule 1925(a) on October 28, 2020. Appellants present

the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the [trial] court committed an error of law by failing
to apply the proper legal standard in its analysis of the []
Release.

2. Whether the [trial] court committed an error of law in finding
[SAGE] was a Released Party under the [] Release.

3. Whether the [trial] court committed an error of law in finding
the claims against [CTB] were released under the [] Release.

4. Whether the [trial] court committed an error of law in granting
summary judgment when the record demonstrated that there
are issues of material fact related to the intent of the parties
as to the scope of the [] Release.

Brief of Appellant, at 5.

In effect, each of Appellants’ issues challenge the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of SAGE based on its reading of the Release.

Our standard of review of an order granting or denying summary judgment is

well-settled:

We view the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party, and all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact must be resolved against the moving party. Only
where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and it is
clear that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law will summary judgment be entered. Our scope of review of
a trial court’s order granting or denying summary judgment is
plenary, and our standard of review is clear: the trial court’s
order will be reversed only where it is established that the court
committed an error of law or abused its discretion.

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Siciliano v. Mueller, 149 A.3d 863, 864 (Pa. Super. 2016). Moreover,

because the instant dispute centers around language included in the Release,

we are mindful that:

[W]hen construing the effect and scope of a release, the
court, as it does with all other contracts, must try to give effect
to the intentions of the parties. Yet, the primary source of the
court’s understanding of the parties’ intent must be the document
itself. Thus, what a party now claims to have intended is not
as important as the intent that we glean from a reading of
the document itself. The parties’ intent at the time of signing
as embodied in the ordinary meaning of the words of the
document is our primary concern. Brown v. Cooke, 707 A.2d
231, 233 (Pa. Super. 1998) (quotation and citations omitted).

Ford Motor Co. v. Buseman, 954 A.2d 580, 582-83 (Pa. Super. 2008).

Additionally, we note “[t]here is no requirement that all of the parties to be

discharged from liability are specifically named within a release if the terms of

the release clearly extend to other parties.” Id. at 583 (citing In re Bodnar’s

Estate, 372 A.2d 746 (Pa. 1977) and Buttermore v. Aliquippa Hosp., 561

A.2d 733 (Pa. 1989)). We will adopt “an interpretation that is most reasonable

and probable bearing in mind the objects which the parties intended to

accomplish through agreement.” Harrity v. Med. College of Pa. Hosp., 653

A.2d 5, 10 (Pa. Super. 1994).

The relevant language of the Release is as follows:

CONFIDENTIAL SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
AND MUTUAL RELEASE

This CONFIDENTIAL SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT AND MUTUAL
RELEASE [] is made by [Plaintiffs/Appellants] and [CTB]. . . .

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A. Plaintiffs commenced suit against [CTB] . . . (“Suit”)
. . . in which Plaintiffs demanded damages arising out of
a claimed contractual relationship (“Dispute”);

B. The Parties wish to settle by way of this Agreement the
Dispute and all other disputes between them relating to
any claims and the Suit.

***

1. DEFINITION
1.1 For purposes of this Agreement, “Released Parties”
means [CTB] and each of its past, present, and future parent
corporations, subsidiaries, divisions, affiliates, holding
companies, merged companies, related companies, and
acquired companies, and each of the foregoing entities past,
present[,] and future directors, officers, shareholders, employees,
subrogees, partners, principals, agents, attorneys, joint
ventures, joint venturers, representatives, and claims handling
administrators, and each of the foregoing persons’ and entities
respective predecessors, successors, assignors, and assigns,
whether known or unknown, and all persons or entities acting
on behalf of, by, through, or in concert with them.

2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
2.1 The purpose of this Agreement is to resolve fully and
finally the Dispute and all other disputes between the Parties
relating to the Dispute and the Suit.
2.2 . . . This Agreement is the product of informed
negotiations between the Parties and their representatives,
including counsel[.]
***

3. SETTLEMENT AMOUNT AND RELEASES

***

3.2 In consideration of [CTB]’s payment pursuant to
Paragraph 3.2 and the other provisions of this agreement,
Plaintiffs release and forever discharge [CTB] from all past,
present, and future actions, claims, rights, counts, lawsuits,
causes of action, obligations, debts, demands[,] or liabilities of
any kind or nature, . . . that in any manner or fashion arise
from or relate to the Dispute, the Suit, all claims that were or
could have been asserted in the Suit, and/or the Dispute

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(collectively, the “Released Claims”). The Released Claims
shall specifically include without limitation all past, present, or
future actions, claims, rights, counts, lawsuits, causes of action,
obligations, debts, demands[,] or liabilities of any kind or nature
. . . based in whole or in part on any claims made in the Suit
or in breach of any express or implied duty, obligation, or
covenant, whether contractual, statutory, or otherwise,
relating to the Dispute, the Suit, all claims that were or could
have been asserted in the Suit, and/or the Dispute.

***

8. GENERAL PROVISIONS
***

8.6. The Agreement was jointly drafted by the Parties
and the language of all parts of this Agreement shall in all
cases be construed as a whole according to its meaning and
not strictly for or against any of the Parties.

***

8.8. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to
make any person or entity not a Party to this Agreement a
third-party beneficiary of this Agreement, except those
persons or entities who are beneficiaries of the releases set
forth herein, including the Released Parties.

Release, 11/18/18, at 1-4 (emphasis added).

The language in the Release is clear, broad in scope, and unambiguous.

The parties express several times throughout the Release that CTB is not the

only entity released of liability. Indeed, the Release specifically contemplates

that “Released Parties” includes all of CTB’s affiliates, related companies, joint

venturers, as well as all persons and entities who act by, through, or in concert

with CTB. There is no genuine dispute as to the fact that SAGE—as 40%

owner of CTB, one of three CTB members, and the entity responsible for

creating and maintaining the tuition benefits program that CTB markets as its

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sole busines activity—fits squarely within the definition of “Released Parties”

as an “affiliate,” “related company,” or entity that “act[s] by, through, or in

concert with” CTB, in accordance with the plain meaning of those terms. See

Ford Motor Co., supra at 582-83. Section 8.8 of the Release reaffirms that

the “Released Parties,” i.e., entities besides CTB, “are beneficiaries of the

releases set forth herein.” Id. at 4.

We find, therefore, that the trial court did not commit an error of law or

abuse of discretion in concluding that SAGE falls under the Release’s definition

of “Released Parties,” in light of the contract’s unambiguous language and

“the business model practiced by these two companies.” See Trial Court

Order, 9/16/20, at 2-3 n.1. See also In re Bodnar’s Estate, supra at 387-

89 (party need not be specifically named in release nor give consideration for

release if terms of agreement clearly extend to it); Ford Motor Co., supra

at 587 n.7 (release must be read as whole, without ignoring plain language

stating it applies to others not designated by name).

As for the liabilities from which SAGE and CTB were released, the

Release specifies that the parties wish to settle the “Suit” and/or the

“Dispute,” which “aris[es] out of a claimed contractual relationship” with CTB,

as well as “all other disputes . . . relating to any claims and the Suit.”

Release, 11/18/18, at 1 (emphasis added). Appellants agreed that the terms

of the Release apply to “all past, present, and future . . . claims

. . . of any kind or nature . . . that in any manner or fashion . . . relate to

the Dispute.” Id. at 3. To clarify even further, the Release adds that

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“Released Claims” specifically include all claims “based in whole or in part” on

the “breach of any . . . duty” and “all claims that were or could have been

asserted in the Suit[] and/or the Dispute.” Id. at 3 (emphasis added).

Accordingly, the trial court did not commit an error of law or abuse of

discretion in determining that Appellants’ breach of contract and unjust

enrichment claims arising out of the 2012 Contract and/or IBC Contract were

barred by the Release as “Released Claims.” See Trial Court Order, 9/16/20,

at 1-4 n.1. See Ford Motor Co., supra at 585 (language releasing parties

from “any and every claim . . . of whatever kind or nature, on account of or

in any way growing out of” underlying dispute is “unambiguous[ and] clear”);

cf. Harrity, supra at 11 (reversing summary judgment in favor of defendants

where “extremely clear limiting language” in release discharged them from all

liabilities “arising from [plaintiff’s fall] . . . and for which suit was brought,”

because plaintiff had not previously brought suit against defendants in

connection with fall) (emphasis in original).

In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court properly

granted summary judgment in favor of SAGE and CTB. Siciliano, supra;

Ford Motor Co., supra.

Order affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/25/2021

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