Larry Chambers and Abie Wolf v. Gary Starr and Bonnie Starr

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LARRY CHAMBERS and ABIE
No. 08-20-00136-CV
WOLF,
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Appeal from the
Appellants,
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243rd District Court
v.
§
of El Paso County, Texas
GARRY STARR and BONNIE STARR,
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(TC# 2018DCV1581)
Appellees.
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OPINION

This is one of several related cases which have come before this Court involving a dispute

over the towing, repair, and ultimately ownership, of a motor home. Appellees Garry and Bonnie

Starr hired Appellant, Abie Wolf, to tow their motor home to El Paso after it broke down in rural

west Texas. An unpaid mechanic’s lien filed by Appellant resulted in a title dispute between the

parties.

In this most recent litigation, Appellants once again sued Appellees for damages allegedly

resulting from fraud committed by Appellees against Appellant. When Appellees did not answer

the Appellants’ petition after being served by publication, the trial court entered a default judgment

against them. However, the trial court determined Appellants failed to prove their alleged damages

for personal injuries and did not award any damages in favor of Appellants. This appeal followed.

BACKGROUND

Factual Background
 Appellants allege the following facts in their Original Petition:

The parties’ quarrel began in May 2012, when the motor home driven by Appellees broke

down at the U.S. Border Patrol checkpoint near Sierra Blanca, Texas. Appellees arranged for the

motor home to be towed from the interstate outside of Sierra Blanca to Van Horn because the

Border Patrol officers required its immediate removal. Accordingly, Appellees contacted

Appellant Wolf to tow their motor home from Van Horn to El Paso and repair it. Appellant

retrieved the motor home and repaired the damaged engine. When Appellant Wolf sought payment

from Appellees, he claims they never responded to his repeated calls and letters. Appellant Wolf

obtained a mechanic’s lien in the amount of $6,375.00, which he alleges was the motor home’s

appraised value according to the State of Texas. He filed suit in small claims court and obtained a

Texas title to the motorhome based on the outstanding lien.

After obtaining the Texas title for the motor home, Appellant Wolf borrowed $5,000.00

from Appellant Chambers to pay some outstanding bills. He then placed Appellant Chambers on

the motor home’s Texas title as a lienholder so that Chambers’ loan was secured with the motor

home as collateral.

Procedural Background

Appellants filed this lawsuit alleging a fraud cause of action against Appellees. Appellants

claim, following the series of events outlined above, Appellee Bonnie Starr illegally obtained title

to the motor home through the state of New Mexico. They claim Appellees assaulted Appellant

Wolf’s twelve-year-old daughter and conspired with others to have Appellant Wolf found in

contempt of court in previous litigation over the same title dispute. According to Appellants, the

contempt finding resulted in jail time for Appellant Wolf, who then suffered a stroke. Appellants

also claim Appellant Chambers suffered from severe stress and was thrice admitted to the hospital

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because of threats made by Appellants against him. In their petition, Appellants seek actual

damages, exemplary damages, interest, and attorney’s fees.

Appellants were unable to serve Appellees by process server or certified mail. They moved

to serve Appellees by publication, which the trial court granted. Appellants published a notice of

the lawsuit on June 25, 2019, in the El Paso Times, which ran for two weeks. On August 9, 2019,

Appellants moved for default judgment. Their motion contained a copy of the citation by

publication in the El Paso Times. After a hearing, the trial court rendered default judgment for

Appellants on April 27, 2020, but awarded no damages in their favor. In issuing its ruling, the trial

court found the evidence was factually insufficient to award actual or exemplary damages, and

“failed to meet their burden by clear and convincing evidence that the damages they claimed for

alleged injuries resulted from their claims against [Appellees] for fraud and conspiracy to commit

fraud.”

Appellants filed a motion for reconsideration on May 18, 2020. In it, Appellant Wolf

claimed he “[r]ecently . . . got admitted to the Hospital and had a heart attack from the stress and

depression he has been going through that was created by [Appellees] and there is [sic] Hospital

bills that were not provided to this Court about this issue and the Court is not aware about[.]”

Appellants did not attach any documents to the motion for reconsideration. Appellants also

requested findings of fact and conclusions of law. Appellants attached to their proposed findings

a document they prepared giving an itemized list of their alleged damages and dollar amounts.

However, no evidence substantiating these amounts was provided.

On May 26, 2020, Appellants filed a motion for new trial, claiming “this Court did not

grant those damages for the injury that were [sic] alleged by the [Appellants], [but Appellants]

have all the evidence to prove their claim for damages[.]” Other than an affidavit verifying the

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truth of the contents of their motion, Appellants did not attach any evidence to their motion for

new trial. The same day, the trial court denied Appellants’ motion for new trial and motion for

reconsideration.

On May 27, 2020, Appellants filed affidavits stating they filed a document demonstrating

damages totaling $751,740.00. The document to which the affidavits refer is the same attached to

Appellants’ request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, which listed the categories of

damages sought but provided no documentation backing up the summarized damages. They also

filed a joint affidavit the same day, which appears identical to their affidavit accompanying the

motion for new trial but attached to it was an itemized statement of account from a local hospital

for services rendered January 30 to February 2, 2020, for Appellant Wolf. This document, filed

after the trial court denied Appellants’ motion for new trial, is the first Appellants put forth

purporting to substantiate the alleged medical costs incurred by either Appellant allegedly because

of Appellees’ conduct.

This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Appellants raise the following issues on appeal, restated verbatim as they appear in

Appellants’ brief: 1

(1) Whether there is a fact issue that Appellant’s [sic] lawsuit was filed for the
Cause of Action of fraud.

(2) Whether there is a fact issue that Appellant’s [sic] satisfied their burden to prove
the elements in a fraud cause of actions.

(3) Whether there is a fact issue that Appellee’s [sic] were served by a process
server (Armando Juarez) and they never appeared or answered.

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Appellees did not file a brief in response to Appellants’ brief and have not appeared in this appeal.

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 (4) Whether there is a fact issue that Appellants tried to follow up with the Court
to try and serve Appellee’s [sic] and the Court entered an Order to serve
Appellee’s [sic] by publication under TRCP 106b and TRCP 109 however
Appellee’s [sic] never appeared or answered.

(5) Whether there is a fact issue that the Trial Court entered a Default Judgment
and did not award damages.

(6) Whether there is a fact issue that the Appellants provided evidence to prove
their damages and the evidence disappeared from the Clerk’s Records.

(7) Whether there is a fact issue that the Trial Court did not follow TRCP 503.1.

Appellants’ seven issues can be consolidated into four areas of inquiry for this Court. See

TEX.R.APP.P. 38.1(f)(“The statement of an issue or point will be treated as covering every

subsidiary question that is fairly included.”). 2 Appellants’ Issues One and Two ask us to determine

whether they pleaded and proved their cause of action for fraud. Issues Three and Four ask whether

service was properly effectuated upon Appellees. Issue Five asks us to determine whether the trial

court properly rendered default judgment in favor of Appellants. Issues Five, Six, and Seven ask

whether the trial court erred by finding Appellants failed to meet their burden of proof on damages.

It is unclear why Appellants ask us to review whether they satisfied their burden of proof,

properly effectuated service upon Appellees, or properly obtained default judgment against

Appellees since the trial court ruled in Appellants’ favor on each of these issues. Generally, a

prevailing party from an adverse legal pronouncement suffers no cognizable injury, and in the

absence of a cognizable injury, a higher court’s opinion would be an advisory opinion. See P.R.

Tel. Co., Inc. v. Telecomms. Regulatory Bd. of P.R., 665 F.3d 309, 325 (1st Cir. 2011)(“As a

general rule, ‘[a] party may not appeal from a judgment or decree in his favor[,]’” but “under some

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“Appellate briefs are to be construed reasonably, yet liberally, so that the right to appellate review is not lost by
waiver.” Perry v. Cohen, 272 S.W.3d 585, 587 (Tex. 2008)(per curiam)(citing El Paso Natural Gas v. Minco Oil &
Gas, Inc., 8 S.W.3d 309, 316 (Tex. 1999)). Here, Appellants’ issues are framed as whether “fact issues” exist regarding
the trial court’s ruling granting the default judgment and denying Appellants’ request for damages. In construing
Appellants’ brief liberally, we understand Appellants to argue the trial court acted correctly in rendering default
judgment, but erred in denying Appellants damages.

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circumstances, a prevailing party may appeal a court’s determination on a legal question if that

determination could affect the party’s rights in the future.”)(quoting from and citing Elec. Fittings

Corp. v. Thomas & Betts Co., 307 U.S. 241, 242 (1939)).

Accordingly, we proceed solely on the issues regarding whether the trial court erred when

it found the Appellants failed to satisfy their burden of proof on actual, mental anguish and

exemplary damages.

Standard of Review

We construe Appellants’ arguments as asserting a legal sufficiency challenge regarding

their evidence of actual, mental anguish, and exemplary damages on their fraud claim. See Alvarez

v. Agyemang, No. 02-19-00301-CV, 2020 WL 719440, at *2 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2020, no

pet.)(mem. op.). “When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on

which she has the burden of proof, she must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence establishes,

as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of the issue.” Dow Chemical Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d

237, 241 (Tex. 2001)(per curiam). We, as the reviewing court, must search the record for evidence

supporting the adverse finding, and ignore all evidence to the contrary. Id. If no evidence supports

the adverse finding, we must “then examine the entire record to determine if the contrary position

is established as a matter of law.” Id. Only if the evidence establishes Appellants’ proposition

conclusively will we sustain their point of error. Id. at 241-42.

Applicable Law

After a court grants default judgment on an unliquidated claim, the allegations in the

petition are deemed admitted against the defendant, except the amount of damages. Holt Atherton

Industries, Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992). In other words, the “default judgment

admits that the defendant’s conduct caused the event upon which the plaintiff’s suit is based.”

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Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729, 732 (Tex. 1984). However, the trial court must

then hear evidence of unliquidated damages. Id. (citing TEX.R.CIV.P. 243). Damages are

unliquidated when they are not proven by an instrument in writing. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 243; see also

Oliphant Financial, LLC v. Galaviz, 299 S.W.3d 829, 836 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.).

Damages may be proven by affidavit. Whitaker v. Rose, 218 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tex.App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

In proving its damages, a prevailing plaintiff on default must prove not only the amount of

damages, but proof of a causal nexus between the damages sought and the defendant’s liability.

See Morgan, 675 S.W.2d at 732. The Texas Supreme Court in Morgan stated:

The causal nexus between the event sued upon and the plaintiff’s injuries is strictly
referable to the damages portion of the plaintiff’s cause of action. Even if the
defendant’s liability has been established, proof of this causal nexus is necessary to
ascertain the amount of damages to which the plaintiff is entitled. This is true
because the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages only for those injuries caused
by the event made the basis of suit; that the defendant has defaulted does not give
the plaintiff the right to recover for damages which did not arise from his cause of
action. To hold, as we do, that a defaulting defendant does not admit that the event
sued upon caused any of plaintiff’s alleged injuries is entirely consistent with the
rule that a judgment taken by default admits all allegations of fact set out in the
petition, except for the amount of damages. Proving that the event sued upon caused
the plaintiff’s alleged injuries is part and parcel of proving the amount of damages
to which the plaintiff is entitled. The causal nexus between the event sued upon and
the plaintiff’s injuries must be shown by competent evidence.

Id. [Internal citations omitted]. Direct evidence of damages is not required, but the evidence must

be such as to allow a rational inference that some damages naturally flowed from the defendant’s

conduct. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 591-92 (Tex. 2015).

A plaintiff suing for fraud may recover economic [actual] damages, mental anguish, and

exemplary damages. Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 304 (Tex. 2006). An

element of fraud is whether the party suffered an injury. Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La Valencia,

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Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex. 2009)(per curiam). Therefore, Appellants must prove the amount

of actual damages stemming from their injury as the result of the fraud.

A plaintiff seeking mental anguish damages should provide “direct evidence of the nature,

duration, and severity of their mental anguish, thus establishing a substantial disruption in the

plaintiffs’ daily routine.” Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex. 1995). The

evidence may be in the form of the claimants’ testimony, third-party testimony, or expert

testimony. See id. The lack of such evidence “justifies close judicial scrutiny[,]” especially when

it is readily available to the plaintiff. Id.

When claimants fail to present direct evidence of the nature, duration, or severity
of their anguish, we apply traditional ‘no evidence’ standards to determine whether
the record reveals any evidence of ‘a high degree of mental pain and distress’ that
is ‘more than mere worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or anger’ to support
any award of damages.

Id. (citing J.B. Custom Design & Bldg. v. Clawson, 794 S.W.2d 38, 43 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1990, no writ)). Furthermore, to award mental anguish damages, a claimant must provide

both “evidence of the existence of compensable mental anguish” and “evidence to justify the

amount awarded.” Hancock v. Variyam, 400 S.W.3d 59, 68 (Tex. 2013)[Emphasis added].

Exemplary damages must be reasonable in proportion to actual damages. Alamo Nat’l Bank

v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908, 910 (Tex. 1981). “There can be no set rule or ratio between the amount

of actual and exemplary damages which will be considered reasonable. This determination must

depend upon the facts of each particular case.” Id. A reviewing court determining the

reasonableness of an exemplary damages award should consider “(1) the nature of the wrong, (2)

the character of the conduct involved, (3) the degree of culpability of the wrongdoer, (4) the

situation and sensibilities of the parties concerned, and (5) the extent to which such conduct offends

a public sense of justice and propriety.” Id.

Analysis
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 In this case, the trial court heard arguments by Appellants and considered the exhibits

admitted as evidence in the hearing and determined none of the alleged damages—all of which

were for the treatment of medical conditions experienced by the Appellants—could be attributed

to the acts of the Appellees. Specifically, the trial court found Appellants failed to provide evidence

of the causal nexus between the Appellees’ actions and the damages sought.

We look first to the relevant portions of Appellants’ original petition which was deemed

admitted by the Appellees based on their default, which are as follows:

• Appellant Wolf performed repairs on the motor home which went unpaid by
Appellees;

• Bonnie Starr conspired with other people to illegally obtain a title to the motor
home from the State of New Mexico knowing Appellant Wolf had a title from
the State of Texas for the same vehicle;

• Appellees conspired with others to have Appellant Wolf found in contempt of
court in a previous lawsuit and put in jail;

• Appellees fraudulently obtained a judgment against Appellants in excess of
$500,000 and took property belonging to Appellants;

• Appellees perjured themselves regarding the value of the motor home;

• Appellees caused Appellant Wolf to suffer a stroke; and

• Appellant Chambers was admitted to the hospital three times as a result of stress
caused by Appellees.

Appellants pleaded causes of action for fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud. They sought

actual damages, mental anguish damages, and exemplary damages compounded by pre- and post-

judgment interest. 3 Appellants did not attach any documents to their original petition or motion

for entry of default judgment.

3
Appellants also sought attorney’s fees, which are not recoverable on a cause of action for fraud. See Tony Gullo
Motors I, L.P., 212 S.W.3d at 304.

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 Next, we consider the evidence provided by Appellants in support of their claim of actual,

exemplary and mental anguish damages. At the default judgment hearing, the following exchange

occurred between Appellant Wolf and the trial court:

THE COURT: Now, are we -- okay. Are we talking about the lawsuit prior to this?
I’m not – I’m not asking about that.

MR. WOLF: No.

THE COURT: I’m talking about this lawsuit that you filed.

MR. WOLF: This lawsuit, yes.

THE COURT: All right.

MR. WOLF: I’m talking about this lawsuit.

THE COURT: Okay.

MR. WOLF: Okay. So they -- I brought that motor home. And then they told me to
go ahead and fix it and they going [sic] to pay me for doing it. When this happened,
the -- they went to another guy related to them. And they talk that – that’s when
they defraud [sic] me.

THE COURT: So you’re asking -- $750,000 for that incident right there?

MR. WOLF: Right.

THE COURT: What is the connection -- how do -- how does [sic] medical bills of
$42,000 and $158,000 and $195,000, how is that related to that act that you just
stated happened?

MR. WOLF: Okay. That -- the 195, it’s for the pain and suffering. That’s just for
the exemplary damages.

THE COURT: Yeah, unliquidated. But there needs to be a causal connection.

MR. WOLF: The rest of it is for the hospital.

THE COURT: How does them defrauding you put you in the hospital?

MR. WOLF: I went through the stress and the anger and whatever they did to me,
and about what happened to my daughter.

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 THE COURT: Okay. But what happened to your daughter is not related to the act
that you’ve alleged in the petition.

MR. WOLF: Yeah. But the stress, the one I went through, that’s when I -- I had --
I had to end up in the hospital. And this is what I went through.

THE COURT: Okay. Is there anything else that you want to put on as evidence Mr.
Wolf, before I turn it over to Mr. Chambers?

MR. WOLF: No.

The trial court then moved on to Appellant Chambers.

THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Chambers, what evidence do you have of your -- again,
of the fact that -- based on the -- what Mr. Wolf has stated, that he was defrauded
because he was not paid for towing a truck and someone else was paid, how is it
that you have $159,000 in anguish damages?

MR. CHAMBERS: Well, I’ve been going to the hospital with severe pain and
anxiety for months because it’s all concerned that I helped finance this van with --
got a lawyer. I spent money too.

THE COURT: Uh-huh.

MR. CHAMBERS: And then I went through a lot of problems, and I’m still going
through problems with it. And this is the truth.

THE COURT: Okay. Is there anything else?

MR. CHAMBERS: No.

After this exchange, which was not taken under oath, Appellants offered two exhibits into

evidence. Both exhibits are uncertified copies of medical records for Appellant Chambers. Neither

exhibit contains any medical bills for Appellant Chambers. Neither of the exhibits contain any

information regarding Appellant Wolf’s alleged medical difficulties. 4

4
Appellants claim additional documents were included in the exhibits provided to the trial court during the hearing.
Even if additional medical records or billing records were provided to the trial court—of which this Court has no
indication—absent sworn testimony or other admissible evidence demonstrating the Appellants’ medical problems
were caused by the actions of the Appellees, such documentation would still prove insufficient to award damages. See
Morgan, 675 S.W.2d at 732.

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 Appellants did not offer any sworn testimony at the hearing, or any documents

substantiating the amounts sought, such as medical bills corresponding with the medical records

offered. Parkway Co., 901 S.W.2d at 444. Appellants also did not offer any evidence regarding

how their alleged injuries were caused by the acts of the Appellees specifically with respect to the

actions underlying the fraud complaint—in other words, how the Appellees’ failure to pay

Appellant Wolf for towing and servicing the motor home caused the Appellants to end up in the

hospital with severe medical issues. See Morgan, 675 S.W.2d at 732. Appellants did not offer any

evidence regarding the nature, duration, or severity of their alleged mental anguish, and the only

indication in the record regarding mental anguish was provided by unsworn argument from each

Appellant. Parkway Co., 901 S.W.2d at 444. We reiterate, in spite of Appellants’ arguments in the

hearing 5 that they suffered medically as a result of the Appellees’ actions, the connection between

their medical issues and the acts of the Appellees was not supported by any evidence. See Morgan,

675 S.W.2d at 732. Finally, no evidence was offered to substantiate the alleged reasonableness of

any category of damages sought. Hancock, 400 S.W.3d at 68; Alamo Nat’l Bank, 616 S.W.2d at

910.

With respect to the documents attached to Appellants’ post-judgment motions—

specifically, the document listing each category of damages sought, and two pages of medical bills

pertaining to medical treatment Appellant Wolf received in early 2020—even assuming the trial

court should have considered such documents in deciding whether to reconsider its ruling on the

default judgment or Appellants’ motion for new trial, we find the documents fail to support

Appellants’ claims for actual, exemplary, and mental anguish damages absent any causal

5
Arguments in a hearing which are unsworn do not constitute evidence. Hurdsman v. Mayo, No. 02-17-00099-CV,
2018 WL 3060116, at *4 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth June 21, 2018, no pet.)(mem. op.)(citing Clayton v. Wisener, 169
S.W.3d 682, 684 (Tex.App.—Tyler 2005, no pet.).

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explanation connecting the Appellees’ conduct with the alleged damages. See Morgan, 675

S.W.2d at 732.

Having reviewed the record for all evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that

Appellants failed to satisfy their burden to prove actual, exemplary, and mental anguish damages

sought in their fraud claim, we find the trial court did not err in refusing to award damages to

Appellants despite the default judgment was granted. Being we find there is no evidence in the

record to support an award of actual, exemplary, and mental anguish damages to Appellants.

Appellants’ fifth, sixth, and seventh issues are overruled.

With respect to Appellants’ first four issues, we find they are moot since the trial court

ruled in favor of Appellants on propriety of service on the Appellees and granting default

judgment, and thus Appellants have no cognizable interest in this Court reversing the trial court’s

judgment on these matters. See Glassdoor, Inc. v. Andra Group, LP, 575 S.W.3d 523, 527 (Tex.

2019).

CONCLUSION

Having determined the trial court did not err when it found Appellants failed to meet their

burden of proof on the requested damages. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

May 21, 2021
YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Chief Justice

Before Rodriguez, C.J., Palafox, J., and Rose, Former C.J., Third Court of Appeals
Rose, Former C.J. (Sitting by Assignment)

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