Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
05/28/2021 08:09 AM CDT
- 85 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
Gregory Tyrrell, appellant, v. Scott Frakes,
director, Department of Correctional Services,
and Rosalyn Cotton, chair, Nebraska
Board of Parole, appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed April 29, 2021. No. S-20-425.
1. Appeal and Error. Appellate courts do not generally consider argu-
ments and theories raised for the first time on appeal.
2. Jurisdiction. The question of jurisdiction is a question of law.
3. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing questions of law, an
appellate court has an obligation to resolve the questions independently
of the conclusions reached by the trial court.
4. Habeas Corpus: Appeal and Error. On appeal of a habeas petition, an
appellate court reviews the trial court’s factual findings for clear error
and its conclusions of law de novo.
5. Habeas Corpus: Final Orders. An order denying habeas corpus relief
qualifies as a final order.
6. Habeas Corpus: Final Orders: Proof: Appeal and Error. The test of
finality for the purpose of an appeal in a habeas corpus proceeding is
not necessarily whether the whole matter involved in the action is con-
cluded, but whether the particular proceeding or action is terminated by
the judgment.
7. Final Orders: Appeal and Error. To be appealable, an order must
satisfy the final order requirements of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902
(Cum. Supp. 2020) and, additionally, where implicated, Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 25-1315(1) (Reissue 2016).
8. Habeas Corpus. Where a habeas corpus proceeding and a petition in
error proceeding are filed in a single case, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315(1)
(Reissue 2016) applies.
9. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. If the court from which an appeal
was taken lacked jurisdiction, then the appellate court acquires no
jurisdiction.
- 86 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
10. Habeas Corpus. A writ of habeas corpus challenges and tests the
legality of a person’s detention, imprisonment, or custodial deprivation
of liberty.
11. Habeas Corpus: Collateral Attack. An action for habeas corpus is a
collateral attack on a judgment of conviction.
12. Judgments: Collateral Attack. A collateral attack on a judgment is
where the judgment is attacked in a way other than a proceeding in the
original action to have it vacated, reversed, or modified, or a proceeding
in equity to prevent its enforcement.
13. Habeas Corpus: Prisoners. In the case of a prisoner held pursuant to
a judgment of conviction, habeas corpus is available as a remedy only
upon a showing that the judgment, sentence, and commitment are void.
14. Habeas Corpus: Judgments: Sentences. The writ of habeas corpus
will not lie upon the ground of mere errors and irregularities in the judg-
ment or sentence rendering it not void, but only voidable.
15. Judgments: Collateral Attack. A judgment that is not void, even if
erroneous, cannot be collaterally attacked.
16. Constitutional Law: Habeas Corpus. Habeas corpus is not a proper
remedy to challenge a petitioner’s detention pursuant to a final convic-
tion and sentence on the basis that the statute underlying the conviction
is unconstitutional.
17. Habeas Corpus: Appeal and Error. Habeas corpus is a collateral
proceeding and as such cannot be used as a substitute for an appeal or
proceedings in error.
18. Constitutional Law: Habeas Corpus: Probation and Parole: Appeal
and Error. Habeas corpus is not a proper remedy to challenge the
constitutionality of a parole condition after a parolee fails to challenge
the condition in a revocation proceeding based upon a violation of
the condition or in an appeal or proceeding in error from the revoca-
tion proceeding.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Jodi
L. Nelson, Judge. Affirmed.
Gregory Tyrrell, pro se.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and James A.
Campbell, Solicitor General, for appellees.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
and Papik, JJ.
- 87 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
Cassel, J.
INTRODUCTION
More than 5 months after a parole revocation, Gregory
Tyrrell filed a district court proceeding asserting both a peti-
tion in error and an application for writ of habeas corpus. That
court quashed the habeas claim and, months later, dismissed
the error proceeding. Only then did Tyrrell appeal. We granted
bypass to address two issues. First, was the appeal timely? It
was, because of the combined effect of the statutes governing
habeas appeals 1 and finality of multiple claims. 2 Second, after
failing to challenge a parole condition’s constitutionality dur-
ing the revocation hearing or in a timely error proceeding, can
habeas be used to do so? Because habeas can be used only
to collaterally attack a void criminal judgment, sentence, and
commitment, and cannot be used as a substitute for an appeal
or proceedings in error, habeas was not available. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Parole Placement
The Nebraska Board of Parole (Board) placed Tyrrell on
parole from his sentences for burglary and first degree sexual
assault. The Board conditioned Tyrrell’s parole upon his (1)
nonuse of online social media and (2) paying a monthly pro-
gramming fee to the Nebraska Department of Correctional
Services. At the time of parole, Tyrrell agreed in writing to the
special conditions for parole of sex offenders.
Parole Revocation
A woman who met Tyrrell through an online dating website
reported to Tyrrell’s parole officer that Tyrrell had violated the
social media parole condition. When questioned by his parole
officer, Tyrrell admitted the violation.
1
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2823 (Reissue 2016).
2
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315(1) (Reissue 2016).
- 88 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
The Office of Parole Administration filed a petition for
review of parole hearing. At the parole review hearing, Tyrrell
pled guilty to violating the online social media condition and
was also found guilty of not paying his monthly programming
fees. The Board revoked his parole.
Tyrrell did not file any challenge to the parole revocation
for over 5 months. The Board entered the revocation order on
December 4, 2018. This case began on May 20, 2019.
District Court Proceedings
Tyrrell, assisted by counsel, began the case by filing a
petition for declaratory judgment—asserting various claims,
including a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2018). The caption
of the complaint named Scott Frakes, director of the Nebraska
Department of Correctional Services, and Rosalyn Cotton,
the Board’s chair, as defendants. Although the Board was not
named in the caption, the body of the complaint made allega-
tions against it.
The Board, Frakes, and Cotton filed a motion to dismiss,
asserting that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction and
that the complaint failed to state a claim. However, Tyrrell did
not wait for a ruling on their motion. Instead, he sought leave
and amended his complaint.
The new pleading, filed on November 8, 2019, and styled
as a “Petition in Error & Application for a Writ of Habeas
Corpus,” asserted both types of proceedings in the same
action. Obviously, both claims were filed more than 30 days
after the Board’s order revoking Tyrrell’s parole. The plead-
ing named Frakes and Cotton, in their official capacities,
as defendants. Although once again the pleading’s caption
did not name the Board (except for Cotton, its chair) as a
defendant, the portion of the body of the pleading asserting
a petition in error alleged error in the Board’s action revok-
ing Tyrrell’s parole. Apparently to dispel that uncertainty, the
district court’s order entered on November 14, which granted
Tyrrell leave to file his amended “petition” and gave counsel
for Frakes and Cotton 21 days to show cause why a writ of
- 89 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
habeas corpus should not issue, also noted that the court had
met with counsel for the respective parties on November 8 and
that the “parties agree[d] that the . . . Board . . . should be, and
hereby is, dropped from this case as a party.”
In response to the amended pleading, Frakes and Cotton
filed a motion to quash the “petition” for writ of habeas corpus.
On January 13, 2020, the district court granted the motion to
quash, ruling that parole revocation decisions are beyond “the
limits of habeas relief under Nebraska law.” Tyrrell did not file
a notice of appeal within 30 days of that order.
On February 4, 2020, the court issued an order directing
Tyrrell to show cause why the petition in error should not be
dismissed. Shortly afterward, Tyrrell elected to represent him-
self and his attorney withdrew. Tyrrell filed a response advising
the court that he wished to file additional motions. A few days
later, Tyrrell filed a motion to reconsider his habeas corpus
petition and a motion to amend it. The court overruled both
motions on May 18. In that order, the court gave Tyrrell 30
days to show cause why the petition in error should not be dis-
missed for lack of jurisdiction, based upon Tyrrell’s failure to
timely file the petition in error. Tyrrell filed a timely response
maintaining that habeas corpus was the proper remedy and
conceding that he was “unable to show cause why this matter
should not be dismissed.”
The next day, on May 29, 2020, the court dismissed the peti-
tion in error for lack of jurisdiction.
Appeal
Tyrrell filed a pro se notice of appeal on June 5, 2020.
We granted Tyrrell’s petition to bypass the Nebraska Court
of Appeals. 3
While the petition to bypass was pending, Frakes and
Cotton filed a motion for summary dismissal, 4 asserting that
3
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(2) (Cum. Supp. 2020).
4
See Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-107(B) (rev. 2017).
- 90 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
the appeal was filed more than 30 days after the district court
sustained their motion to quash the application for writ of
habeas corpus. We overruled the motion, but reserved the
jurisdictional issue for consideration upon plenary submission
of the appeal. The appeal was submitted upon completion of
oral arguments, 5 which, due to the ongoing coronavirus pan-
demic, were conducted solely by electronic means.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Tyrrell assigns 14 errors, which can be divided into two
categories—habeas corpus assignments and petition in error
assignments.
Regarding the habeas proceeding, Tyrrell assigns the dis-
trict court erred in (1) failing to determine sua sponte to issue
the writ of habeas corpus, (2) failing to issue a writ of habeas
corpus, (3) sustaining the appellees’ motion to quash, (4) over-
ruling his motion for reconsideration, and (5) overruling his
motion to amend.
[1] Tyrrell assigns nine instances of “plain error” to the
Board, including two matters that were not presented to the
district court. Appellate courts do not generally consider argu-
ments and theories raised for the first time on appeal. 6 But
more important, Tyrrell does not assign that the court erred in
dismissing his petition in error for being untimely.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[2,3] The question of jurisdiction is a question of law. 7
When reviewing questions of law, an appellate court has an
obligation to resolve the questions independently of the conclu-
sions reached by the trial court. 8
5
See Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-111 (rev. 2017).
6
Maria T. v. Jeremy S., 300 Neb. 563, 915 N.W.2d 441 (2018).
7
TDP Phase One v. The Club at the Yard, 307 Neb. 795, 950 N.W.2d 640
(2020).
8
In re Estate of Marsh, 307 Neb. 893, 951 N.W.2d 486 (2020).
- 91 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
[4] On appeal of a habeas petition, an appellate court
reviews the trial court’s factual findings for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo. 9
ANALYSIS
Jurisdiction
Tyrrell does not challenge the district court’s dismissal of his
petition in error for lack of jurisdiction. At oral argument, the
State conceded that a petition in error can be used to challenge
a parole revocation. 10 Assuming without deciding that the State
is correct, an error proceeding must be filed within 30 days of
the final order. 11 Here, it was not. Tyrrell conceded as much in
his response to the district court’s show cause order. But differ-
ent principles apply to the appeal regarding Tyrrell’s applica-
tion for a writ of habeas corpus.
[5,6] In Frakes and Cotton’s brief, they contested our juris-
diction of the district court’s disposition of Tyrrell’s appli-
cation for writ of habeas corpus—arguing that he should
have appealed within 30 days of the court’s January 2020
order rather than waiting until after its May 2020 dismissal
order. That argument relied upon our decision in Anderson
v. Houston. 12 Therein, we said that “an order denying habeas
corpus relief qualifies as a final order” 13 and that “[t]he test of
finality for the purpose of an appeal in a habeas corpus pro-
ceeding is not necessarily whether the whole matter involved
in the action is concluded, but whether the particular proceed-
ing or action is terminated by the judgment.” 14 We agree with
these principles.
9
Evans v. Frakes, 293 Neb. 253, 876 N.W.2d 626 (2016).
10
See Ditter v. Nebraska Bd. of Parole, 11 Neb. App. 473, 655 N.W.2d 43
(2002). See, also, Hrbek v. Shortridge, 223 Neb. 785, 394 N.W.2d 285
(1986).
11
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1931 (Reissue 2016).
12
Anderson v. Houston, 274 Neb. 916, 744 N.W.2d 410 (2008).
13
Id. at 934, 744 N.W.2d at 424.
14
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
- 92 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
[7] But as Tyrrell pointed out and the State effectively
conceded at oral argument, our Anderson decision did not
involve a habeas proceeding asserted in the same action as
another claim and, thus, § 25-1315(1) had no potential applica-
tion in that case. We have said that to be appealable, an order
must satisfy the final order requirements of Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 25-1902 (Cum. Supp. 2020) and, additionally, where impli-
cated, § 25-1315(1). 15 Here, the habeas claim was asserted in
the same proceeding as a petition in error. Our jurisdiction
turns upon whether that statute was implicated here.
Recently, we held that “when [a forcible entry and detainer]
claim is part of an action involving multiple claims or multiple
parties, § 25-1315 governs the immediate appealability of an
order determining the [forcible entry and detainer] claim.” 16
We did so based upon the language of a forcible entry and
detainer statute which states, “Any party against whom judg-
ment has been entered . . . may appeal as provided for in a
civil action.” 17 We reasoned that the plain language of the
statute directed that parties in such cases may appeal only
“as provided for in a civil action” and that § 25-1315 governs
civil actions.
[8] The same reasoning applies here. Our statute states that
habeas corpus proceedings “may be reviewed as provided by
law for appeal in civil cases.” 18 Thus, where a habeas corpus
proceeding and a petition in error proceeding are filed in a
single case, § 25-1315(1) applies. Pursuant to that section, the
order disposing of the habeas claim did not become appeal-
able until the disposition of the petition in error. Tyrrell’s
15
Rafert v. Meyer, 298 Neb. 461, 905 N.W.2d 30 (2017); Guardian Tax
Partners v. Skrupa Invest. Co., 295 Neb. 639, 889 N.W.2d 825 (2017).
16
TDP Phase One v. The Club at the Yard, supra note 7, 307 Neb. at 803,
950 N.W.2d at 647.
17
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,233 (Reissue 2016).
18
§ 29-2823.
- 93 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
appeal was filed within 30 days after that occurred. Therefore,
it was timely and we have jurisdiction of this appeal.
The joining of a petition in error delayed disposition of the
application for writ of habeas corpus, which is a “‘special civil
proceeding providing a summary remedy.’” 19 To avoid such
delay, we discourage the practice of joining such applications
with other civil proceedings or actions.
Petition in Error
[9] We lack jurisdiction to consider Tyrrell’s assignments
of error regarding his petition in error. He conceded that the
district court lacked jurisdiction of the error proceeding. If
the court from which an appeal was taken lacked jurisdiction,
then the appellate court acquires no jurisdiction. 20 Because the
district court correctly determined that it lacked jurisdiction of
the petition in error and we consequently lack jurisdiction of
the assignments of error addressing it, we affirm the district
court’s dismissal of the error proceeding.
Habeas Corpus
Tyrrell’s other assignments of error address his application
for a writ of habeas corpus. Tyrrell argues that he is entitled
to the writ and that the district court erred in failing to issue
the writ, sustaining Frakes and Cotton’s motion to quash,
and overruling his motion for reconsideration and motion
to amend.
[10-12] A writ of habeas corpus challenges and tests the
legality of a person’s detention, imprisonment, or custodial
deprivation of liberty. 21 In Nebraska, habeas corpus is quite
limited in comparison to the scope of the writ in federal
courts. 22 Under Nebraska law, an action for habeas corpus
19
See Johnson v. Gage, 290 Neb. 136, 139, 858 N.W.2d 837, 840 (2015).
20
In re Estate of Marsh, supra note 8.
21
Sanders v. Frakes, 295 Neb. 374, 888 N.W.2d 514 (2016).
22
Id.
- 94 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
is a collateral attack on a judgment of conviction. 23 A collateral
attack on a judgment is where the judgment is attacked in a
way other than a proceeding in the original action to have it
vacated, reversed, or modified, or a proceeding in equity to
prevent its enforcement. 24
[13-15] In the case of a prisoner held pursuant to a judgment
of conviction, habeas corpus is available as a remedy only
upon a showing that the judgment, sentence, and commitment
are void. 25 The writ will not lie upon the ground of mere errors
and irregularities in the judgment or sentence rendering it not
void, but only voidable. 26 A judgment that is not void, even if
erroneous, cannot be collaterally attacked. 27
Tyrrell disagrees with our case law, preferring instead to cite
Arias v. Casmer 28 as support for the proposition that a void
judgment is not a prerequisite to habeas relief. While we are
not bound by the unpublished federal district court opinion,
Arias actually undermines Tyrrell’s position. 29 The Arias court
noted that this court has “‘consistently held that to release
a person from a sentence of imprisonment by habeas cor-
pus it must appear that the sentence was absolutely void.’” 30
Later in the opinion, the Arias court quoted from one of
our decisions paraphrasing our habeas statute as applying
to persons “‘detained without having been convicted of a
crime and committed for the same, those who are unlawfully
23
Id.
24
Id.
25
Id.
26
Id.
27
Id.
28
Arias v. Casmer, No. 4:06CV3208, 2008 WL 413288 (D. Neb. Feb. 12,
2008).
29
See id.
30
See id. at *2 (quoting Piercy v. Parratt, 202 Neb. 102, 273 N.W.2d 689
(1979)).
- 95 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
deprived of their liberty, or those who are detained with-
out legal authority.’” 31 Tyrrell relies upon the phrase “unlaw-
fully deprived of their liberty” to argue that he is entitled to
habeas corpus relief. 32 However, our habeas statute “explicitly
excludes from its scope ‘persons convicted of some crime or
offense for which they stand committed.’” 33 Tyrrell does not
contest that he stands committed for a criminal conviction.
Thus, in the circumstances before us, the phrase Tyrrell quotes
simply does not apply to him.
Tyrrell cites many cases in which habeas petitions were
denied, but argues “at no time did the Court ever rule that
habeas was the incorrect remedy.” 34 None of these cases con-
sidered whether habeas corpus was the proper avenue for
relief. 35 When a jurisdictional defect is neither noted nor dis-
cussed in an opinion, it does not stand for the proposition that
no defect existed. 36 Therefore, Tyrrell’s cited cases do not sup-
port his argument.
Finally, despite having agreed to the social media parole
condition and having admitted violating it, Tyrrell now asserts
that it was unconstitutional. He relies on Packingham v. North
Carolina, 37 where the U.S. Supreme Court held that a state
31
See id. at *2 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Glantz v. Hopkins, 261 Neb.
495, 624 N.W.2d 9 (2001)).
32
See id.
33
Sanders v. Frakes, supra note 21, 295 Neb. at 379, 888 N.W.2d at 520
(quoting Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2801 (Reissue 2020)).
34
See brief for appellant at 29 (citing Hrbek v. Shortridge, supra note
10; Riker v. Vitek, 203 Neb. 719, 279 N.W.2d 876 (1979); and Piercy v.
Parratt, supra note 30).
35
See, Hrbek v. Shortridge, supra note 10; Riker v. Vitek, supra note 34;
Piercy v. Parrott, supra note 30.
36
See Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125,
131 S. Ct. 1436, 179 L. Ed. 2d 523 (2011).
37
Packingham v. North Carolina, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1730, 198 L. Ed.
2d 273 (2017).
- 96 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
statute making it a felony for a registered sex offender to gain
access to a number of websites, including commonplace social
media websites, constituted a violation of the 1st Amendment’s
Free Speech Clause, applicable to the states under the Due
Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. But the Court did not
address the validity of a condition of parole. There, the defend
ant, on direct appeal from his conviction for a violation of the
statute, challenged the statute’s constitutionality. Nowhere did
the Packingham Court suggest that the claim could have been
raised by a collateral attack on the conviction, had it become a
final judgment.
[16] In Sanders v. Frakes, we held that habeas corpus is not
a proper remedy to challenge a petitioner’s detention pursuant
to a final conviction and sentence on the basis that the statute
underlying the conviction is unconstitutional. 38 In doing so, we
noted that the rule prohibiting collateral attacks on final judg-
ments based upon an unconstitutional statute applies when the
judgment attacked is a criminal conviction and sentence.
Tyrrell’s challenge is even further removed than the one
raised in Sanders. He did not attempt to show that the judg-
ment, sentence, and commitment were void. He is not claim-
ing that the statute under which he was convicted and sen-
tenced was unconstitutional. He does not assert that he has
completed serving the sentence. He does not contest that
the Board was required by statute to “[f]ix the conditions of
parole,” 39 that as “[a] committed offender while on parole” he
“remain[ed] in the legal custody and control of the Board,” 40
or that the Board was empowered “at any time [to] revoke the
parole . . . with or without cause.” 41 He asserts only that the
parole condition he expressly accepted and admittedly violated
was unconstitutional.
38
Sanders v. Frakes, supra note 21.
39
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 83-192 (Cum. Supp. 2020).
40
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 83-1,121 (Cum. Supp. 2020).
41
See id.
- 97 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
TYRRELL v. FRAKES
Cite as 309 Neb. 85
[17,18] Moreover, he did not attack the condition’s con-
stitutionality during the revocation proceeding or by a timely
proceeding in error. It has long been the rule in this jurisdiction
that habeas corpus is a collateral proceeding and as such cannot
be used as a substitute for an appeal or proceedings in error. 42
We hold that habeas corpus is not a proper remedy to challenge
the constitutionality of a parole condition after a parolee fails
to challenge the condition in a revocation proceeding based
upon a violation of the condition or in an appeal or proceeding
in error from the revocation proceeding. 43
CONCLUSION
Tyrrell timely invoked the jurisdiction of this court. But
because Tyrrell’s petition in error was not timely filed in the
district court, that court lacked jurisdiction of that portion of
the proceeding. Because the district court lacked jurisdiction of
the error proceeding, we lack jurisdiction of the portion of the
appeal premised on the petition in error. We have jurisdiction
of the portion of the appeal based upon Tyrrell’s application for
a writ of habeas corpus.
Because habeas corpus is a collateral proceeding and cannot
be used as a substitute for an appeal or proceeding in error, the
district court did not err in quashing Tyrrell’s application for a
writ of habeas corpus. We affirm.
Affirmed.
Freudenberg, J., not participating.
42
Mayfield v. Hartmann, 221 Neb. 122, 375 N.W.2d 146 (1985). See, also,
Meyer v. Frakes, 294 Neb. 668, 884 N.W.2d 131 (2016).
43
See Sanders v. Frakes, supra note 21.