Shiyang Huang v. Equifax Inc.

USCA11 Case: 20-10249 Date Filed: 06/03/2021 Page: 1 of 64

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________

No. 20-10249
________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:17-md-02800-TWT

In re Equifax Inc. Customer Data Security Breach Litigation

SHIYANG HUANG, et al.,

Movants-Appellants,

BRIAN F. SPECTOR, et al.,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

versus

EQUIFAX INC., et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.
________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________

(June 3, 2021)

Before MARTIN, GRANT, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.

MARTIN, Circuit Judge:
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This appeal arises from the 2017 data privacy breach of Equifax Inc. and its

affiliates (collectively “Equifax”). After the breach came to light, scores of class

actions against Equifax flooded the courts. The cases were consolidated in the

Northern District of Georgia, where Plaintiffs and Equifax eventually settled their

dispute, resulting in “the largest and most comprehensive recovery in a data breach

case in U.S. history by several orders of magnitude.” But try as they might, the

parties could not please everyone. Of the approximately 147 million class

members, 388 people objected to the settlement. Even so, the District Court

approved the settlement, certified the settlement class, awarded attorney’s fees and

expenses, and approved incentive awards for the class representatives. Several of

the objectors appealed, challenging the District Court’s approval order as well as

some related rulings.

This case highlights the role objectors play in the settlement of class actions.

We begin with the knowledge that settlements are “highly favored in the law”

because “they are a means of amicably resolving doubts and uncertainties and

preventing lawsuits.” In re Nissan Motor Corp. Antitrust Litig., 552 F.2d 1088,

1105 (5th Cir. 1977) (quotation marks omitted).1 The settlement here is a prime

example. Absent the settlement, the class action could have faced serious hurdles

1
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as
binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981.
Id. at 1209.

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to recovery, and now the class is entitled to significant settlement benefits that may

not have even been achieved at trial. And you need not take our word for this.

The Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and

the Attorneys General for 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico all

support the settlement.

Yet as we mentioned, not everyone bound by this class action settlement

agrees with it, and class members who oppose the settlement have the right to

object. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(5)(A). Often times objectors play a “beneficial

role in opening a proposed settlement to scrutiny and identifying areas that need

improvement.” David F. Herr, Annotated Manual for Complex Litigation § 21.643

(4th ed. 2021) [hereinafter “Manual for Complex Litigation”]. And because

objectors have the right to object, it is our obligation to closely review the issues

they present. Consistent with our obligation, we have studied the hundreds of

pages of briefing, sifted through the flurry of Rule 28(j) letters, and familiarized

ourselves with the enormous record in this case. After this careful consideration,

and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm the District Court’s rulings in full,

subject to one small asterisk. Specifically, after the District Court approved

incentive awards for the class representatives, a panel of this Court held that such

awards are prohibited. See Johnson v. NPAS Sols., LLC, 975 F.3d 1244, 1260

(11th Cir. 2020). As in NPAS Solutions, we must reverse the District Court’s

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ruling on the incentive awards alone and remand this case to the District Court

solely for the limited purpose of vacating those awards. See id.

I. BACKGROUND

In 2017, Equifax, a consumer reporting agency, announced it had been

subject to a data privacy breach affecting the personal information of almost 150

million Americans. The breach involved some of the most sensitive personal

information possible: all nine digits of Americans’ Social Security numbers,

coupled with their names, dates of birth, and addresses, among other things. Over

300 class actions against Equifax were filed across the nation, all of which came to

be consolidated and transferred by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation to

then-Chief Judge Thomas W. Thrash in the Northern District of Georgia.2 The

District Court established separate tracks for the consumer claims and the financial

institution claims. This appeal relates to the consumer claims.

In 2018, Plaintiffs filed a 559-page consolidated class action complaint

against Equifax. The complaint included 96 named plaintiffs who brought a host

of statutory and common law claims under federal and state law. These claims

included violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Georgia Fair Business

Practices Act, and various state consumer protection and data breach statutes.

2
Chief Judge Thrash ended his service as Chief Judge for the Northern District of
Georgia earlier this year. For consistency, we refer to him by his former title.

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Plaintiffs also brought claims for negligence, negligence per se, unjust enrichment,

and breach of contract. Plaintiffs alleged that, due to the data breach, they are

“subject to a pervasive, substantial and imminent risk of identity theft and fraud.”

They also alleged that they have spent time, money, and effort attempting to

mitigate the risk of identity theft and that many have already been victims of

identity theft.

Equifax filed a motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety, which the

District Court granted in part and denied in part. The District Court dismissed the

Fair Credit Reporting Act claims, the Georgia Fair Business Practices Act claims,

as well as some state statutory claims. However, it allowed the negligence and

negligence per se claims under Georgia law, as well as other state statutory claims,

to go forward. All the while, the parties engaged in robust settlement negotiations.

Layn Phillips, a retired federal district court judge with experience in data breach

cases, served as the mediator. The parties’ efforts paid off. After 18 months of

negotiations, they reached a settlement agreement. The parties then consulted and

negotiated with various federal and state regulators and revised their agreement as

a result of those consultations. Ultimately, the Federal Trade Commission, the

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and the Attorneys General for 48 states,

the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico settled with Equifax, agreeing that the

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settlement fund in this case provides redress to consumers. In July 2019, the

parties presented their final settlement agreement to the District Court.

The District Court described the parties’ settlement as “the largest and most

comprehensive recovery in a data breach case in U.S. history by several orders of

magnitude.” Under the terms of the settlement, Equifax agreed to pay an initial

$380.5 million into a fund to benefit the class members and to pay attorney’s fees

and expenses, incentive awards, as well as notice and administration costs. The

settlement includes the following benefits for each class member: 3

• Reimbursement for up to $20,000 of documented, out-of-pocket losses
fairly traceable to the data breach (e.g., the cost of freezing a credit file,
professional fees due to identity theft);

• Compensation of $25 per hour for up to 20 hours (subject to a $38
million cap) for time spent taking preventative measures or dealing with
identity theft, with no documentation needed for the first 10 hours;

• Four years of three-bureau credit monitoring and identity protection
services through Experian;

• An additional six years of one-bureau credit monitoring and identity
protection services through Equifax, which will be provided separately
by Equifax and not paid for from the settlement fund;

3
The settlement class includes the “approximately 147 million U.S. consumers identified
by Equifax whose personal information was compromised as a result of the cyberattack and data
breach announced by Equifax Inc. on September 7, 2017.”

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• Alternative cash compensation (subject to a $31 million cap) for class
members who already have credit monitoring and who do not wish to
enroll in the settlement’s programs; 4 and

• Seven years of identity restoration services through Experian to help
class members who believe they may have been victims of identity theft.

Beyond these class benefits, Equifax will pay an additional $125 million if

needed to satisfy claims for out-of-pocket losses and potentially $2 billion more if

all 147 million class members sign up for credit monitoring. In no circumstance

does money in the settlement fund revert back to Equifax. Instead, if money

remains in the settlement fund after the claim periods, the settlement provides ways

in which the above class benefits are increased. Equifax is also required to spend a

minimum of $1 billion on data security over five years and to comply with certain

data security requirements. Its compliance will be audited by an independent

assessor and subject to the District Court’s enforcement powers if it fails to

comply.

The District Court ordered that notice of the settlement agreement be

provided to the class, such that class members had the opportunity to opt-out of the

4
When the settlement was first announced to the public, media reports said consumers
could get $125 in alternative cash compensation under the settlement. The original short-form
notice was ambiguous—it simply stated class members “can request” and “may be eligible” for
$125 if they already had credit monitoring. However, the long-form notice, which was posted
the same day that class members could start making claims, stated in no uncertain terms that
consumers who already had credit monitoring could get up to $125, which would be reduced on
a proportional basis if the $31 million cap was exceeded. After the media reports, class counsel
cleared up this confusion, and those who had already submitted a claim for the alternative cash
compensation were given the opportunity to instead choose credit monitoring.

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class or object to the settlement. The District Court required those who wished to

object to provide certain information about their objections in order to prevent a

“chaotic” objection process. To provide notice of the settlement to the class, class

counsel adopted “an innovative and comprehensive program,” including multiple

emails, a social media campaign, newspaper and radio advertising, a settlement

website, and a call center to answer questions. The response from the class was

“unprecedented,” as the claims rate exceeded 10 percent of the class. By contrast,

in another recent data breach case, the claims rate was only about 1.7 percent. As

we’ve mentioned, out of the approximately 147 million class members, 388 people

objected.

In December 2019, the District Court held a hearing to consider the motions

for final approval of the proposed class settlement, attorney’s fees and expenses,

and incentive awards for the class representatives. After hearing arguments from

Plaintiffs, Equifax, and the objectors who wished to speak, the District Court

issued its rulings from the bench. The District Court approved the settlement as

fair, reasonable, and adequate under the factors set forth in Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23(e) and Bennett v. Behring Corp., 737 F.2d 982 (11th Cir. 1984). The

District Court then approved the requested attorney’s fees and expenses as well as

incentive awards for the class representatives.

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After issuing its oral rulings, the District Court directed Plaintiffs’ counsel to

prepare a written order “summariz[ing] [its] rulings on the motions and [its]

adoption basically of the arguments that have been made by the Plaintiffs and by

Equifax in the hearing today.” The District Court instructed Plaintiffs to obtain

Equifax’s approval before submitting the proposed order to the court, which it

would then “consider signing.” The District Court later issued a written order

memorializing its rulings. The order approved the settlement; certified the

settlement class, finding that the class satisfied the requirements of Rule 23(a) and

(b)(3); and approved the requested attorney’s fees and expenses and incentive

awards for the class representatives. Finally, the order overruled the objections to

the settlement and made findings that some of the objectors were serial objectors.5

Several objectors appealed, and the District Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion

to require the objectors to post appeal bonds in order to ensure payment of costs on

appeal.

5
Serial objectors are those who bring objections that are merely “boilerplate and
immaterial, while their true goal is to get paid some fee to go away.” 4 William B. Rubenstein,
Newberg on Class Actions § 13:20 (5th ed. 2021) [hereinafter “Newberg”]. The District Court’s
findings on this topic are largely unrelated to the merits of this appeal and may be dicta in any
event. We do not review those findings here. See Keating v. City of Miami, 598 F.3d 753, 761
(11th Cir. 2010) (“[A]n appellate court ‘reviews judgments, not statements in opinions.’”).

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With the dust now settled,6 this consolidated case presents five appeals filed

by six objectors: George Cochran, John Davis, Theodore Frank and David Watkins

(who filed a single appeal and are collectively referred to as “Mr. Frank”), Shiyang

Huang, and Mikell West. Collectively, we refer to the six objectors as the

“Objectors.” This is their appeal.

II. DISCUSSION

The Objectors raise a wide array of issues for our consideration. We start by

addressing the jurisdictional questions. From there, and in hopes of maintaining

some semblance of organization, we proceed in as close to chronological order as

this record permits. We begin our discussion of the merits by addressing the

Objectors’ challenge to the requirements the District Court imposed on them in its

order directing notice of the settlement to the class. We next consider the

Objectors’ various challenges to the District Court’s approval order: the process

used in adopting the order and the court’s decisions approving the class action

settlement, certifying the settlement class, awarding attorney’s fees and expenses,

and approving incentive awards for the class representatives. Finally, we address

the Objectors’ challenge to the appeal bonds imposed by the District Court.

6
A total of nine objectors appealed the District Court’s orders. Two of those nine
objectors filed a single appeal, so eight appeals were filed in this Court. This Court sua sponte
dismissed two of the eight appeals for lack of jurisdiction. And in an order issued together with
this opinion, we now dismiss the appeal filed by Christopher Andrews, leaving us with five
appeals filed by six objectors.

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A. Jurisdiction

We start now with two jurisdictional questions, which we consider de novo.

See Jacobson v. Fla. Sec’y of State, 974 F.3d 1236, 1245 (11th Cir. 2020).7 First,

we address whether Plaintiffs had Article III standing to bring their claims.

Second, we consider whether Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement ceased

to be met once the parties agreed to settle their dispute.

1. Article III Standing 8

In order for a federal court to have jurisdiction under Article III of the

Constitution, a plaintiff must have standing to bring the lawsuit. See Lujan v.

Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 559–60, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 2135–36 (1992). And

for the plaintiff to have standing, he must “show that the defendant harmed him,

and that a court decision can either eliminate the harm or compensate for it.”

7
The parties do not dispute that we have jurisdiction over the Objectors’ appeals. This is
for good reason. In Devlin v. Scardelletti, 536 U.S. 1, 122 S. Ct. 2005 (2002), the Supreme
Court held that nonnamed class members “who have objected in a timely manner to approval of
the settlement at the fairness hearing have the power to bring an appeal without first
intervening.” Id. at 14, 122 S. Ct. at 2013. Otherwise, class members would be deprived of “the
power to preserve their own interests in a settlement that will ultimately bind them, despite their
expressed objections before the trial court.” Id. at 10, 122 S. Ct. at 2011. Although Devlin
involved objectors to a Rule 23(b)(1) settlement, which did not permit objectors to opt out of the
settlement, its logic also applies to objectors to a Rule 23(b)(3) settlement who did not opt out
(like those here) because they are bound by the settlement. See, e.g., Fidel v. Farley, 534 F.3d
508, 512–13 (6th Cir. 2008).
8
Mr. Huang says Plaintiffs were required to prove they had Article III standing with
evidentiary support at the final approval stage, yet he says Plaintiffs failed to do so. However,
Mr. Huang’s cited cases do not actually support his proposition. In any event, he does not raise
any factual doubt about Plaintiffs’ standing, so we need not decide this issue here.

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Muransky v. Godiva Chocolatier, Inc., 979 F.3d 917, 924 (11th Cir. 2020) (en

banc). More to the point, the “irreducible constitutional minimum” of standing

contains three requirements. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S. Ct. at 2136. First, the

plaintiff must have suffered an “injury in fact,” which means the injury is

“concrete and particularized” and “actual or imminent,” as opposed to “conjectural

or hypothetical.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Second, the plaintiff’s injury

must be “fairly traceable” to the challenged conduct of the defendant and not the

result of some action by a third party not before the court. Id. (quotation marks

omitted and alterations adopted). Finally, it must be likely that the plaintiff’s

injury will be redressed by a favorable court decision. Id. at 561, 112 S. Ct. at

2136. These requirements apply with full force in a class action, Muransky, 979

F.3d at 924, and even at the settlement approval stage, as a “court is powerless to

approve a proposed class settlement if it lacks jurisdiction over the dispute, and

federal courts lack jurisdiction if no named plaintiff has standing,” Frank v. Gaos,

586 U.S. __, 139 S. Ct. 1041, 1046 (2019) (per curiam). On the other hand, only

one named plaintiff must have standing as to any particular claim in order for it to

advance. Wilding v. DNC Servs. Corp., 941 F.3d 1116, 1124–25 (11th Cir. 2019).

Mr. Huang argues Plaintiffs lacked Article III standing to bring their claims

for two reasons. First, he says those Plaintiffs who have not had their identities

stolen have not suffered an injury in fact. Second, he says those Plaintiffs who

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have not had their identities stolen cannot have their injuries redressed by the

settlement, as the settlement does not stop third parties from committing identity

theft. We address each issue in turn.

i. Injury in Fact

We now turn to the question of whether Plaintiffs who have not had their

identities stolen suffered an injury in fact. We hold that they have. Again, to

establish standing, a plaintiff’s injury must be (1) concrete, (2) particularized, and

(3) either actual or imminent. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S. Ct. at 2136. Only the

first and third elements are at issue here, so we focus on them in more detail.

An injury is concrete if the harm is “real.” Muransky, 979 F.3d at 926

(quotation marks omitted). Economic injuries are “[c]ertainly” concrete.

Debernardis v. IQ Formulations, LLC, 942 F.3d 1076, 1084 (11th Cir. 2019). So

are identity theft and damages resulting from such theft, see Resnick v. AvMed,

Inc., 693 F.3d 1317, 1323 (11th Cir. 2012), as well as wasted time, Salcedo v.

Hanna, 936 F.3d 1162, 1173 (11th Cir. 2019). A plaintiff can also satisfy the

concreteness element by showing a “material” risk of harm. Muransky, 979 F.3d

at 927 (quotation marks omitted). This Court has said this is a “high standard” that

requires courts to consider the “magnitude of the risk.” Id. This Court has also

addressed injuries incurred while mitigating a risk of harm, such as purchasing a

credit freeze or spending time or effort to minimize a risk of identity theft. “[A]ny

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assertion of wasted time and effort necessarily rises or falls along with this Court’s

determination of whether” a risk of injury is a concrete harm. Id. at 931. For that

reason, when a plaintiff faces a sufficient risk of harm, the time, money, and effort

spent mitigating that risk are also concrete injuries.

We now turn to the actual-or-imminent element. When there is no actual

injury, an imminent injury must be “certainly impending,” as allegations of

“possible future injury are not sufficient.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568

U.S. 398, 409, 133 S. Ct. 1138, 1147 (2013) (emphases and quotation marks

omitted). It need not be “literally certain” that the injury will come about, but there

must be a “substantial” risk. Id. at 414 n.5, 133 S. Ct. at 1150 n.5 (quotation marks

omitted).

Applying these principles to the case before us, Plaintiffs have plausibly

alleged an injury in fact.9 Plaintiffs alleged that “hackers obtained at least 146.6

million names, 146.6 million dates of birth, 145.5 million Social Security numbers,

99 million addresses, 17.6 million driver’s license numbers, 209,000 credit card

numbers, and 97,500 tax identification numbers.” With this information, Plaintiffs

alleged that “identity thieves can create fake identities, fraudulently obtain loans

and tax refunds, and destroy a consumer’s credit-worthiness.” Plaintiffs also

9
Mr. Huang says Plaintiffs forfeited any arguments in support of standing by not raising
them in the District Court. But Plaintiffs pled countless allegations of injury in their complaint.
We therefore reject Mr. Huang’s argument.

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alleged they “remain subject to a pervasive, substantial and imminent risk of

identity theft and fraud” due to the “highly-sensitive nature of the information

stolen,” and that they spent time, money, or effort dealing with the breach. Given

the colossal amount of sensitive data stolen, including Social Security numbers,

names, and dates of birth, and the unequivocal damage that can be done with this

type of data, we have no hesitation in holding that Plaintiffs adequately alleged that

they face a “material” and “substantial” risk of identity theft that satisfies the

concreteness and actual-or-imminent elements. See Muransky, 979 F.3d at 927;

Clapper, 568 U.S. at 414 n.5, 133 S. Ct. at 1150 n.5.

The actual identity theft already suffered by some Plaintiffs further

demonstrates the risk of identity theft all Plaintiffs face—though actual identity

theft is by no means required when there is a sufficient risk of identity theft. Here,

dozens of Plaintiffs allege they have already had their identities stolen and thus

suffered injuries in many different ways. Specifically, those who suffered identity

theft had numerous unauthorized charges and accounts made in their name;

incurred specific numerical drops in their credit scores; had their ability to obtain

loans affected; purchased credit monitoring; and spent time, money, and effort

trying to mitigate their injuries, including disputing fraudulent activity, filing

police reports, and otherwise dealing with identity theft. There is no dispute that

these Plaintiffs’ allegations of identity theft and resulting damages “constitute[] an

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injury in fact under the law.” 10 Resnick, 693 F.3d at 1323. As such, the

allegations of some Plaintiffs that they have suffered injuries resulting from actual

identity theft support the sufficiency of all Plaintiffs’ allegations that they face a

risk of identity theft. Indeed, in Tsao v. Captiva MVP Restaurant Partners, LLC,

986 F.3d 1332 (11th Cir. 2021), our Court recently recognized that “some

allegations of actual misuse or actual access to personal data” support Article III

standing for “a data breach based on an increased risk of theft or misuse.” Id. at

1340 (collecting cases); see also, e.g., McMorris v. Carlos Lopez & Assocs., LLC,

995 F.3d 295, 301–02 (2d Cir. 2021) (“[C]ourts have been more likely to conclude

that plaintiffs have established a substantial risk of future injury where they can

show that at least some part of the compromised dataset has been misused.”)

(collecting cases).

Beyond the sufficient risk of identity theft and resulting injuries, a vast

number of Plaintiffs who have not yet suffered identity theft also allege they have

spent time, money, and effort mitigating the risk of identity theft. Their efforts

include purchasing credit freezes, monitoring their financial accounts, and

purchasing credit monitoring, among other things. As explained above, because

10
These Plaintiffs’ allegations of this sort of “injury in fact” provide them with Article III
standing. And as noted, only one named plaintiff must have standing for any particular claim to
advance. Wilding, 941 F.3d at 1124–25. This means we could also undertake a claim-by-claim
analysis of the many claims in this case to determine if there is at least one named plaintiff with
the sort of injury required to bring each claim. But because we conclude that all Plaintiffs have
adequately alleged a sufficient risk of identity theft, we need not undertake this additional task.

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the risk of harm here is a sufficient injury, the allegations of mitigation injuries

made by these Plaintiffs are also sufficient. See Muransky, 979 F.3d at 931

(“[A]ny assertion of wasted time and effort necessarily rises or falls along with this

Court’s determination of whether the risk posed . . . is itself a concrete harm.”).

Plaintiffs have easily shown an injury in fact.

ii. Redressability

With the issue of injury now resolved, we move on to address whether

Plaintiffs’ injuries are redressed by the settlement. Mr. Huang says those Plaintiffs

who have not had their identities stolen cannot have their injuries redressed by the

settlement because the settlement does not stop third parties from committing

identity theft. We need not linger on this issue, as Mr. Huang’s argument

misunderstands the allegations of the complaint as well as the nature of the

settlement. The Plaintiffs who have not suffered identity theft did not sue Equifax

in order to stop third parties from committing identity theft. Instead, they sued

Equifax because of their injuries associated with the risk of identity theft. As

discussed, these injuries include the time, money, and effort spent mitigating the

risk of identity theft, including purchasing credit freezes, monitoring their financial

accounts, and purchasing credit monitoring, among other things.

The settlement redresses the injuries resulting from these mitigation efforts.

Specifically, for each class member, the settlement includes reimbursement for up

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to $20,000 of documented, out-of-pocket losses fairly traceable to the data breach

(e.g., the cost of purchasing credit freezes and credit monitoring), and

compensation of $25 per hour for up to 20 hours for time spent taking preventative

measures against identity theft. And while the additional settlement benefits of 10

years of credit monitoring and seven years of identity restoration services might

not stop a third party from committing identity theft, these benefits will help limit

Plaintiffs’ injuries. Credit monitoring can quickly alert Plaintiffs to an identity

theft, and identity restoration services will help minimize the time and money spent

by Plaintiffs to combat an identity theft. The settlement thus redresses Plaintiffs’

injuries. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S. Ct. at 2136.

2. Case-or-Controversy Requirement

With the issue of standing resolved, we now consider Mr. Huang’s other

argument concerning Article III jurisdiction. In his view, the District Court lacked

jurisdiction to approve the settlement because once the parties agreed to settle their

dispute, there was not a case or controversy between the parties. Of course, Article

III permits federal courts to address only “cases and controversies,” which limits

their jurisdiction to “questions presented in an adversarial context.” Graham v.

Butterworth, 5 F.3d 496, 498–99 (11th Cir. 1993) (citing Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S.

83, 94–95, 88 S. Ct. 1942, 1949–50 (1968)). The controversy must exist at all

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stages of the litigation. Preiser v. Newkirk, 422 U.S. 395, 401, 95 S. Ct. 2330,

2334 (1975).

We are aware of no court that has adopted Mr. Huang’s idea that a district

court is somehow divested of jurisdiction (and thus lacks authority to approve the

settlement) once parties agree to settle a class action. As we understand Mr.

Huang’s position, no class action could ever be approved, because as soon as the

parties decide to settle, the case or controversy would vanish, and the court would

therefore lack jurisdiction to approve the settlement.

To the contrary, we hold that Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement is

satisfied throughout the settlement process because the litigation remains in an

adversarial posture during that process. First, the parties themselves remain in

adversarial positions until the district court approves the settlement. Rule 23(e)

states a class action “may be settled . . . only with the court’s approval.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 23(e). This means the parties’ decision to settle a class action is not

consummated until the district court actually approves it. Cf. Haven Realty Corp.

v. Coleman, 455 U.S. 363, 371 n.10, 102 S. Ct. 1114, 1120 n.10 (1982) (holding

that a settlement agreement did not moot certain claims because the agreement was

“still subject to the approval of the District Court”). Indeed, the parties remain

adversaries all throughout the settlement approval process because until approval,

the settlement is not final, and if the district court rejects the settlement, the parties

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would continue their litigation. See In re Asbestos Litig., 90 F.3d 963, 988 (5th

Cir. 1996) (holding Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement was satisfied,

notwithstanding a settlement, in light of the “the adversarial positions which the

parties occupied before settlement negotiations and the positions to which they will

return if the settlement is not approved”), vacated on other grounds, Ortiz v.

Fibreboard Corp., 521 U.S. 1114, 117 S. Ct. 2503 (1997) (mem.).

Second, because the district court acts as a fiduciary for the class, there

remains adversity between the class and the defendant. Rule 23(e) requires the

district court to ensure the settlement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 23(e)(2). The district court thus takes on a type of fiduciary role for the

class, NPAS Sols., 975 F.3d at 1253, and works to ensure the settlement is

“noncollusive in nature,” 4 Newberg § 13:40; see also Manual for Complex

Litigation § 21.61 (“[T]he judge must adopt the role of a skeptical client and

critically examine . . . the proposed settlement terms[.]”). Our Court directs district

judges to exercise “careful scrutiny” in order to “guard against settlements that

may benefit the class representatives or their attorneys at the expense of absent

class members.” Holmes v. Cont’l Can Co., 706 F.2d 1144, 1147 (11th Cir. 1983)

(quotation marks omitted). Third and finally (and as this case demonstrates),

objectors cause the settlement process to be more adversarial. While the settling

parties may agree about the prospect of settlement, class action settlements are

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routinely subjected to objections that “provide the court an adversarial presentation

of the issues under review, bringing the decision-making process closer to a

familiar judicial decision.” 4 Newberg § 13:40.

B. Requirements Imposed on the Objectors

Having established jurisdiction, we now turn to the Objectors’ various

challenges to the District Court’s decisions in this case. After Plaintiffs and

Equifax presented their final settlement agreement to the District Court, that court

ordered notice of the settlement agreement to be provided to the class, such that

members of the class had the opportunity to opt-out of the class or object to the

settlement. In the order directing notice to the class, the District Court imposed a

number of administrative requirements on those class members who wished to

object. The District Court explained that it imposed these requirements because in

a class action case it previously handled, an objector came in “out of the blue” and

created a “really chaotic process.” It also found that such requirements can help

“expose objections that are lawyer-driven and filed with ulterior motives.”

Among other things, the District Court required that each objection include:

the objector’s name and address; the objector’s personal signature; the grounds for

the objection; previous objections in recent class actions; and dates on which the

objector was available to be deposed. In addition, if the objector had counsel who

intended to speak at the fairness hearing, the objection needed to include the legal

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and factual basis for the objection and the evidence to be offered at the hearing.

Finally, if the objector had counsel who sought compensation from anyone other

than the objector, the objection needed to include counsel’s previous objections in

recent class actions, counsel’s experience in class action litigation, and information

on the fees sought. Mr. Davis says these administrative requirements infringed on

the objectors’ right to be heard and to be represented by counsel in their objections.

More to the point, he says that by imposing these requirements on objectors,

including those with counsel, the District Court limited their right to object and

deterred objections.11

We review a district court’s management of a class action for abuse of

discretion. See Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 342, 98 S. Ct.

2380, 2385 (1978) (applying abuse of discretion standard to a district court’s order

“concern[ing] the conduct of class actions” under Rule 23). Rule 23 grants district

courts broad discretion to manage class actions. See Nissan Motor Corp., 552 F.2d

at 1096 (“In the management of class actions, [Rule] 23 necessarily vests the

district courts with a broad discretion to enable efficacious administration of the

course of proceedings before it.”); Gulf Oil Co. v. Bernard, 452 U.S. 89, 100, 101

S. Ct. 2193, 2200 (1981) (“Because of the potential for abuse, a district court has

11
Mr. Davis also says the requirements allowed the District Court to reject objections on
technical grounds. However, the District Court considered and rejected all objections on their
merits “whether or not the objections [were] procedurally valid.”

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both the duty and the broad authority to exercise control over a class action and to

enter appropriate orders governing the conduct of counsel and parties.”). For

instance, Rule 23 authorizes district courts to “prescribe measures to prevent undue

repetition or complication in presenting evidence or argument,” to “impose

conditions on the representative parties or on intervenors,” and to “deal with

similar procedural matters.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(d)(1)(A), (C), (E). At the same

time, district courts’ discretion is “not unlimited.” Gulf Oil, 452 U.S. at 100, 101

S. Ct. at 2200.

Mr. Davis has failed to show the District Court abused its discretion here.

The District Court explicitly imposed the requirements outlined here, not to deter

objections or for some arbitrary purpose, but for the express purpose of avoiding a

“chaotic process” in evaluating the objections. The District Court said it found

these requirements help “expose objections that are lawyer-driven and filed with

ulterior motives.” The District Court was well within its broad discretion to

impose the requirements for these stated purposes. See id.; see also, e.g., In re

Deepwater Horizon, 739 F.3d 790, 809 (5th Cir. 2014) (requirement imposed on

objector a “legitimate exercise” of court’s discretion to minimize abuse); Manual

for Complex Litigation § 21.662 (courts may be “inclined to find [discovery from

objectors] useful to assess the validity of the objections”); 4 Newberg § 13:33

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(“[C]lass counsel may seek discovery from objectors on issues such as the

objectors’ . . . relationships with the professional objector counsel.”). 12

Beyond that, the requirements the District Court imposed were not

particularly burdensome. Most requirements were clerical in nature, such as

simply providing information. The most potentially burdensome requirement was

being deposed, yet in many instances that was no more than a possibility. And of

course, depositions are a normal part of litigation, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 30, including

for objectors to class settlements, see In re Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Antitrust

Litig., 281 F.R.D. 531, 532, 534 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (ordering objector to sit for

deposition regarding the “bases for his objection” and his “relationship with

‘professional’ or ‘serial’ objector counsel”); see also Granillo v. FCA US LLC,

2018 WL 4676057, at *7 (D.N.J. Sept. 28, 2018) (“[C]ourts across the country

have approved . . . depositions of objectors who have voluntarily inserted

themselves into [an] action[.]” (quotation mark omitted)); In re Netflix Privacy

12
Mr. Davis notes that a recent amendment to Rule 23 requires district courts to approve
any agreement between an objector and class counsel in which payment is “provided in
connection with” a decision to forgo or withdraw an objection. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(5)(B).
In his view, this means objectors no longer bring meritless objections with the hope of being paid
off, and thus the District Court’s requirements were unnecessary. But Mr. Davis’s argument
assumes the amendment completely eliminated this type of extortion, which may not be a settled
question. See, e.g., In re Foreign Exch. Benchmark Rates Antitrust Litig., 334 F.R.D. 62, 64
(S.D.N.Y. 2019) (“Approving agreements in these circumstances would serve only to encourage
objectors or their attorneys to extract this type of payment[.]”). And even if the question is
settled, this District Court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed the requirements for the
other reasons discussed.

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Litig., 2013 WL 6173772, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2013) (“[W]hile absent class

members are not normally included in discovery, Objectors have voluntarily

inserted themselves into this action, and as such, depositions of the Objectors are

relevant and proper.”). 13

To be sure, discovery requirements may in some cases “dissuade class

members from exercising their right to object.” 4 Newberg § 13:33. But here, the

District Court found that any concerns about requirements deterring objections

were “at odds with the number of objections received” and the fact that “few

objectors had difficulty meeting these criteria.” Mr. Davis has not shown the

District Court erred in making this finding, especially given that the requirements

were not particularly burdensome.

Of course, district courts must remain mindful that burdensome

requirements could deter objectors from exercising their right to object while also

fulfilling their obligation to manage class actions. This can be a difficult task.

Whether a district court abuses its discretion in striking the right balance will

invariably depend on the facts of each case, and the breadth of a court’s discretion

in this regard will tend to ebb and flow with the size and administrative difficulties

13
There seems to be a dispute about whether all objectors were subject to depositions or
just those that were represented by counsel. But Mr. Davis, who was not represented by counsel
in his objection, admits that Plaintiffs sought to depose him. Thus, it appears both represented
and non-represented objectors were subject to depositions.

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of the class action. With this class of approximately 147 million members, the

District Court acted well within its discretion to impose the requirements it did.

C. Order Certifying Class and Approving Settlement

At the final hearing, after hearing arguments from Plaintiffs, Equifax, and

various objectors, and after giving its oral rulings, the District Court directed

Plaintiffs’ counsel to draft a proposed order “summariz[ing] [the District Court’s]

rulings on the motions and [its] adoption basically of the arguments that have been

made by the Plaintiffs and by Equifax in the hearing today.” The District Court

instructed Plaintiffs’ counsel to obtain Equifax’s approval before submitting the

proposed order to the court, which it would then “consider signing.” The District

Court acted pursuant to its local rule, which states, “[u]nless the Court directs

otherwise, all orders . . . orally announced by the district judge in Court shall be

prepared in writing by the attorney for the prevailing party.” N.D. Ga. R. 7.3.

There is no indication in the record that the proposed order was ever disclosed to

the class or filed on the docket. In fact, Plaintiffs acknowledge they emailed the

proposed order directly to the District Court.

Some Objectors challenge this procedure on various grounds. These

challenges include the assertions that: the District Court erred in adopting a

proposed order “ghostwritten” by Plaintiffs’ counsel; engaged in impermissible ex

parte communications and violated various rules by failing to disclose the proposed

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order to the class; and erred by not including the proposed order in the appellate

record. The Objectors also request that this case be reassigned to a different judge

on remand.14 We consider each of these issues in turn after addressing one

preliminary matter. Specifically, it is unclear how much of the proposed order—

none at all, only some, or even verbatim—the District Court adopted. The

Objectors ask us to assume that the District Court adopted the proposed order in

full, and Plaintiffs and Equifax don’t ask us to do otherwise. For the purposes of

our review, we therefore assume the District Court adopted the proposed order

verbatim.

1. Ghostwritten Order

Mr. Frank and Mr. West say the District Court erred in adopting a proposed

order “ghostwritten” by Plaintiffs’ counsel. This Court has “repeatedly condemned

the ghostwriting of judicial orders by litigants,” and cases admonishing courts for

14
Independently, Mr. Frank also argues that the District Court improperly relied on a
declaration filed by Professor Robert Klonoff, who writes on class actions. Mr. Frank says the
declaration was inadmissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 because Professor Klonoff
provided a legal opinion. This issue is ultimately unrelated to the District Court’s decision to
adopt a proposed order, but Mr. Frank raises this issue in passing when discussing the proposed
order issue, so we address it briefly here. Courts have held that Rule 702 is flexible at the final
approval stage. See, e.g., Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace, and Agric. Implement Workers
of Am. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 497 F.3d 615, 636–37 (6th Cir. 2007); see also 4 Newberg § 13:42
(“[T]raditional rules of evidence do not necessarily apply to the fairness hearing.”). However,
we need not decide whether Rule 702 applies at the final approval stage because even if Rule
702 applies—and even if Professor Klonoff’s declaration violated Rule 702—Mr. Frank fails to
show the error was anything other than harmless. See Furcron v. Mail Ctrs. Plus, LLC, 843 F.3d
1295, 1304 (11th Cir. 2016) (“[E]ven a clearly erroneous evidentiary ruling will be affirmed if
harmless.”). Although the District Court said Professor Klonoff’s declaration was “particularly
helpful,” it expressly stated its rulings were “not dependent upon his declaration.”

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the verbatim adoption of such orders are “legion.” In re Colony Square Co., 819

F.2d 272, 274–75 (11th Cir. 1987). When such a practice is permitted, the drafting

party has an “overwhelming” “temptation to overreach and exaggerate.” Id. at

275. Beyond that, the “quality of judicial decisionmaking suffers when a judge

delegates the drafting of orders to a party,” as “the writing process requires a judge

to wrestle with the difficult issues before him and thereby leads to stronger,

sounder judicial rulings.” Id. 15

Even so, as the parties acknowledge, our Court has not enforced a per se rule

prohibiting this practice. Even though this Court has sharply critiqued the practice

of having the prevailing party author court orders, we have continued to approve

courts’ adoption of proposed orders, some even verbatim. See, e.g., In re Dixie

Broad., Inc., 871 F.2d 1023, 1029–30 (11th Cir. 1989) (refusing to vacate

“ghostwritten” order when judge told all counsel “in open court” that he asked a

party’s counsel to draft the order, the other parties did not request the opportunity

to review the draft order or make objections to it, and the parties had ample

opportunity to argue their case); Colony Square, 819 F.2d at 276–77 (practice “not

fundamentally unfair” because the judge “reached a firm decision” before asking

counsel to draft the proposed order, which the judge said must reach a particular

15
We note that Northern District of Georgia Rule 7.3 does not appear to be in keeping
with the admonitions of our Court about this practice.

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result and discuss specific points, and because the losing party “had ample

opportunity to present its arguments”); Fields v. City of Tarpon Springs, 721 F.2d

318, 320–21 (11th Cir. 1983) (per curiam) (district judge “did not abdicate his

adjudicative role” in the “wholesale adoption of plaintiff’s proposed order”

because the judge “had command of the legal issues and the evidentiary

proceedings,” “ruled on the scope and manner of the evidence presented,” and was

“an active arbiter of the dispute”); see also Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470

U.S. 564, 572, 105 S. Ct. 1504, 1510–11 (1985) (noting criticism of “courts for

their verbatim adoption of findings of fact prepared by prevailing parties” yet

stating “that even when the trial judge adopts proposed findings verbatim, the

findings are those of the court”).

Our guiding principle in determining whether to vacate the adoption of a

proposed order is whether “the process by which the judge arrived at [the order]

was fundamentally unfair.” Colony Square, 819 F.2d at 276. If a process was

fundamentally fair, then the concerns ordinarily associated with a ghostwritten

order are greatly tempered. Without a per se rule, we determine whether a process

was fundamentally unfair by evaluating the facts of each case. Also, we glean

some relevant considerations from our precedent, including: whether the losing

party had “ample opportunity” to present its arguments, id. at 277; see also Dixie

Broad., 871 F.2d at 1030; whether the court independently “reached a firm

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decision” before requesting a proposed order, Colony Square, 819 F.2d at 276; see

also Fields, 721 F.2d at 320–21; whether the court, in directing a party to draft the

proposed order, instructed that the order “reach[] a particular result and discuss[]

specific points,” Colony Square, 819 F.2d at 276; whether the court directed a

party to draft the proposed order in open court or otherwise publicly, Dixie Broad.,

871 F.2d at 1030; whether other parties requested the opportunity to review the

proposed order or make objections to it, id.; and whether the court “had command”

of the issues and proceedings and was an “active arbiter” throughout the litigation,

Fields, 721 F.2d at 320–21.

Applying these considerations, we conclude the process by which the

District Court adopted the proposed order was not fundamentally unfair. Mr.

Frank and Mr. West both had ample opportunity to present their arguments. Both

lodged detailed written objections to the settlement agreement. Both appeared

through counsel at the final hearing and presented arguments. And contrary to

their assertions, they did have an opportunity to respond to the order. After the

District Court adopted the proposed order, Mr. West moved to amend it. And it’s

not as if these opportunities to present their arguments were hollow procedures; the

District Court heard from Mr. Frank and Mr. West at the fairness hearing,

considered their written objections, and rejected their objections on the merits.

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Ultimately, the District Court granted Mr. West’s motion to amend the order over

Plaintiffs’ objections and issued a revised order based on West’s arguments.

The District Court reached a firm decision before ever directing Plaintiffs’

counsel to draft a proposed order. And the District Court instructed that the order

reach a particular result and discuss specific points: the court told Plaintiffs’

counsel that the order should “summarize[] [its] rulings on the motions and [its]

adoption basically of the arguments that have been made by the Plaintiffs and by

Equifax in the hearing today.”16 It even informed Plaintiffs’ counsel that it would

only “consider signing” the proposed order, meaning its instruction to prepare a

proposed order was not a blank check. The District Court did all this in open court

for everyone to hear, including the Objectors, and not one of them objected to the

process nor requested the opportunity to review the proposed order or make

objections to it. There is also no question the District Court was an active arbiter

of this litigation and had great command of the proceedings. For instance, the

16
We don’t find it significant that the District Court’s written order was more detailed
than its oral ruling. District courts often provide a summary ruling from the bench, which is later
memorialized in a longer written order. And in any event, it is ultimately the District Court’s
written order that controls in civil cases. See, e.g., Billingsley v. Jefferson County, 953 F.2d
1351, 1354 (11th Cir. 1992) (“[T]he district court’s memorandum opinion constitutes its findings
of facts and conclusions of law,” as the district court was not bound by its “findings of fact,
rulings, or conclusions of law made during the course of [the] trial.”); Mercantel v. Michael &
Sonja Saltman Family Tr., 993 F.3d 1212, 1239 & n.23 (10th Cir. 2021) (approving ghostwritten
summary judgment order, even though “the final written decision cover[ed] additional issues not
explicitly addressed at the hearing,” because “at least in civil cases, a court’s written decision
generally controls over . . . an earlier oral ruling”).

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District Court issued a detailed ruling on Equifax’s motion to dismiss and engaged

with the issues at the fairness hearing. Finally, the fact that the District Court

granted the motion to dismiss in part and denied it in part, and that it granted Mr.

West’s motion to amend the approval order over Plaintiffs’ objections, shows us

the court was not beholden to any party. Because the process by which the District

Court adopted its order was not fundamentally unfair, we will not vacate the order.

We caution that courts should not view this decision as condoning the

District Court’s practice. Judicial ghostwriting remains most unwelcome in this

Circuit. For this reason, and pursuant to our supervisory power, we strongly urge

the District Court to reconsider the local rule, see N.D. Ga. R. 7.3, that brought

about this problem in the first place. See Piambino v. Bailey, 757 F.2d 1112,

1145–46 (11th Cir. 1985) (stating this Court has the “power to supervise the

district courts” in a “wide variety of situations,” including in formulating rules of

civil litigation, in order to “ensure that the judicial process remains a fair one”).

2. Ex Parte Communications

Mr. Frank and Mr. West next argue there were impermissible ex parte

communications in the District Court because Plaintiffs’ counsel failed to disclose

the proposed order to the class. They say the ex parte communications violated

Canon 3(A)(4) of the Code of Conduct for United States Judges and various local

rules.

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Any ex parte communications were harmless error. 17 See Colony Square,

819 F.2d at 276 (citing Rushen v. Spain, 464 U.S. 114, 104 S. Ct. 453 (1983))

(noting that ex parte communications can be upheld when the error is harmless).

We reach this conclusion for four reasons. First, at the Objectors’ request, we

assume the District Court adopted the proposed order verbatim, so for the purposes

of our review the Objectors are privy to the exact communications they claim were

made ex parte. Second, as discussed above, the District Court’s process was not

fundamentally unfair, and thus we can affirm its decision notwithstanding any ex

parte communications. See id. at 276–77. Indeed, it appears that the District Court

in Colony Square engaged in more obvious ex parte communications than what the

Objectors assert here, and yet this Court held there was no fundamental unfairness

and thus upheld the order at issue there. In Colony Square, the judge called the

prevailing party’s lawyer after the hearing and asked him to draft the order. Id. at

274. The lawyer’s firm delivered the draft order to the judge, and the losing party

was not notified of any ex parte communications. Id. Here, by contrast, the

District Court requested that Plaintiffs’ counsel draft a proposed order in open

court, and no one objected to the process or requested to see a copy of the proposed

order.

17
Because we hold that any ex parte communications were harmless error, we need not
address whether the communications violated Canon 3(A)(4) or any local rules.

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Third, as discussed throughout this opinion, we identify no errors made by

the District Court, so we cannot say any ex parte communications caused the court

to err in a way that prejudiced the Objectors. 18 See United States v. Adams, 785

F.2d 917, 921 (11th Cir. 1986) (holding ex parte communications were harmless

error when there was no prejudice). Finally, the record demonstrates that the

Objectors had the opportunity to take up with the judge any problems they

identified. After the District Court issued the approval order, about which these

Objectors complain, Mr. West moved to amend it. The District Court granted Mr.

West’s motion and issued a revised order based on his arguments. This too shows

a lack of prejudice and thus, at most, harmless error. See id.

3. Record on Appeal

In the District Court, some of the Objectors moved for the appellate record

to be supplemented with the proposed order under Federal Rule of Appellate

Procedure 10(e). Relevant here, Rule 10(e) says “[i]f any difference arises about

whether the record truly discloses what occurred in the district court, the difference

must be submitted to and settled by that court and the record conformed

accordingly.” Fed. R. App. P. 10(e)(1). In other words, the appellate record need

18
As addressed later, we must remand this case to the District Court for it to vacate the
incentive awards for the class representatives based on this Court’s decision in NPAS Solutions,
which postdated the District Court’s order. This of course is not an error that resulted from any
ex parte communications, and thus it does not amount to prejudice.

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not be supplemented when the record “truly discloses what occurred in the district

court.” Hoover v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., 855 F.2d 1538, 1543 n.5

(11th Cir. 1988) (quotation marks omitted). The District Court ultimately denied

the Objectors’ motion, finding Rule 10(e) did not apply because “the record truly

discloses what occurred in the district court.”

Mr. Frank and Mr. West challenge this ruling and take issue with the fact

that the proposed order is not in the record on appeal. They wish to supplement the

record in order to show that the final order was a verbatim copy of the proposed

order. Mr. Davis likewise says the public has a right to view the proposed order,

primarily to determine whether the District Court adopted it in full. But in light of

our decision to accede to the Objectors’ request that we assume a verbatim

adoption of the proposed order by the District Court, there is no need to

supplement the record with this material on appeal. Id. Because we assume the

proposed order (which is not in the record) is identical to the approval order under

review here (which is in the record), the record on appeal reflects what occurred in

the District Court, at least for purposes of our review.

4. Reassignment on Remand

In light of the foregoing supposed errors, as well as some other late-breaking

allegations of bias, Mr. Frank and Mr. West ask us to reassign this case to a

different judge on remand. As discussed below, we must remand this case to the

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District Court solely for it to vacate the incentive awards. We therefore must

briefly discuss the issue of reassignment on remand.

To begin, it’s not obvious to us that we have the authority to reassign this

case. This case was assigned to Chief Judge Thrash by the United States Judicial

Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (the “Panel”). Under the Panel’s rules, “[i]f for

any reason the transferee judge is unable to continue [its] responsibilities, the Panel

shall make the reassignment of a new transferee judge.” Rules of Procedure of the

United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, Rule 2.1(e) (emphasis

added); see In re IKO Roofing Shingle Prods. Liab. Litig., 757 F.3d 599, 600 (7th

Cir. 2014) (explaining that 28 U.S.C. § 1407(b) “gives the Panel exclusive power

to select the judge”).

But we need not decide that question because reassignment is not justified

here. Reassignment is a “severe remedy,” which is “only appropriate where the

trial judge has engaged in conduct that gives rise to the appearance of impropriety

or a lack of impartiality in the mind of a reasonable member of the public.”

Comparelli v. Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, 891 F.3d 1311, 1328 (11th Cir.

2018) (quotation marks omitted). The Objectors have not shown any actual bias

from Chief Judge Thrash. While they certainly disagree with his decisions,

“judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality

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motion.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 1157

(1994).

Without any indication of actual bias, this Court considers three factors

when deciding whether to reassign a case: “(1) whether the original judge would

have difficulty putting [his] previous views and findings aside; (2) whether

reassignment is appropriate to preserve the appearance of justice; [and] (3) whether

reassignment would entail waste and duplication out of proportion to gains realized

from reassignment.” Comparelli, 891 F.3d at 1328 (quotation marks omitted)

(quoting United States v. Torkington, 874 F.2d 1441, 1447 (11th Cir. 1989) (per

curiam)). No factor supports reassignment here. As to the first factor, Chief Judge

Thrash would not have difficulty putting his views aside, as the record indicates he

corrects his mistake and amends his orders when he thinks he reached the wrong

result. For instance, he revised the approval order after Mr. West moved to amend.

For the second factor, Mr. Frank and Mr. West have not shown how reassignment

is appropriate to preserve the appearance of justice. Finally, the third factor clearly

weighs against reassignment. This is a colossal multidistrict litigation case with

over 1200 docket entries in the District Court over the course of just a few years.

Reassignment would create enormous waste and duplication.

In support of reassignment, Mr. Frank and Mr. West rely heavily on

Chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353 (11th Cir. 1997), in which this

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Court reassigned a case on remand in part because of “the court’s practice of

uncritically adopting counsel’s proposed orders.” Id. at 1373 n.46. Chudasama is

far from on point. For one, as discussed above, the District Court’s decision to

adopt the proposed order at issue here was not fundamentally unfair. Beyond that,

the Objectors have not established a “practice” by the District Court of

“uncritically adopting” proposed orders. Id. Finally, this case involves none of the

four other considerations that contributed to this Court’s decision to reassign the

case in Chudasama. See id.

D. Settlement Approval

We now turn to the substance of the approval order, beginning with the

District Court’s approval of the settlement agreement. A class action may be

settled only with court approval, which requires the court to find the settlement

“fair, reasonable, and adequate” based on a number of factors. Fed. R. Civ. P.

23(e)(2). 19 This Court has also instructed district courts to consider several

19
The Rule 23(e)(2) factors include whether:

(A) the class representatives and class counsel have adequately
represented the class;
(B) the proposal was negotiated at arm’s length;
(C) the relief provided for the class is adequate, taking into account:
(i) the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal;
(ii) the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing
relief to the class, including the method of processing class-
member claims;
(iii) the terms of any proposed award of attorney’s fees,
including timing of payment; and

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additional factors called the Bennett factors. See Bennett, 737 F.2d at 986. The

factors include (1) “the likelihood of success at trial”; (2) “the range of possible

recovery”; (3) “the point on or below the range of possible recovery at which a

settlement is fair, adequate and reasonable”; (4) “the complexity, expense and

duration of litigation”; (5) “the substance and amount of opposition to the

settlement”; and (6) “the stage of proceedings at which the settlement was

achieved.” Id. The District Court here considered the Rule 23(e)(2) factors and

the Bennett factors and found the settlement was “fair, reasonable, and adequate”

and that the settlement’s relief “exceeds the relief provided in other data breach

settlements and . . . is in the high range of possible recoveries if the case had

successfully been prosecuted through trial.”

We review an order approving a class action settlement for abuse of

discretion. Ault v. Walt Disney World Co., 692 F.3d 1212, 1216 (11th Cir. 2012).

And because “[d]etermining the fairness of the settlement is left to the sound

discretion of the trial court,” we will not overturn its decision “absent a

(iv) any agreement required to be identified under Rule
23(e)(3); and
(D) the proposal treats class members equitably relative to each
other.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). The Objectors do not challenge the District Court’s application of the
Rule 23(e)(2) factors, so we do not address them in depth. Although Mr. Frank says in passing
that Rule 23(e)(2)(D) was not satisfied, he does not press it with any argument or authority. We
therefore treat his argument abandoned. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d
1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004).

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clear showing of abuse of that discretion.” Bennett, 737 F.2d at 986 (emphasis

added); see also 4 Newberg § 13:47 (“[A]ppellate courts review the approval

decision under a highly deferential abuse of discretion standard.”).

This degree of deference to a decision approving a class action settlement

makes sense. Settlements resolve differences and bring parties together for a

common resolution. See Nissan Motor Corp., 552 F.2d at 1105 (“Settlement

agreements are highly favored in the law and will be upheld whenever possible

because they are a means of amicably resolving doubts and uncertainties and

preventing lawsuits.” (quotation marks omitted)). Settlements also save the bench

and bar time, money, and headaches. See 4 Newberg § 13:44 (“The law favors

settlement, particularly in class actions and other complex cases where substantial

resources can be conserved by avoiding lengthy trials and appeals.”). As such,

there is a “strong judicial policy favoring settlement.” Bennett, 737 F.2d at 986.

Mr. Cochran challenges this settlement approval because he says the District

Court’s approval order failed to recognize the “unique risks associated with stolen

Social Security numbers,” which means the settlement includes inadequate relief to

remedy those risks. From this vantage point, he thinks the District Court

misapplied two of the Bennett factors: “the range of possible recovery” and “the

point on or below the range of possible recovery at which a settlement is fair,

adequate and reasonable.” Id.

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Mr. Cochran has failed to show an abuse of discretion, as the record clearly

demonstrates the District Court was aware of the unique risks associated with

stolen Social Security numbers. The complaint alleged, among other things, that

“all of the 147.9 million Americans whose information was stolen in the breach

remain subject to a pervasive, substantial and imminent risk of identity theft and

fraud, a risk that will continue so long as Social Security numbers have such a

critical role in consumers’ financial lives.” In its order on Equifax’s motion to

dismiss, the District Court acknowledged the data breach involved Social Security

numbers and that “[u]sing this information, identity thieves can create fake

identities, fraudulently obtain loans and tax refunds, and destroy a consumer’s

credit-worthiness.” And at the fairness hearing for approval of the settlement, both

Plaintiffs’ counsel and an objector discussed the risks associated with stolen Social

Security numbers. Finally, the District Court’s approval order expressly

highlighted that the settlement includes a “lengthy period” of credit monitoring and

“identity theft insurance and identity restoration services—features designed to

address identity theft.” In this way, the approval order recognized that the

settlement includes measures to redress the very risks Mr. Cochran says the

District Court ignored.

We also reject Mr. Cochran’s view that the District Court misapplied two of

the Bennett factors: “the range of possible recovery” and “the point on or below

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the range of possible recovery at which a settlement is fair, adequate and

reasonable.” Bennett, 737 F.2d at 986. When considering these factors, the Court

found the settlement was “fair, reasonable, and adequate because the settlement

reflects relief the Court finds is in the high range of what could have been obtained

had the parties continued to litigate.” Because the District Court was aware of the

risks associated with stolen Social Security numbers and found that the settlement

includes benefits to redress those risks, there is no “clear showing” that the District

Court abused its discretion in applying these factors. See id. And while Mr.

Cochran might wish for longer credit monitoring and identity theft restoration

services, such quibbling with a settlement’s terms is not a part of an abuse of

discretion review. See Cotton v. Hinton, 559 F.2d 1326, 1330 (5th Cir. 1977) (trial

judge “should be hesitant to substitute its own judgment for that of counsel”);

Manual for Complex Litigation § 21.61 (“The judge cannot rewrite the

agreement.”); see also Bennett, 737 F.2d at 986 (“[C]ompromise is the essence of

settlement.”).

E. Class Certification

In addition to approving the settlement, the District Court’s order also

certified the class action for settlement purposes. Rule 23 sets forth a number of

requirements that a class action must meet in order for a district court to certify the

class. First, all four requirements in Rule 23(a) must be satisfied: (1) the class

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must be “so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable”; (2) there must

be “questions of law or fact common to the class”; (3) the class representatives’

claims or defenses must be “typical” of the class’s claims or defenses; and (4) the

class representatives must “fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a); see Vega v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 564 F.3d 1256, 1265 (11th

Cir. 2009). These four requirements are often referred to as the numerosity,

commonality, typicality, and adequacy requirements, respectively. See Vega, 564

F.3d at 1265.

In addition to meeting these four requirements, a class action must also

satisfy one of the three parts of Rule 23(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b); see Vega, 564

F.3d at 1265. The District Court here found that the class action satisfied Rule

23(b)(3). Rule 23(b)(3) requires that “questions of law or fact common to class

members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and

that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently

adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). We review a class

certification ruling for abuse of discretion. See Ault, 692 F.3d at 1216.

Only Mr. Frank challenges the District Court’s class certification ruling, and

he does so only as to the adequacy requirement. 20 We thus focus solely on the

20
When discussing Article III standing, Mr. Huang briefly says Rule 23(b)(3)’s
predominance requirement is not met. He does not press this assertion with any argument, so we
consider it abandoned. See Access Now, 385 F.3d at 1330.

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adequacy requirement in Rule 23(a)(4). The adequacy requirement is that a class

representative “must adequately protect the interests of those he purports to

represent.” Valley Drug Co. v. Geneva Pharms., LLC, 350 F.3d 1181, 1189 (11th

Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted). To determine whether the adequacy

requirement is met, we ask: “(1) whether any substantial conflicts of interest exist

between the representatives and the class; and (2) whether the representatives will

adequately prosecute the action.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Mr. Frank’s

challenge concerns only the first question, further narrowing our focus. According

to Mr. Frank, there is a fundamental conflict of interest between the class

representatives and the class because some class members had state statutory

damages claims while others did not. He says there should have been subclasses

and separate counsel to address these different types of claims.

Minor differences in the interests of the class representatives and the class

are not enough to defeat class certification under the adequacy requirement. Id.

Instead, only a “fundamental” conflict “going to the specific issues in controversy”

can defeat class certification. Id. (quotation marks omitted); see 1 Newberg § 3:58

(“[N]ot every potential distinction . . . will render the representative inadequate.

Only conflicts that are fundamental to the suit and that go to the heart of the

litigation prevent a plaintiff from meeting the Rule 23(a)(4) adequacy

requirement.” (footnote omitted)). A conflict is fundamental “where some party

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members claim to have been harmed by the same conduct that benefitted other

members of the class.” Valley Drug, 350 F.3d at 1189. This Court has also

recognized that a class action “cannot be certified when its members have

opposing interests” or “where the economic interests and objectives of the named

representatives differ significantly from the economic interests and objectives of

unnamed class members.” Id. at 1189–90 (quotation marks omitted).

Mr. Frank has failed to show the District Court abused its discretion in

certifying the settlement class. There is no dispute that all these Plaintiffs’ claims

arise out of the same unifying event, Equifax’s data privacy breach. Likewise, all

Plaintiffs seek redress for the same injury. They all seek compensation for injuries

associated with the risk of identity theft. There is also no dispute that the data

breach harmed all class members and made none better off. See id. at 1189.

Indeed, the class is expressly limited to the “U.S. consumers identified by Equifax

whose personal information was compromised.”

It is true that some class members had state law statutory damages claims

while others did not, but we don’t view that difference as a “fundamental” conflict

“going to the specific issues in controversy.” Id. As Mr. Frank acknowledged at

oral argument, only the District of Columbia and Utah statutory damages claims

are before us on appeal. For one thing, Mr. Frank’s singular devotion to the D.C.

and Utah claims ignores the fact that all class members had negligence and

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negligence per se claims under Georgia law that united the class. What’s more,

Mr. Frank fails to show that the two statutory damages claims were valuable, as he

demonstrates nothing about how the claims were a sure bet. In fact, he doesn’t cite

a single case in which a plaintiff recovered statutory damages under either statute

in a data breach case.

Even a brief review of the D.C. and Utah claims reveals significant barriers

to Plaintiffs’ success. While the D.C. Code authorizes certain damages for a data

breach, this provision wasn’t enacted until 2020, well after the data breach here

occurred in 2017. See Security Breach Protection Amendment Act of 2020, D.C.

Laws 23-98 (2020). Perhaps Plaintiffs could have tried to frame the data breach as

a violation of D.C.’s prohibition against certain unfair or deceptive trade practices,

see D.C. Code § 28-3904, but that presents its own set of issues about proving that

a breach by a third party was an unfair or deceptive trade practice by Equifax. The

Utah claim, in turn, required Plaintiffs to show Equifax engaged in a “[c]onsumer

transaction” and “knowingly or intentionally” violated an enumerated prohibition.

Utah Code §§ 13-11-3(2), -4(2). Given that Equifax might not have been in privity

with Plaintiffs and that this case arose out of a breach by a third party, these

requirements may well have been difficult to show. Therefore, to the extent some

class members had D.C. or Utah statutory damages claims while others did not,

there were no opposing or economic interests that were at odds.

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The District Court’s decision aligns with the reasoned approach adopted by

courts in other data breach cases. For instance, in In re Anthem, Inc. Data Breach

Litigation, 327 F.R.D. 299 (N.D. Cal. 2018), the District Court found the adequacy

requirement satisfied because all class members had their personal information

compromised in the same data breach and generally sought the same relief. Id. at

309–11. Beyond that, the District Court found that even though there might have

been variations in state law, the named representatives included “individuals from

each state” and the differences in state remedies were not “sufficiently substantial

so as to warrant the creation of subclasses.” Id. at 310 (quotation marks omitted).

The same reasoning applies here. The class members all had their personal

information compromised in the same data breach; they seek redress for similar

injuries; and, to the extent some members have statutory damages under state law

and others do not, there are class representatives from every single state and, due to

litigation risks, the differences in remedies are not “sufficiently substantial so as to

warrant the creation of subclasses.” Id. (quotation marks omitted); see also In re

Target Corp. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 2017 WL 2178306, at *6 (D.

Minn. May 17, 2017) (noting the “availability of potential statutory damages . . .

does not, by itself, mean that the interests of these class members are antagonistic

to the interests of class members from other jurisdictions,” particularly in light of

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the “substantial barriers to any individual class member actually recovering

statutory damages”).

By contrast, the decisions Mr. Frank relies on, in which courts held that class

actions failed to satisfy the adequacy requirement, are inapposite. For instance,

Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 119 S. Ct. 2295 (1999) and Amchem

Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 117 S. Ct. 2231 (1997), addressed two

class actions against asbestos manufacturers, neither of which involved statutory

damages claims. Ortiz, 527 U.S. at 821–22, 119 S. Ct. at 2302–03; Amchem, 521

U.S. at 597, 117 S. Ct. at 2237. The plaintiffs had diametrically different injuries

within each class action. Some plaintiffs in the classes had already suffered

physical injury as a result of exposure to asbestos, while others might have been at

risk of injury in the future. Ortiz, 527 U.S. at 856, 119 S. Ct. at 2319; Amchem,

521 U.S. at 602–03, 117 S. Ct. at 2240. This meant some plaintiffs wanted

compensation immediately while others wanted it in the future. Ortiz, 527 U.S. at

856, 119 S. Ct. at 2320; Amchem, 521 U.S. at 626, 117 S. Ct. at 2251. Here, by

contrast, Plaintiffs alleged that they face the same risk of identity theft and, among

other things, sought the same compensatory damages for that injury. Plaintiffs

likewise all receive the same benefits to redress that shared injury. And while

Ortiz was also based on the fact that some plaintiffs had more valuable claims than

others, see Ortiz, 527 U.S. at 857, 119 S. Ct. at 2320, that’s not the case here. For

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the reasons set out above, Mr. Frank has failed to show how the D.C. and Utah

statutory damages claims increased the value of certain Plaintiffs’ cases.

Mr. Frank’s reliance on In re Literary Works in Electronic Databases

Copyright Litigation, 654 F.3d 242 (2d Cir. 2011), even if it was binding on this

Court, is even further off the mark. In Literary Works, there were three groups of

claims (Categories A, B, and C, which had claims that decreased in value

respectively) involving three different provisions of the Copyright Act. Id. at 246.

The proposed settlement said that if all claims exceeded a set cap, Category C

claims would be reduced pro rata first, such that those with just Category C claims

might end up with nothing. Id. The Second Circuit reasoned the adequacy

requirement of Rule 23(a)(4) was not met because Category A and Category B

claims were “more lucrative” than Category C claims and because the reduction of

Category C claims could “deplete the recovery of Category C-only plaintiffs in

their entirety before the Category A or B recovery would be affected.” Id. at 252,

254. But here (putting aside the already addressed issue of the value of the

statutory damages claims), there is no risk that any members of the class will have

their ability to get settlement benefits reduced to zero because some other members

got more relief from the settlement. Instead, all class members are entitled to the

same class benefits.

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At bottom, this record reflects no fundamental conflict between the class

representatives and the rest of the class, and thus the adequacy requirement under

Rule 23(a)(4) was satisfied. The District Court therefore did not abuse its

discretion in certifying the class action. 21

F. Attorney’s Fee Award

In addition to approving the settlement as fair, reasonable, and adequate and

certifying the class action for settlement purposes, the District Court also approved

Plaintiffs’ counsel’s request for $77.5 million in attorney’s fees. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 23(h) (“In a certified class action, the court may award reasonable attorney’s

fees and nontaxable costs that are authorized by law or by the parties’

agreement.”). Relying on our precedent in Camden I Condominium Association,

Inc. v. Dunkle, 946 F.2d 768 (11th Cir. 1991), the District Court applied what’s

called the percentage method. In Camden I, this Court held that in common fund

settlements like this one, an attorney’s fee award “shall be based upon a reasonable

percentage of the fund established for the benefit of the class.” Id. at 774. The

21
Mr. Frank also says the District Court erred in finding that separate subclasses and
representation would not benefit the class as a whole. Related to our conclusion that the District
Court did not abuse its discretion in certifying the settlement class is our conclusion that the
District Court did not err in its separate finding that subclasses would not benefit the class as a
whole. See, e.g., In re Oil Spill by Oil Rig Deepwater Horizon in Gulf of Mex., on Apr. 20,
2010, 910 F. Supp. 2d 891, 918–19 (E.D. La. 2012) (“In the absence of conflicts between
members of the Settlement Class, subclasses are neither necessary, useful, nor appropriate here.
. . . Such rigid formalism, which would produce enormous obstacles to negotiating a class
settlement with no apparent benefit, is not required and could even reduce the negotiating
leverage of the class.”).

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percentage method requires a district court to consider a number of relevant factors

called the Johnson factors in order to determine if the requested percentage is

reasonable. See id. at 772 & n.3, 775 (citing Johnson v. Ga. Highway Express,

Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974)).22 The District Court found the request for

$77.5 million in fees was 20.36 percent of the $380.5 million common settlement

fund and found this percentage was reasonable based on the Johnson factors. And

while noting it was not required to do so, the District Court also used the “lodestar

method” as a “cross-check on the reasonableness of a percentage-based fee” and

found that “the requested fee easily passes muster if a cross-check is done.”

Two Objectors, Mr. Davis and Mr. West, challenge the District Court’s

decision. We address their concerns in turn, reviewing de novo the proper standard

22
The Johnson factors include 12 factors from the opinion itself:

(1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the
questions involved; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service
properly; (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due
to acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the fee
is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the client or
the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the results obtained;
(9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys; (10) the
“undesirability” of the case; (11) the nature and the length of the
professional relationship with the client; (12) awards in similar
cases.

Camden I, 946 F.2d at 772 & n.3. The Johnson factors also include a handful of additional
factors this Court added in Camden I: “the time required to reach a settlement, whether there are
any substantial objections by class members or other parties to the settlement terms or the fees
requested by counsel, any non-monetary benefits conferred upon the class by the settlement, and
the economics involved in prosecuting a class action.” Id. at 775. The Objectors challenging the
District Court’s decision to award attorney’s fees do not directly challenge its application of the
factors, so we do not undertake a complete review of the factors.

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for attorney’s fee awards and reviewing the District Court’s decision to award

attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. Loggerhead Turtle v. Cmty. Council of

Volusia Cnty., 307 F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 2002).

Mr. Davis makes two arguments. First, he says the District Court applied

the wrong standard and should have applied the lodestar method,23 not the

percentage method, in determining how much to award in attorney’s fees. In his

view, Camden I’s percentage method is no longer good law, as he argues the

Supreme Court’s decision in Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 130

S. Ct. 1662 (2010), abrogated Camden I. Perdue is different, however, because it

is a case in which the Supreme Court applied the lodestar method to claims made

under a fee-shifting statute. Id. at 546, 130 S. Ct. at 1669. Second, Mr. Davis

argues Camden I and the percentage method are “at odds” with a handful of other

Supreme Court cases that “essentially” applied the lodestar method.

Mr. Davis’s first argument is foreclosed by our precedent. It is undisputed

that this case involves a common settlement fund and in NPAS Solutions this

Court expressly held that Camden I is “good law” in common fund cases and that

“Perdue didn’t abrogate Camden I.” 975 F.3d at 1262 n.14; see also In re Home

Depot Inc., 931 F.3d 1065, 1084–85 (11th Cir. 2019) (“There is no question that

23
Under the lodestar method, a district court determines the number of hours worked by
plaintiffs’ counsel, multiplies those hours by a reasonable hourly rate, and then adjusts the final
amount upward or downward based on various factors. Camden I, 946 F.2d at 772.

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the Supreme Court precedents stretching from Hensley to Perdue are specific to

fee-shifting statutes. . . . Thus, these precedents are not binding outside of the

statutory context. For this reason, we have held that the Supreme Court precedent

requiring the use of the lodestar method in statutory fee-shifting cases does not

apply to common-fund cases.”). Indeed, although Perdue applied the lodestar

method, it involved “the calculation of an attorney’s fee[] under federal fee-

shifting statutes” and was based on the Supreme Court’s “prior decisions

concerning the federal fee-shifting statutes.” 559 U.S. at 546, 552, 130 S. Ct. at

1669, 1672.24 Nothing in Perdue considered the appropriate method for calculating

attorney’s fees in a common fund case. The percentage method therefore remains

the proper method to apply when awarding attorney’s fees in common fund

settlement cases.

Neither are we persuaded by Mr. Davis’s argument that Camden I and the

percentage method are “at odds” with a handful of Supreme Court cases that

“essentially” applied the lodestar method. The Supreme Court has never

24
That this case at one point included a claim under a fee-shifting statute (the Fair Credit
Reporting Act) is of no consequence. For one thing, the District Court dismissed that claim
before the parties settled this litigation. Beyond that, the parties’ settlement involved a common
fund settlement, and “[w]here there has been a settlement, the basis for the statutory fee award
has been discharged, and it is only the fund that remains.” Home Depot, 931 F.3d at 1082
(quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brytus v. Spang & Co., 203 F.3d 238, 246 (3d Cir. 2000));
see also, e.g., Florin v. Nationsbank of Ga., N.A., 34 F.3d 560, 563 (7th Cir. 1994) (holding a
fee-shifting statute “do[es] not purport to control fee awards in cases settled with the creation of
a common fund”).

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categorically prohibited the percentage method in common fund cases. See Blum

v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 900 n.16, 104 S. Ct. 1541, 1550 n.16 (1984) (noting that

for “the calculation of attorney’s fees under the ‘common fund doctrine’” the

“reasonable fee is based on a percentage of the fund bestowed on the class”);

Goldberger v. Integrated Res., Inc., 209 F.3d 43, 49 (2d Cir. 2000) (noting that

Blum “provided all the impetus needed for a rejuvenation of the percentage

method,” as “Blum indicates that the percentage-of-the-fund method is a viable”

approach to calculating attorney’s fees in common fund cases (quotation marks

omitted)). To the contrary, and as Mr. Davis acknowledges, the Supreme Court

has applied the percentage method in common fund cases. Without a categorical

prohibition on the percentage method in common fund settlement cases, Camden I

and the percentage method remain the law in this Circuit.25

Mr. West’s arguments also fail. 26 According to Mr. West, the District Court

should have considered the “economies of scale” in this case, which involves a

25
Likewise, to the extent Mr. Davis challenges the percentage awarded here based on
percentages awarded in some Supreme Court cases, he fails to cite a single case in which the
Supreme Court set a categorical ceiling for a reasonable percentage.
26
One argument we can reject out of hand. Mr. West says the District Court should have
provided Plaintiffs’ counsel’s “lodestar material” to the class members. Mr. West faults the
District Court for only providing “total hours and lodestar accumulated by the firms.” While the
District Court did conduct a lodestar “cross-check on the reasonableness of a percentage-based
fee,” our precedent did not require it to do so. See Camden I, 946 F.2d at 774 (“[A]ttorneys’ fees
awarded from a common fund shall be based upon a reasonable percentage of the fund
established for the benefit of the class. The lodestar analysis shall continue to be the applicable
method used for determining statutory fee-shifting awards.”). And because the District Court

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settlement fund of hundreds of millions of dollars (what West calls a “megafund”

case). As we understand Mr. West’s position, he thinks a settlement that is ten

times larger than another settlement is often not ten times harder for the lawyers to

work on, such that the percentage awarded as attorney’s fees should diminish as

the settlement amount gets larger.

As Mr. West admits, our precedent did not require the District Court to

expressly consider the economies of scale in a megafund case in deciding how

much to award in attorney’s fees. This Court required the District Court to

consider the Johnson factors, and none of the factors explicitly address the

economies of scale in a megafund case. See Camden I, 946 F.2d at 772 & n.3,

775. That being the case, we cannot say the District Court erred as a matter of law

or abused its discretion. In any event, the District Court considered the time, labor,

and amount involved and the results obtained when deciding whether the

attorney’s fees were reasonable. We observe that these factors fairly capture many

considerations related to the economies of scale in a megafund case.

We decline to add an additional factor requiring the District Court to

expressly consider the economies of scale in a megafund case. See id. at 775

(observing that the “factors which will impact upon the appropriate percentage to

was not required to do a lodestar cross-check, we cannot say it erred in not providing the
“lodestar material” to the class members.

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be awarded as a fee in any particular case will undoubtedly vary”). For starters, we

question the value of this consideration. Such a factor may “lack[] rigor because it

provides no direction to courts about when to start decreasing the percentage

award, nor by how much.” 5 Newberg § 15:80. Requiring consideration of the

economies of scale could also create “perverse incentives,” as it may encourage

class counsel to pursue “quick settlements at sub-optimal levels.” Id.; see also 5

Newberg § 15:81 (detailing the “rough justice” of limiting attorney’s fees in

megafund cases). But we need not (and do not) ultimately decide the virtues (or

vices) of such a factor because the District Court ultimately considered factors that

reasonably capture many considerations related to the economies of scale in a

megafund case.

Finally, to the extent Mr. West challenges the amount of attorney’s fees

awarded in this case, he has failed to show an abuse of discretion. The District

Court awarded $77.5 million in attorney’s fees, which it found is 20.36 percent of

the $380.5 million settlement fund. (We note that the $380.5 million figure does

not even account for the additional funds Equifax may be required to pay into the

settlement fund.) 20.36 percent is well within the percentages permitted in other

common fund cases, and even in other megafund cases. 27 See Camden I, 946 F.2d

27
Also, we continue to note that our Circuit does not limit attorney’s fees in megafund
cases as a matter of law.

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at 774–75 (“The majority of common fund fee awards fall between 20% to 30% of

the fund,” with 25 percent as “a ‘bench mark’ percentage fee award.”); In re

Checking Account Overdraft Litig., 830 F. Supp. 2d 1330, 1367 (S.D. Fla. 2011)

(“[C]ourts nationwide have repeatedly awarded fees of 30 percent or higher in so-

called ‘megafund’ settlements.”); Manual for Complex Litigation § 14.121

(“Attorney fees awarded under the percentage method are often between 25% and

30% of the fund.”); see also Wolff v. Cash 4 Titles, 2012 WL 5290155, at *5 (S.D.

Fla. Sept. 26, 2012) (average percentage award in the Eleventh Circuit is “roughly

one-third”); In re Anthem, Inc. Data Breach Litig., 2018 WL 3960068, at *2, *15

(N.D. Cal. Aug. 17, 2018) (data breach case involving 27 percent award, which

“appears to be in line with the vast majority of megafund settlements”).28

The District Court thus properly applied the percentage method in this

common fund settlement case, considered the appropriate factors, and did not

abuse its discretion in the amount it awarded in attorney’s fees.

28
Mr. West says we should view the $77.5 million in attorney’s fees as 25 percent of a
$310 million settlement fund (not $380.5 million) because that is what Plaintiffs’ counsel
initially secured and agreed to in the original term sheet with Equifax. The additional $70.5
million of the $380.5 million fund was added after further negotiations with regulators. But even
assuming Plaintiffs’ counsel did not play a role in securing the additional funds, such that 25
percent really is the operative figure, 25 percent is also well within percentages approved in other
common fund cases. Camden I, 946 F.2d at 775 (25 percent is the “bench mark”). And again,
the $310 million figure does not account for the additional funds Equifax may be called upon to
pay into the settlement fund in the future.

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G. Incentive Awards

After awarding attorney’s fees and expenses to Plaintiffs’ counsel, the

District Court approved incentive awards (sometimes called service awards) for the

class representatives in order to compensate them for their services and the risks

they incurred on behalf of the class. The District Court recognized that courts

“routinely approve” such awards, and it found the awards “deserved” in this case

because the class representatives “devoted substantial time and effort to this

litigation working with their lawyers to prosecute the claims, assembling the

evidence supporting their claims, and responding to discovery requests.” “But for

their efforts,” the District Court found, “other class members would be receiving

nothing.”

While the parties were briefing this case, a panel of this Court recognized

that incentive awards are “commonplace in modern class-action litigation,” yet

held that two Supreme Court cases from the 1880s “prohibit the type of incentive

award that the district court approved here—one that compensates a class

representative for his time and rewards him for bringing a lawsuit.” NPAS Sols.,

975 F.3d at 1260. In light of NPAS Solutions, Plaintiffs acknowledge that “service

awards are prohibited as a matter of law” in this Circuit. It is true that NPAS

Solutions binds us here. So the question is how to proceed. Mr. Davis says the

“incentive awards likely compromised Named Plaintiffs’ representation of the

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Settlement Class’s interests” because the class representatives might have been

“tempted to accept [a] suboptimal settlement[]” in order to obtain the incentive

awards.

We reject Mr. Davis’s view that the prospect of incentive awards infected

the entire settlement, so we decline his invitation to vacate the settlement as a

whole. The record indicates the class representatives’ representation of the class

was not affected by the possibility of receiving incentive awards. The settlement

agreement expressly stated that it remained in effect even if the District Court

declined to approve the incentive awards. Plaintiffs likewise filed two separate

motions in the District Court: one for approval of the settlement and certification of

the class, and one for attorney’s fees and expenses and incentive awards for class

representatives. The motion for approval of the settlement was not contingent on

the District Court approving the incentive awards. Given these facts, the class

representatives’ decision to agree to the settlement and to seek its approval was not

influenced by the possibility of receiving incentive awards. Cf. Radcliffe v.

Experian Info. Sols. Inc., 715 F.3d 1157, 1164–67 (9th Cir. 2013) (invalidating

settlement that “explicitly condition[ed] the incentive awards on the class

representatives’ support for the settlement”).

Plaintiffs argue that the best approach is to simply reverse the District

Court’s decision approving the incentive awards and remand solely for the limited

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purpose of vacating the awards, and we agree. This approach is administratively

feasible, as the settlement agreement expressly provides that the agreement does

not terminate due to “modification or reversal or appeal of any decision by the

Court[] concerning the amount of Service Awards.” And this approach makes the

most sense as a matter of judicial economy. Specifically, as set out above in great

detail, the District Court, before ever approving incentive awards, independently

assessed the proposed settlement and the class and did not abuse its discretion in

finding that the settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate and that the class

representatives adequately represented the class. No purpose would be served by

forcing the District Court to repeat the entire process anew.

To be clear, this is the only issue on which we reverse the District Court’s

decision. On remand, the District Court is instructed to vacate the incentive

awards and to otherwise leave the settlement agreement intact. We expect the

District Court will be wary of any attempts to expand this mandate or to otherwise

delay or prevent the settlement from taking effect, and we encourage that

approach.

H. Appeal Bonds

At last, we arrive at the final issue in this case. After the Objectors appealed

the District Court’s approval order, the court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for appeal

bonds and imposed appeal bonds of $2,000 on each Objector. The District Court

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noted that “[c]ourts routinely require objectors who appeal final approval of a class

action settlement to post a bond to ensure payment of costs on appeal.” The

District Court considered a number of factors and found an appeal bond of $2,000

was “appropriate.” Mr. Cochran and Mr. Frank challenge the District Court’s

decision to impose the appeal bonds for a variety of reasons.

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 7 states, “[i]n a civil case, the district

court may require an appellant to file a bond or provide other security in any form

and amount necessary to ensure payment of costs on appeal.” Fed. R. App. P. 7. 29

Mr. Cochran, Mr. Frank, and Plaintiffs do not cite any cases from this Court

concerning when an appeal bond is permitted under Rule 7, nor have we found any

ourselves. Although our Court has addressed when attorney’s fees under a fee-

shifting statute can be included in an appeal bond as “costs” under Rule 7, those

cases don’t deal with the issue presented here: when a run-of-the-mill appeal bond

is permitted. See Young v. New Process Steel, LP, 419 F.3d 1201, 1207–08 (11th

Cir. 2005); Pedraza v. United Guar. Corp., 313 F.3d 1323, 1333 (11th Cir. 2002).

Although we review a district court’s decision to impose appeal bonds for

abuse of discretion, we review de novo the proper interpretation of federal rules of

procedure, including Rule 7. Young, 419 F.3d at 1203; see also SEB S.A. v.

29
Although Plaintiffs moved for appeal bonds under Rules 7 and 8, it appears the District
Court imposed them only pursuant to Rule 7. As such, our discussion of this issue is limited to
appeal bonds imposed under Rule 7.

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Sunbeam Corp., 476 F.3d 1317, 1319 (11th Cir. 2007). In interpreting a federal

rule, we examine its text and give effect to its plain meaning. See Sargeant v. Hall,

951 F.3d 1280, 1283 (11th Cir. 2020) (interpreting the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure). The plain text of Rule 7 is clear. Again, Rule 7 says a district court

may impose an appeal bond “in any form and amount necessary to ensure payment

of costs on appeal.” Fed. R. App. P. 7 (emphasis added). The word “ensure”

means “to make sure, certain, or safe.” Ensure, Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged

Dictionary, https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/ensure (last

visited June 2, 2021). Therefore, a Rule 7 appeal bond is appropriate when the

bond is imposed to make sure costs on appeal are paid. See also, e.g.,

4 Newberg § 14:15 (risk of nonpayment is “arguably the only pertinent factor” and

thus “ought to be the primary focus” for appeal bonds); 16A Catherine T. Struve,

Federal Practice and Procedure § 3953 (5th ed. 2021) (“The court should require a

bond only if ‘necessary to ensure payment of costs on appeal.’”).

The District Court in this case considered several factors when deciding to

impose the appeal bonds: “(1) the appellant’s financial ability to post a bond;

(2) the merits of the appeal; (3) whether the appellant has shown any bad faith or

vexatious conduct; and (4) the risk that the appellant will not pay the costs if the

appeal is unsuccessful.” Other courts in this Circuit have applied similar factors.

See, e.g., Aboltin v. Jeunesse LLC, 2019 WL 1092789, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 15,

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2019). While most of these factors do not appear to be relevant based on our

reading of Rule 7, the last factor certainly is. Specifically, the District Court

considered “the risk that the appellant will not pay the costs if the appeal is

unsuccessful” and found there was a “substantial risk that the costs of appeal will

not be paid unless a bond is required.” This consideration squares with Rule 7: if

there a risk the appellant will not pay the costs on appeal, then an appeal bond

helps make sure the costs are paid.

Although the District Court considered other factors that may not be

relevant, we need not ultimately decide this issue of relevance under Rule 7

because the record indicates the District Court independently imposed the appeal

bonds based on a proper factor. Specifically, the District Court found that the

“substantial risk” of nonpayment “warrant[ed] an appeal bond.” The District Court

did not therefore abuse its discretion when it imposed the appeal bonds based on its

finding that there was a “substantial risk that the costs of appeal will not be paid

unless a bond is required.” And because we hold that the District Court did not

abuse its discretion in imposing the appeal bonds on this independent basis, we

need not consider Mr. Cochran’s and Mr. Frank’s arguments, which challenge the

District Court’s ruling to the extent it was also based on other grounds.30

30
Mr. Cochran appears to briefly challenge the amount of the appeal bond. Rule 7
simply states that an appeal bond should be in an “amount necessary to ensure payment of costs
on appeal.” Fed. R. App. P. 7. This means courts should look to 28 U.S.C. § 1920 and Federal

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III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the District Court’s rulings in their entirety, except as to the

narrow issue of incentive awards. As discussed, because NPAS Solutions now

prohibits the incentive awards approved for the class representatives, we must

reverse the District Court’s decision to approve the incentive awards. We remand

this case to the District Court solely for the limited purpose of vacating those

awards. On remand, we instruct the District Court to leave the rest of the

settlement agreement intact.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

Rule of Appellate Procedure 39(e), which provide for taxable costs on appeal, when determining
an appropriate amount to cover “costs on appeal.” See, e.g., Tennille v. W. Union Co., 774 F.3d
1249, 1257 (10th Cir. 2014) (looking to section 1920 and Rule 39(e)); see also Federal Practice
and Procedure § 3953 (“Costs on appeal for which a Rule 7 bond can be required include the
costs authorized in [section] 1920 to the extent those costs relate to the appeal.”); 4 Newberg
§ 14:16 (“Given that an appeal bond is meant to ensure the availability of funds for cost-shifting
on appeal, the amount of the bond should have some relationship to the costs that a losing
appellant would have to shoulder.” (footnote omitted)). The costs under section 1920 and Rule
39(e) include fees of the clerk, fees for printed or electronically recorded transcripts, fees for
printing, costs of making copies, docket fees, costs of preparing and transmitting the record, and
costs for the reporter’s transcript. See 28 U.S.C. § 1920; Fed. R. App. P. 39(e). Here, the
District Court found that $2,000 was “appropriate” to cover the taxable costs listed in section
1920 and Rule 39(e). Mr. Cochran has not shown that this amount was an abuse of discretion.

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