Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Ass'n, Inc

 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

2021 CO 32

Supreme Court Case No. 19SC664
Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
Court of Appeals Case No. 18CA1201

Petitioner:

Auto-Owners Insurance Company,

v.

Respondent:

Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Association Inc., a Colorado nonprofit corporation.

Judgment Affirmed
en banc
May 24, 2021

Attorneys for Petitioner:
Spencer Fane LLP
Terence M. Ridley
Evan B. Stephenson
Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:
Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C.
Brian K. Matise
Nelson Boyle
Ronald M. Sandgrund
Mari K. Perczak
Thomas W. Henderson
Joseph F. Smith
 Englewood, Colorado

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Colorado Defense Lawyers Association:
Sweetbaum Sands Anderson PC
Marilyn S. Chappell
Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae The Colorado Trial Lawyers Association:
Levin Sitcoff PC
Bradley A. Levin
Nelson A. Waneka
Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae United Policyholders:
Taussig & Smith
John Taussig
Boulder, Colorado

JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE SAMOUR dissents, and CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT and JUSTICE
HOOD join in the dissent.

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¶1 In this construction defects litigation, we consider a novel question: Where

a defendant-insured enters into an agreement before trial assigning its rights to

any future bad faith claims against its insurer to a third-party plaintiff, is the

insurer entitled to intervene at trial under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2) to exercise its “absolute

right” to control the defense of its insured under a reservation of rights? Because

the agreement here is functionally equivalent to a Nunn agreement, see Nunn v.

Mid-Century Ins. Co., 244 P.3d 116 (Colo. 2010), and because the insurer’s interest

in the underlying construction defects litigation is not impaired by that agreement,

we conclude that the insurer was not entitled to intervene as of right under

C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2). Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals,

albeit under different reasoning.

I. Facts and Procedural History
¶2 In October 2016, Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Association (“Bolt Factory”)

initiated a construction defects lawsuit against several contractors. In turn, several

defendants filed third-party complaints against various subcontractors, including

Sierra Glass Company (“Sierra Glass”), which was insured by Auto-Owners

Insurance Company (“Auto-Owners”). Auto-Owners accepted its obligation to

defend Sierra Glass, subject to a complete reservation of rights.

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¶3 Through a series of settlement agreements, Bolt Factory settled with all

parties except Sierra Glass.1 Auto-Owners, acting on Sierra Glass’s behalf,

declined Bolt Factory’s offer to settle for $1.9 million—an amount within policy

limits. Shortly thereafter, Sierra Glass retained independent counsel, and, without

Auto-Owners’ knowledge or permission, Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass entered

into a Nunn agreement—“an agreement whereby the insured assigns its bad faith

claims to the third party, and in exchange the third party agrees to pursue the

insurer directly for payment of the excess judgment rather than the insured.”

244 P.3d at 119. Rather than enter into a stipulated judgment as the parties did in

Nunn, however, Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass proceeded to trial.

¶4 At a pretrial conference, Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass informed the court of

the Nunn agreement. Bolt Factory explained that the parties anticipated that trial

would last “approximately two days,” during which Bolt Factory would call four

witnesses to testify as to liability and damages. The parties would then submit

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law for the court’s consideration.

Sierra Glass elaborated that “this method of proceeding . . . is part of an ultimate

agreement” under which Sierra Glass “will probably not be posing a defense to

1At that point, Bolt Factory was proceeding against Sierra Glass directly after an
assignment of claims.

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those claims or assertions that are made in this case.” Essentially, Sierra Glass

explained, it would be “s[i]tting on [its] hands and not questioning or doing those

sorts of things.”

¶5 When Auto-Owners learned of the Nunn agreement, it moved to intervene

as of right under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2) in order to “protect[] its rights” and “to actively

defend the claims asserted against its insured.” Auto-Owners argued that it had

an interest in the outcome of the litigation in that such litigation could potentially

create an “obligation to pay damages, up to the policy limits, that are covered

under the [p]olicy for which Sierra [Glass] is found liable.” Moreover, Auto-

Owners asserted, intervention was necessary to protect its interests, particularly

given the non-adversarial nature of the impending trial.

¶6 Following a hearing,2 the district court denied Auto-Owners’ motion. The

court expressed concern regarding the fairness of the proceeding called for by the

Nunn agreement, speculating that the agreement would make it more difficult for

Auto-Owners to contest any resulting factual findings, given that the proceeding

would have “all of the trappings . . . and all the procedural protections of an actual

2The hearing on Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene was held before Judge Elliff,
rather than Judge Egelhoff, who presided over the bench trial. Judge Egelhoff
recused himself from ruling on the motion after discovering a conflict with Auto-
Owners.

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trial.” But under Nunn, the court explained, any such concerns may be addressed

in a subsequent action. The court therefore concluded that the agreement between

Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass was permissible under Nunn. The court also

concluded that Auto-Owners was not entitled to intervene under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2).

Because Auto-Owners was defending under a reservation of rights, the court

explained, its interest was contingent. Moreover, the court determined that Auto-

Owners could sufficiently protect its interest by challenging its liability in a

subsequent declaratory judgment or bad faith action.

¶7 The case proceeded to a bench trial. Bolt Factory delivered opening and

closing statements, called four witnesses, and introduced numerous exhibits.

Sierra Glass presented no defense. Following trial, the district court entered its

findings of fact and conclusions of law, which largely mirrored the parties’

proposed findings but included the court’s own adjustments. The court entered

judgment in favor of Bolt Factory and against Sierra Glass in the amount of

$2,489,021.90.3

3 This judgment ultimately gave rise to separate, ongoing litigation in federal
court. Following entry of judgment, Bolt Factory sought a writ of garnishment
against Auto-Owners, and Auto-Owners removed that action to federal district
court. See Notice of Removal, Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Ass’n, Inc. v.
209 Kalamath Grp. LLC, No. 1:18CV01738 (D. Colo. July 9, 2018).

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¶8 A division of the court of appeals affirmed, concluding that the district court

properly denied Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene. Bolt Factory Lofts Owners

Ass’n Inc. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 2019 COA 121, __ P.3d __. The division

Meanwhile, Auto-Owners filed a declaratory judgment action in federal
district court seeking a declaration that (1) Auto-Owners did not owe any
obligations or payments to Sierra Glass under the insurance policy; (2) Sierra Glass
breached the policy by failing to cooperate with Auto-Owners; and (3) the state-
court judgment obtained by Bolt Factory is not enforceable against Auto-Owners.
Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Ass’n, Inc., 398 F. Supp. 3d 808, 811
(D. Colo. 2019). Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass asserted counterclaims for breach of
contract, statutory unreasonable denial of payment of a benefit, and common law
bad faith. Id. at 811. Because of the pending state court appeal, the federal district
court dismissed the action without prejudice for lack of ripeness. Id. at 816.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit reversed, explaining:
Auto-Owners’ claims do not depend on the state court suit. The state
court appeal involves the denial of Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene
to defend against Bolt Factory’s assigned, third-party claims. . . . This
declaratory judgment action, however, involves Sierra Glass’s alleged
breach of the insurance policy. . . . Auto-Owners’ [c]omplaint does
not contest Sierra Glass’s liability or challenge Bolt Factory’s
damages.
Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Ass’n, Inc., 823 F. App’x 686,
690–91 (10th Cir. 2020). It remanded the case to the district court for further
proceedings.
On remand, the parties agreed to consolidate the garnishment proceeding
and declaratory judgment action. See Order Granting Joint Mot. to Consolidate
Civil Related Proceedings, Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. 209 Kalamath
Grp. LLC, No. 1:18CV01738 (D. Colo. Dec. 1, 2020); Order Granting Joint Mot. to
Consolidate Civil Related Proceedings, Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Bolt Factory Lofts
Owners Ass’n, Inc., No. 1:18CV01725 (D. Colo. Dec. 1, 2020). Trial is scheduled for
November 2021. See Am. Order Setting Trial, Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Bolt Factory
Lofts Owners Ass’n, Inc., No. 1:18CV01725 (D. Colo. Nov. 9, 2020).

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explained that, “[w]here an insurer reserves the right to deny coverage, ‘the

insurer’s interest in the liability phase of the proceeding is contingent on the

resolution of the coverage issue.’” Id. at ¶ 14 (quoting Travelers Indem. Co. v.

Dingwell, 884 F.2d 629, 638 (1st Cir. 1989)). Because Auto-Owners had reserved

the right to deny coverage, the division concluded that “its interest in the litigation

was contingent on the liability phase of the proceedings.” Id. at ¶ 15. The division

thus held that Auto-Owners “failed to satisfy prong one of Rule 24(a)(2),” which

requires a would-be intervenor to possess an interest in the litigation in order to

intervene. Id. The division also rejected Auto-Owners’ argument that the Nunn

agreement nullified the liability phase of the proceeding, stating that “such

agreements are allowed in Colorado” and that “Sierra Glass was entitled to protect

itself in the face of [Auto-Owners’] potential denial of coverage and refusal to

settle.” Id. Finally, the division noted that Auto-Owners could sufficiently protect

its interests in a subsequent proceeding. Id. at ¶ 15 n.6.

¶9 We granted Auto-Owners’ petition for certiorari review.4

4 We granted certiorari to consider the following issue:
Whether an insurer is entitled to intervene under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2) to
exercise its “absolute right” to control the defense of its insured under
a reservation of rights, where the defendant-insured entered into an
agreement prior to trial assigning its rights to any future bad faith
claims against the insurer to the third-party plaintiff.

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 II. Analysis

¶10 We review de novo a trial court’s denial of a motion to intervene as of right

under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2). Feigin v. Alexa Grp., Ltd., 19 P.3d 23, 28 (Colo. 2001). We

begin our review by outlining the requirements set forth in C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2) for

intervention as of right. We then review Nunn agreements, including the

circumstances under which such agreements are permissible, and conclude that

the agreement between Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass is permissible under Nunn.

We then address whether Auto-Owners is nonetheless entitled to intervene under

C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2). Because Auto-Owners’ interest in the litigation is not impaired

by the Nunn agreement, we conclude that it is not entitled to intervene.

A. Intervention as of Right Under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2)

¶11 Under Rule 24(a)(2) of the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure, a non-party is

entitled to intervene as of right when it

claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the
subject of the action and [it] is so situated that the disposition of the
action may as a practical matter impair or impede [its] ability to
protect that interest, unless the [non-party’s] interest is adequately
represented by existing parties.

“Intervention as of right is a fact-specific determination,” Cherokee Metro. Dist. v.

Meridian Serv. Metro. Dist., 266 P.3d 401, 404 (Colo. 2011), and courts should

liberally interpret Rule 24(a)(2) “to allow, whenever possible and compatible with

9
efficiency and due process, issues related to the same transaction to be resolved in

the same lawsuit and at the trial court level,” id. (quoting Feigin, 19 P.3d at 26).

¶12 Rule 24(a)(2) imposes “three substantive requirements” for intervention as

of right. Feigin, 19 P.3d at 28. First, the party seeking intervention must claim “an

interest relating to the transaction that is the subject of the action.” Id. Courts

should not impose “‘formalistic’ constraints on the existence of an interest.”

Cherokee Metro. Dist., 266 P.3d at 406 (quoting Feigin, 19 P.3d at 29). Instead, courts

should use “a ‘flexible approach’ to determining whether a party has claimed such

an interest,” and “[t]he existence of an interest ‘should be determined in a liberal

manner.’” Id. at 404 (quoting Feigin, 19 P.3d at 29). In essence, the interest prong

is “a practical guide to disposing of lawsuits by involving as many apparently

concerned persons as is compatible with efficiency and due process.” Id. (quoting

O’Hara Grp. Denver, Ltd. v. Marcor Hous. Sys., Inc., 595 P.2d 679, 687 (Colo. 1979)).

¶13 Second, “the party seeking intervention must show that it is so situated that

the disposition of the underlying action may as a practical matter impair its ability

to protect its interest.” Id. at 406. This prong is satisfied “if the disposition of the

action . . . will prevent any future attempts by the applicant to pursue [its]

interest.” Feigin, 19 P.3d at 30. By contrast, “where there [are] alternative forums

in which to bring a suit, [a party] is neither impaired nor impeded in [its] ability

to protect [its] interests.” Id.

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¶14 Finally, the party seeking intervention must establish that its interest is not

“adequately represented by existing parties.” Cherokee Metro. Dist., 266 P.3d at 407.

A party satisfies this prong if it demonstrates that its interests are not represented

at all or if the existing parties are adverse. Feigin, 19 P.3d at 31.

B. Nunn Agreements

¶15 In Colorado, an insurer holds “the absolute right to control the defense of

actions brought against [its] insured.” Farmers Grp., Inc. v. Trimble, 691 P.2d 1138,

1141 (Colo. 1984); see also Nunn, 244 P.3d at 119 (explaining that the insurer “has

exclusive control over the defense and settlement of claims”). This holds true even

where the insurer defends its insured under a reservation of rights. See Nunn,

244 P.3d at 119; Hecla Mining Co. v. N.H. Ins. Co., 811 P.2d 1083, 1089 (Colo. 1991);

Trimble, 691 P.2d at 1141.

¶16 That said, we have acknowledged that where an insurer has acted

unreasonably in defending its insured, the insured may take steps to protect itself,

including by entering into an agreement with a third party. In Northland Insurance

Co. v. Bashor, 494 P.2d 1292, 1293–94 (Colo. 1972), for example, we affirmed the

legality and enforceability of a post-judgment settlement agreement under which

an insured agreed to pursue a bad faith claim against its insurer and assign any

resulting judgment to a third party. And in Old Republic Insurance Co. v. Ross,

180 P.3d 427, 433 (Colo. 2008), we considered a pretrial agreement involving a

11
covenant not to execute on a stipulated judgment; we declined to hold such an

agreement “per se unenforceable.” Id.

¶17 We most recently considered such agreements in Nunn. There, an insured

and a third party entered into a pretrial settlement agreement through which

(1) the third party covenanted not to execute on a stipulated judgment, and (2) the

insured assigned its bad faith claims against its insurer to the third party. 244 P.3d

at 118. The third party then initiated an action against the insurer, alleging that

the insurer acted in bad faith by failing to accept a settlement offer within policy

limits. Id. The trial court dismissed this claim, reasoning that, by virtue of the

covenant not to execute, the insured would never face personal liability for the

excess judgment; thus, there were no damages to assign to the third party. Id. A

division of the court of appeals agreed. Id.

¶18 Upon review, we reversed and held that entry of judgment in excess of

policy limits against an insured is sufficient to establish damages for a bad faith

breach of an insurance contract claim against the insurer, even if the insured is

protected by a covenant not to execute. Id. at 122, 124. We first noted that the

insured generally is responsible for any damages in excess of policy limits. Id. at

119. But this rule is not absolute:

[W]hen it appears that the insurer—who has exclusive control over
the defense and settlement of claims pursuant to the insurance
contract—has acted unreasonably by refusing to defend its insured or
refusing a settlement offer that would avoid any possibility of excess

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 liability for its insured, the insured may take steps to protect itself
from potential exposure to such liability.

Id.

¶19 We explained that one way for an insured to protect itself is through the use

of “an agreement whereby the insured assigns its bad faith claims to the third

party, and in exchange the third party agrees to pursue the insurer directly for

payment of the excess judgment rather than the insured”—an agreement now

known as a Nunn agreement. Id. We recognized that “this method raises concerns

where . . . the judgment results from a pretrial stipulation between the insured and

third party rather than an adversarial proceeding before a neutral factfinder.” Id.

at 119–20. Nevertheless, we ultimately concluded that “the risk of collusion may

be tolerable in light of the relative positions of the parties.” Id. at 120 (quoting Old

Republic, 180 P.3d at 434).

¶20 Finally, we noted that “a pretrial stipulated judgment cannot be enforced

against an insurer in the absence of a determination of bad faith.” Id. However,

we “left the door open for the enforceability of such a judgment in the event that

an insured or an assignee of the insured successfully litigates a claim of bad faith.”

Id.

C. Application

¶21 Turning to the present case, we conclude that the agreement between Sierra

Glass and Bolt Factory is permissible under Nunn. It is not clear from the record

13
why, rather than stipulate to the amount of damages as permitted by Nunn, Sierra

Glass and Bolt Factory chose to have the trial court determine those damages as

well as Sierra Glass’s liability. Doing so was not required under Nunn; indeed,

proceeding in this manner (rather than simply entering into a stipulated

judgment) required Bolt Factory to make the extra effort of proving its claims and

risked that the trial court might disagree with its damages calculations. 5 In any

event, the parties’ rationale for proceeding in this manner ultimately makes little

difference here. Faced with Auto-Owners’ refusal to settle within policy limits,

Sierra Glass took steps to protect itself by entering into an agreement with Bolt

Factory—an agreement that included both an assignment of claims and a covenant

not to execute. Such an agreement falls squarely within the ambit of Nunn.

¶22 Auto-Owners argues that the agreement between Bolt Factory and Sierra

Glass differs meaningfully from the agreement at issue in Nunn because the

uncontested trial here lent the imprimatur of the court to the judgment. Moreover,

5 The district court here accepted the damages calculation set forth in the parties’
proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. However, the court did not
accept the proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law verbatim. Moreover,
the court made clear that it conducted an independent analysis of the case, stating:
“[A]ll findings of fact and conclusions of law made herein are based on what the
[c]ourt finds to be a preponderance of admissible, credible, and persuasive
evidence. The [c]ourt’s findings of fact reflect the [c]ourt’s assessment of
credibility of the witnesses . . . .”

14
Auto-Owners contends that, should these agreements be permitted, such

agreements will become the norm, completely subsuming insurance defense and

necessitating subsequent coverage proceedings in every case.

¶23 Although the district court here agreed to this process, we note that courts

are not required to do so. Faced with such an agreement, a court may instead

require the parties to enter into a standard Nunn agreement—that is, a court may

require the parties to agree to a stipulated judgment, rather than proceed to an

uncontested trial where the court itself determines damages. Moreover, should a

district court agree to an uncontested trial, it can mitigate any concerns about its

role by building into its findings the one-sided nature of the trial.

¶24 Having concluded that the agreement between Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory

was permissible under Nunn, we turn now to whether Auto-Owners nonetheless

was entitled to intervene as of right under Rule 24(a)(2).

1. Interest

¶25 The court of appeals concluded that Auto-Owners failed to satisfy prong

one of the Rule 24(a)(2) inquiry because, in light of its reservation of rights, its

interest in the litigation was contingent on the liability phase of the proceedings.

Bolt Factory, ¶ 15. In reaching this conclusion, the division relied almost

exclusively on Dingwell. Id. at ¶¶ 14–15 (citing Dingwell, 884 F.2d 629). In that

case, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit held that an insurer who was

15
defending its insured under a reservation of rights failed to demonstrate a

sufficient interest to intervene as of right under F.R.C.P. 24(a)(2) because “the

insurer’s interest in the liability phase of the proceeding [wa]s contingent on the

resolution of the coverage issue.” Dingwell, 884 F.2d at 638. According to the First

Circuit, this conclusion “reflect[ed] the well-established policy that an insurer who

reserves the right to deny coverage cannot control the defense of a lawsuit against

its insured by an injured party.” Id. at 639.

¶26 The division’s reliance on Dingwell is misplaced. The First Circuit’s

approach simply does not reflect the “well-established policy” in Colorado.

Instead, Colorado imposes on insurers a broad duty to defend, Hecla Mining Co.,

811 P.2d at 1089, and vests in insurers “the absolute right to control the defense of

actions brought against the insured,” Trimble, 691 P.2d at 1141; see also Nunn,

244 P.3d at 119 (explaining that the insurer “has exclusive control over the defense

and settlement of claims”). An insurer does not lose this “absolute right” by

defending under a reservation of rights. Indeed, we have encouraged the use of a

reservation of rights where an insurer doubts coverage, stating “[t]he appropriate

course of action . . . is to provide a defense to the insured under a reservation of its

rights.” Hecla Mining Co., 811 P.2d at 1089.

¶27 Moreover, Dingwell is much broader than Nunn in that it rests merely on the

insurer’s reservation of rights. Nunn, however, requires more: An insurer must

16
either refuse to defend its insured or refuse a settlement offer within policy limits,

thereby exposing its insured to the possibility of excess liability. Defending under

a reservation of rights alone is insufficient, and the division erred to the extent it

suggested otherwise.

2. Impairment

¶28 Regardless, the division correctly concluded that Auto-Owners was not

entitled to intervene under Rule 24(a)(2) because its interest in the litigation was

not impaired by the Nunn agreement. As the division explained, Auto-Owners

“can sufficiently protect its interests in a subsequent declaratory judgment action

regarding coverage.” Auto-Owners Ins. Co., ¶ 15 n.6. Indeed, Auto-Owners has

already initiated a declaratory judgment proceeding to determine coverage under

the policy. See supra, note 2.

¶29 Auto-Owners may also protect its interest by raising its claims and defenses

in any bad faith action that Bolt Factory may bring against Auto-Owners pursuant

to the assignment of claims under the Nunn agreement. Such an action “presents

an adequate opportunity to test the issues of fraud and collusion,” and “to test

whether [Auto-Owners] could have prevailed at a trial on liability for the injury.”

Nunn, 244 P.3d at 123 n.7. A bad faith action also provides an opportunity to

challenge the reasonableness of the judgment, and if the factfinder determines that

17
the judgment is unreasonable, it may alter the amount of the judgment. See id. at

123–24.

¶30 Auto-Owners argues that these options are inadequate due to the burden-

shifting framework articulated in DC-10 Entertainment, LLC v. Manor Insurance

Agency, Inc., 2013 COA 14, 308 P.3d 1223. In that case, a division of the court of

appeals held that the insured did “not bear the burden of proving the

reasonableness of the judgment,” but rather “the burden shift[ed] to [the insurer]

to prove that the damages award . . . was unreasonable.” Id. at ¶ 14, 308 P.3d at

1227. This was so, the division explained, because “the parties did not stipulate to

a damages award, but instead agreed that the damages be determined by an”

independent factfinder. Id. (footnote omitted).

¶31 It is questionable whether this burden-shifting framework is appropriate

under any circumstances. But regardless, it does not apply here. A stipulated

judgment “is not binding on the insurer until after an adversarial proceeding before

a neutral factfinder, providing the insurer with an opportunity to advance its

defense.” Old Republic, 180 P.3d at 434 (emphasis added); see also Nunn, 244 P.3d

at 123 (explaining that a “stipulated judgment will not be binding on the insurer

until the insurer has had an opportunity to defend itself at trial”). Here, damages

were not determined after an adversarial proceeding in which Auto-Owners had

the opportunity to defend itself. Although the trial was held before a neutral

18
factfinder, it was effectively an uncontested proceeding. In this respect, the

judgment entered in this case is akin to a stipulated judgment, and—like stipulated

judgments entered pursuant to Nunn agreements—it is not binding on Auto-

Owners until it has an opportunity to challenge the judgment and advance its

defenses before a neutral factfinder.

3. Policy Considerations

¶32 Importantly, we conclude that allowing an insurer to intervene under these

circumstances would undermine the purpose of Nunn, which, as discussed above,

creates a mechanism by which an insured can protect itself in the face of an

insurer’s unreasonable refusal to settle within policy limits. Indeed, allowing

intervention under the circumstances here would re-expose the insured to the very

circumstances giving rise to the agreement in the first place. See Brief of Amicus

Curiae The Colorado Trial Lawyers Association at 14–15.

¶33 We note that intervention under these circumstances could give rise to

potential conflicts of interest. See Steven Plitt et al., 14A Couch on Ins. 3d § 202:18

(2020) (“A conflict of interest naturally exists between an insurer and an insured

and between the insurer’s attorney who represents the insured and the insured if

defense of the insured is undertaken under a reservation of rights . . . .”). In

preparing for trial, an insurer may, through its retained counsel, obtain

information about its insured that the insurer may use to defeat the insured in a

19
subsequent declaratory judgment action regarding coverage. And at trial, an

insurer may have a stronger interest in defending covered claims than in

defending uncovered claims, or it may steer liability toward uncovered claims. An

insurer also may have less interest in defending a claim that will exceed policy

limits. Precluding intervention under the particular circumstances presented here

avoids these potential conflicts of interest altogether and ensures that Nunn’s

goal—protection of the insured—is achieved.

III. Conclusion

¶34 For the foregoing reasons, we hold that Auto-Owners was not entitled to

intervene as of right under C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2). Specifically, because Auto-Owners

may pursue its claims and defenses in a subsequent declaratory judgment or bad

faith action, its interest in the litigation was not impaired. Though we conclude

that the agreement at issue is permissible under Nunn, we emphasize that courts

are free to require the use of a stipulated judgment, rather than proceed with an

uncontested trial. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

JUSTICE SAMOUR dissents, and CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT and JUSTICE
HOOD join in the dissent.

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JUSTICE SAMOUR, dissenting.

¶35 Make-believe or pretend play is fine in daycare centers and elementary

schools. But it has no place in a court of law.

¶36 I write separately because, given our adversarial system of justice, I cannot

condone the idea of a trial in which the parties agree in advance that one will put

on its case while the other will sit on its proverbial hands and do nothing. That’s

precisely what happened here. Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Association (“Bolt

Factory”) and Sierra Glass Company (“Sierra Glass”) executed an agreement that

dictated Sierra Glass’s performance—or, more accurately, lack of performance—

at trial. In exchange for Bolt Factory’s stipulation to refrain from pursuing any

recovery against Sierra Glass, Sierra Glass agreed to be a bump on a log at trial and

assign any claims it had against Auto-Owners Insurance Company (“Auto-

Owners”) to Bolt Factory. When Auto-Owners learned of the backstairs

agreement on the eve of trial and attempted to jump into the fray to protect its

interests, Sierra Glass staunchly opposed it and convinced the court to bar Auto-

Owners from the arena.

¶37 At trial, Bolt Factory made an opening statement, called four witnesses,

admitted other evidence by stipulation, and delivered a closing argument. In stark

contrast, and pursuant to the hole-and-corner agreement, Sierra Glass did not call

a single witness, attempt to admit any other evidence, cross-examine witnesses,

1
raise objections, make motions, or deliver a closing argument. At one point, Sierra

Glass actually announced that, pursuant to its agreement with Bolt Factory, it was

“not presenting a defense.” All the while, Auto-Owners was muzzled and had to

watch from the sidelines.

¶38 Importantly, the trial court was made a participant in the bogus proceeding.

As I see it, through their agreement, Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory used the court

to achieve their objectives. At the end of the trial, they asked the court to enter a

$2.5 million judgment along with their stipulated findings and conclusions. Based

on the uncontested evidence presented by Bolt Factory, the court had no choice

but to oblige.1 As a result, the judgment now enjoys the court’s imprimatur—

purportedly the goal of the spurious trial.

¶39 Of particular concern, the trial court declared that “all findings of fact and

conclusions of law” were based on “a preponderance of admissible, credible, and

persuasive evidence” and reflected its “assessment of credibility of the witnesses.”

That type of post-trial declaration, which is not atypical, carries a lot of weight in

our legal system—including on appeal. But it is problematic where, as here, the

1 With very minor, non-substantive adjustments, the trial court adopted the
parties’ stipulated findings and conclusions. Maj. op. ¶ 7 (acknowledging that the
court’s findings and conclusions “largely mirrored the parties’”).

2
trial proceedings have been manipulated by the parties pursuant to a pretrial

agreement.

¶40 The majority views the agreement between Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass as

a “Nunn agreement.” Maj. op. at ¶¶ 3, 21–24; see also id. at ¶ 1 (referring to the

agreement as “functionally equivalent to a Nunn agreement”). That’s simply

wrong. Nowhere in Nunn did we sanction an agreement to conduct a sham trial.

See Nunn v. Mid-Century Ins. Co., 244 P.3d 116 (Colo. 2010). Nor did Nunn license

attorneys to make a mockery of our judicial system. See id. What we authorized

in Nunn was simply “an agreement whereby the insured assigns its bad faith

claims to the third party, and in exchange the third party agrees to pursue the

insurer directly for payment of the excess judgment rather than the insured.” Id.

at 119. Nothing in Nunn blesses the proceeding that masqueraded as a trial here.

¶41 I do applaud the majority for making clear that, since the judgment entered

following the fake trial cannot reasonably be viewed as resulting from “an

adversarial proceeding before a neutral factfinder,” maj. op. ¶ 31 (quoting Old

Republic Ins. Co. v. Ross, 180 P.3d 427, 434 (Colo. 2008)), “it is not binding” until

Auto-Owners “has an opportunity to challenge” it, including by advancing any

available defenses in a good faith trial, id. I also commend the majority for

determining that trial courts “are not required” to allow this type of simulated

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proceeding.2 Id. at ¶ 23. But then what’s the point of permitting the proceeding in

the first place? After today, I can’t imagine that any attorney will be able to do

what counsel for Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory insisted upon here. Had the trial

court in this case been aware that it didn’t have to agree to the pretend trial, it may

have refused to do so. And, had counsel realized that any judgment after this

artificial trial would carry no greater weight or effect than a judgment obtained

pursuant to a true Nunn agreement, I see no reason why they would have opted

for a trial to accomplish the same thing a simple signature would have.

¶42 Under these circumstances, I wish the majority would just come out and

disapprove of the type of trial held here. A true Nunn agreement would have

provided all the protection Sierra Glass required. There was no need for a faux

proceeding. And certainly after today’s decision, I see zero benefit to partaking in

one. That counsel for Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory wanted to do things this way

doesn’t strike me as appropriate justification, especially given that Bolt Factory

firmly maintains now that no prejudice befell Auto-Owners and no advantage

inured to any party’s benefit as a result of the feigned trial.

2 Even if a trial court permits counsel to proceed as they did here, the majority
authorizes the court to “mitigate any concerns” by incorporating into its findings
the one-sided nature of the trial. Maj. op. ¶ 23.

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¶43 Unfortunately, while the majority wisely disincentivizes the approach

pushed by counsel for Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory, it leaves open the possibility

that a future attorney will follow in their footsteps—assuming a trial judge is

willing to permit it. I would nip this in the bud by categorically disallowing lay-

down trials as contrary to our adversarial system of justice and offensive to the

dignity of the courts.

¶44 Because I would conclude that the counterfeit trial held here was wholly

improper, and because Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene hinged on the prospect

of such a trial being conducted, I would not reach the question of whether the trial

court erred in denying Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene pursuant to

C.R.C.P. 24(a)(2). Instead, I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals

and remand with instructions to return the case to the trial court for further

proceedings. In my view, Sierra Glass should have two choices on remand: enter

into a true Nunn agreement with Bolt Factory or defend (through Auto-Owners’

counsel) against Bolt Factory’s claims in a good faith trial.

¶45 Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

I am authorized to state that CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT and JUSTICE

HOOD join in this dissent.

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