Filed 6/17/21
See Concurring Opinion
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E074251
v. (Super.Ct.No. CR59166)
MICHAEL JOHN COLEMAN, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John D. Molloy, Judge.
Reversed.
Erica Gambale, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra and Rob Bonta, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and
Robin Urbanski and Charles C. Ragland, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
1
Defendant Michael John Coleman appeals from the denial of his petition for
resentencing under section 1170.91.1 That section allows a current or former
servicemember who may be suffering from sexual trauma or substance abuse (among
other conditions) as a result of his or her military service to obtain a new sentencing
hearing.
Defendant contends that he pleaded and proved a qualifying condition, and that
the trial court erred by ruling otherwise. We agree. Hence, we will reverse.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Starting in 1988, defendant sexually molested a boy whom he was supposedly
mentoring through the Big Brother program. The molestation included oral copulation
and sodomy. Later, he began similarly molesting the boy’s cousin. The boys disclosed
the molestation in 1994. They said defendant “would molest them every time he saw
them.”
In 1995, in a jury trial, defendant was convicted of a total of 78 sex offenses
against a child victim — 51 counts of a lewd act on a child under 14 (§ 288, subd. (a)), 24
counts of a lewd act on a child under 16 (former § 288, subd. (c); see now § 288, subd.
(c)(1)), and 3 counts of sodomy with a person under 18 (§ 286, subd. (b)(1)). In 1996, he
was given a sentence (as subsequently amended) of a total of 126 years in prison.
1 This and all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
In 2019, he filed a petition, in propria persona, for resentencing pursuant to section
1170.91.
In the petition and a supporting declaration, he stated that he had served a total of
17 years 10 months in the Air Force and the California Air National Guard. He claimed
to have two qualifying conditions.
First, he testified, “I was a victim of sexual assault and plausibly suffer from
sexual trauma as a result . . . .” Around June 1980, he was in the chapel annex at George
Air Force Base when a civilian named Greg “started groping and molesting [him] on a
couch.” Greg desisted when another person came in. Defendant did not report the
assault to Air Force authorities because he was afraid they would not believe it was
nonconsensual; he would be viewed as a homosexual and discharged from the military.
Second, he testified, “ . . . I was subjected to [n]arcotics abuse by other airmen and
[s]upervisors . . . .” In one instance, another service member handed him “a pipe of
[m]arijuana” during a post-flight inspection. “I also encountered numerous sporadic
infrequent periods of alcohol abuse during my military service from October 1978 to my
arrest in September 1994.” “[A]lcohol abuse was almost a routine part of [m]ilitary life.”
“[I]t is plausible that these issues and trauma in my life can account for [my]
flawed decision making.”
He supplied documentary evidence that he had served in the Air Force from 1978
through 1982, when he was honorably discharged. He testified that the original
sentencing court had refused to consider his military service.
3
The People opposed the petition, arguing that:
(1) Defendant had not offered any documentary evidence that he had served for
18 years;
(2) Defendant had not offered any documentary evidence that the original
sentencing court had not considered his military service at sentencing;
(3) Defendant had not offered any corroborating evidence that he suffered from
sexual trauma or substance abuse; and
(4) Even if defendant did suffer from sexual trauma or substance abuse, that
would not be mitigating in light of the gravity of the crimes.
Defendant was appointed counsel. His counsel filed a reply, including a transcript
of the original sentencing hearing; it showed that the original sentencing court had not
considered either sexual trauma or substance abuse resulting from defendant’s military
service as a mitigating factor.
After hearing argument, the trial court denied the petition, without prejudice. It
explained that defendant was required to allege that: “I am a veteran. . . . I suffer from
something related to my service . . . PTSD, some mental health issue, or a drug
dependency. And I didn’t see any of those in the petition.” “I did not see, I suffer from
some form of diagnosed medical condition. I did not see, I suffer from drug abuse — as
a result of what happened . . . .” “[I]t’s not military service that’s the factor in mitigation.
It’s military service, coupled with some mental disability that flows from that service
. . . .”
4
II
DEFENDANT MADE THE REQUISITE SHOWING
Section 1170.91, enacted in 2014, allows a court imposing a determinate felony
sentence to consider the fact that the defendant “is, or was, a member of the United States
military who may be suffering from sexual trauma, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic
stress disorder, substance abuse, or mental health problems as a result of his or her
military service . . . as a factor in mitigation . . . .” (§ 1170.91, subd. (a); see also former
§ 1170.91, Stats. 2014, ch. 163, § 2, p. 2228.)
In 2018, it was amended to permit retrospective relief from a final judgment.
Thus, it also provides, as relevant here:
“A person currently serving a sentence for a felony conviction . . . who is, or was,
a member of the United States military and who may be suffering from sexual trauma,
traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, or mental health
problems as a result of his or her military service may petition for a recall of sentence . . .
to request resentencing pursuant to subdivision (a) if the person meets both of the
following conditions:
“(A) The circumstance of suffering from sexual trauma, traumatic brain injury,
post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, or mental health problems as a result of
the person’s military service was not considered as a factor in mitigation at the time of
sentencing.
“(B) The person was sentenced prior to January 1, 2015.” (§ 1170.91, subd. (b).)
5
“Upon receiving a petition . . . , the court shall determine, at a public hearing . . . ,
whether the person satisfies the criteria in this subdivision. At that hearing, the
prosecution shall have an opportunity to be heard on the petitioner’s eligibility and
suitability for resentencing. If the person satisfies the criteria, the court may, in its
discretion, resentence the person following a resentencing hearing.” (§ 1170.91, subd.
(b)(3).)2
It is undisputed that defendant was a member of the United States military. The
People quibbled below that, although he claimed nearly eighteen years of service, he
produced documentary evidence of only four. According to defendant, he served four
years in the Air Force and the other fourteen in the California Air National Guard. The
exact number of years he served is irrelevant. He testified that both the sexual abuse and
the substance abuse occurred during his documented time in the regular Air Force.
It is also undisputed that the original sentencing court did not consider any sexual
trauma or any substance abuse that resulted from defendant’s military service.
And it is undisputed that defendant was sentenced prior to January 1, 2015.
2 Although the statute provides that, “[u]pon receiving a petition,” the trial
court “shall” hold a hearing, it is conceivable that the trial court can conduct a
preliminary screening of the petition and can refuse to hold a hearing if the petition is
insufficient. We need not decide this question, because here, the trial court did hold a
hearing.
It is also not entirely clear whether evidence may be presented at the hearing
required by section 1170.91, subdivision (b)(3), or whether all of the relevant evidence
must be submitted with the petition and the opposition. Again, we need not decide this
question, because neither side offered any additional evidence at the hearing.
6
The crux of the dispute, then, is whether defendant satisfactorily showed that he
“may be suffering from sexual trauma [or] substance abuse . . . as a result of his . . .
military service . . . .”
The trial court ruled that defendant had failed to allege a qualifying condition
resulting from his military service. Actually, he stated, “I was a victim of sexual assault
and plausibly suffer from sexual trauma as a result . . . .” The word “plausibly” does not
diminish this otherwise plain statement. It appears to mean that while defendant, as a
nonexpert, could not offer a professional diagnosis, his lay diagnosis was plausible. At
oral argument, the People conceded that “[s]elf-diagnosis is perfectly fine, we’re not
contesting that at all.” And, of course, we also know that defendant was a convicted
child molester.
The statute merely requires a petitioner to allege that he or she “may be suffering
from” a qualifying condition. (§ 1170.91, subd. (b)(1).) It does not require a petitioner to
allege evidentiary facts, such as the symptoms or manifestations of the qualifying
condition. It may well be in a petitioner’s interest to do so, particularly when the People
dispute the truth of the allegation. Here, however, the trial court denied the petition
because it ruled that the allegations were insufficient, not because it found them not
credible.
Defendant also stated, “I was subjected to [n]arcotic abuse by other airmen and
[s]upervisors at George Air Base”; for example, he was given marijuana. “I also
encountered numerous sporadic infrequent periods of alcohol abuse during my military
7
service from October 1978 to my arrest in September 1994.” “[A]lcohol abuse was
almost a routine part of [m]ilitary life.” The People argue that defendant did not clearly
state that he abused substances, only that he was “subjected to” and he “encountered”
substance abuse. While his petition (in propria persona) certainly could have been
clearer, it was sufficiently clear on this point. As giving him marijuana “subjected” him
to narcotics abuse, the reasonable inference is that it was narcotics abuse by him. And if
“alcohol abuse was almost a routine part of [m]ilitary life,” the reasonable inference is
that it was a routine part of his military life. Finally, he stated, “[I]t is plausible that these
issues and trauma in my life can account for [my] flawed decision making.” This
indicates that it was his own substance abuse and his own resulting trauma.
In any event, even assuming defendant did not adequately allege that he may be
suffering from substance abuse, he did adequately allege that he may be suffering from
sexual trauma.
There is not a whole lot of law to guide us, beyond the bare language of the
statute. In People v. Bonilla-Bray (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 234, the defendant stated that
“he had served in the Marine Corps and ended up suffering from ‘serious mental health
issues and substance abuse addiction’ as a result. To support this claim, he attached
extensive Marine Corps service records and Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation mental health records.” (Id. at p. 238.) The People conceded that this was
sufficient. (Id. at p. 239.) Except that the defendant there had more documentary
evidence, defendant here made essentially the same showing.
8
The structure of the statute makes it clear why it uses “may” rather than “does.”
If, after a hearing, the trial court finds that the petitioner may be suffering from a
qualifying condition as a result of his or her military service, it “may, in its discretion,
resentence the person following a resentencing hearing.” It does not necessarily have to
resentence the petitioner. And if it does, it need only consider the fact that the petitioner
may be suffering from a qualifying condition as a result of his or her military service as
one mitigating factor, along with all of the other mitigating and aggravating factors in the
case. The People are free to challenge the credibility of the petitioner’s claim.
The statute does not require the petitioner to allege that the qualifying condition
actually contributed to the commission of the crime. Even if it did, however, here
defendant testified, “[I]t is plausible that these issues and trauma in my life can account
for [my] flawed decision making.”
The People note defendant’s assertion that, while in prison, “I have made
significant achievements in correcting criminal thinking by rehabilitation with self-help
therapy groups[] and religious studies. I have performed satisfactory to excellent at
multiple job assignments . . . .” Apparently their point is that this conclusively disproves
any sexual trauma or substance abuse. But it does not.
This is not a case in which there was only one possible sentence. The trial court
had discretion to impose lower term sentences, rather than midterm sentences; it also had
discretion to run terms concurrently. The People have not argued that the error was
harmless for any other reason.
9
In sum, then, defendant made a sufficient showing that he satisfied the statutory
criteria. The trial court erred by ruling otherwise. As a result, it never reached the
People’s arguments that defendant had not submitted sufficient corroborating evidence or
that his claimed sexual trauma and substance abuse were not sufficiently mitigating to
call for resentencing. These remain open for litigation on remand.
III
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is reversed. On remand, the trial court must hold a new
hearing, at which it may, in its discretion, resentence defendant.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
RAMIREZ
P. J.
I concur:
McKINSTER
J.
10
[People v. Michael John Coleman, E074251]
MENETREZ, J., Concurring.
Michael John Coleman petitioned for resentencing under Penal Code
section 1170.91, subdivision (b) (unlabeled statutory citations are to this code). The trial
court denied the petition without prejudice on the ground that it contained no “averment”
of a qualifying condition. The trial court did not weigh any evidence, find any facts, or
determine whether Coleman submitted sufficient evidence to support the allegations in
his petition, so those issues are not before us. Rather, the only question presented on
Coleman’s appeal is whether he sufficiently alleged a qualifying condition, with or
without sufficient evidentiary support.
Subdivision (b)(1) of section 1170.91 authorizes resentencing for a petitioner
“who may be suffering from sexual trauma” or “substance abuse . . . as a result of his or
her military service.” Coleman’s petition contains the following sentence: “It is my
contention that I plausibly suffer from sexual trauma from a sexual assault I suffered in
the Military and from trauma from substance abuse I encountered in the Military.” The
petition does not contain any other allegation of a qualifying condition.
The declaration attached to the petition, however, contains additional statements
that we may consider as supplementing the allegations in the petition. (Cf. Satten v.
Webb (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 365, 375 [in ruling on a demurrer, a court may consider
facts stated in exhibits attached to the pleading under review].)1 Coleman’s declaration
1 Because the only issue before us is the sufficiency of Coleman’s allegations, I
conclude that our review should be analogous to review of a judgment of dismissal
following the sustaining of a demurrer.
1
states the following: “I was a victim of sexual assault and plausibly suffer from sexual
trauma as a result of an assault in approximately June 1980 at the chapel annex known as
‘Coffee House’ at George Air Base, Victorville, California. A civilian known only to me
as ‘Greg’ who somehow was let on Base and into the Chapel Annex started groping and
molesting me on a couch[.] The assault was stopped when a fellow Airman came into the
Coffee House and Greg was embarrassed and stopped. I was bewildered by the incident
and realized I was sexually assaulted by the look on Greg’s face. [¶] I also certify that I
was subjected to Narcotics abuse by other airmen and Supervisors at George Air Base
from January 1979 to May 1980. I even recall an assistant flight chief handing me a pipe
of Marijuana down the jet engine intake of an F-4 aircraft as I was performing a post
flight inspection. I also encountered numerous sporadic infrequent periods of alcohol
abuse during my military service from October 1978 to my arrest in September 1994.”
The declaration goes on to state, “The alcohol abuse was almost a routine part of Military
life.”
In my view, Coleman has not sufficiently alleged that he may suffer from (or may
have suffered from) the qualifying condition of substance abuse. The petition alleges
only that Coleman suffered unspecified “trauma” from “substance abuse” that he
“encountered” in the military. It does not allege that he has ever abused or even used any
drugs or alcohol at any time, either before, during, or after his military service. The
declaration does not fill the gap in the petition’s allegations. It states that Coleman was
“subjected” to drug abuse by other personnel, “encountered” alcohol abuse, and so forth.
2
Like the petition, the declaration does not state that Coleman has ever used, let alone
abused, any drugs or alcohol. By analogy to demurrer appeals, our review should be
limited to “material facts properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions, or
conclusions of fact or law.” (State Dept. of State Hospitals v. Superior Court (2015) 61
Cal.4th 339, 346.) Moreover, even if we were permitted to infer additional facts from
Coleman’s properly pleaded factual allegations, I do not believe the allegations support a
reasonable inference that Coleman suffers from substance abuse. He alleges that he has
encountered other people who engaged in substance abuse, but, in the absence of any
allegation that he has ever used any drugs or alcohol himself, any inference that he
suffers from substance abuse would be pure speculation. And being traumatized by other
people’s substance abuse is not a qualifying condition under subdivision (b) of section
1170.91.
Coleman’s allegation of sexual trauma presents a closer question. On the one
hand, the allegation in the petition is minimal and heavily qualified. Coleman does not
assert that he suffers (or suffered) from sexual trauma. Rather, he states that it is his
“contention” that he “plausibly” suffers from sexual trauma resulting from an unspecified
sexual assault during his military service. The declaration likewise includes the odd
qualification that he “plausibly” suffers from sexual trauma rather than a direct assertion
that he does suffer from it.
On the other hand, subdivision (b) of section 1170.91 requires only that the
petitioner “may be suffering from sexual trauma” as a result of his or her military service.
3
Coleman’s declaration describes the alleged sexual assault in more detail than the
petition, identifying both the location and the perpetrator, and the declaration asserts that
Coleman suffers from sexual trauma as a result of that incident. Given the low statutory
threshold (“may be suffering from”), and given that we are addressing only the
sufficiency of the allegations, it is hard to see why the inclusion of the qualification
“plausibly” would render the sexual trauma allegation inadequate. Pleadings and
affidavits “on information and belief” are permissible in various contexts (City of Santa
Cruz v. Municipal Court (1989) 49 Cal.3d 74, 88), and an allegation qualified by the
word “plausibly” does not seem materially worse.
I conclude that Coleman sufficiently alleged a qualifying condition, namely, that
he may suffer from sexual trauma as a result of his military service. The trial court
therefore erred by denying the petition for failure to allege a qualifying condition.
On remand, the trial court should again conduct the noticed, public hearing
required by subdivision (b)(3) of section 1170.91 in order to determine whether Coleman
in fact satisfies (rather than merely alleges that he satisfies) the criteria in subdivision (b)
of the statute. If the court determines that Coleman does in fact satisfy those criteria, then
“the court may, in its discretion, resentence [him] following a resentencing hearing.”
(§ 1170.91, subd. (b)(3).) To the extent that the majority opinion reverses and remands
for the further proceedings I have described, I concur in the judgment.
MENETREZ
J.
4
People v. Coleman
Combined Opinion