TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-19-00436-CR
Joshua Aaron Bishop, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE 426TH DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY
NO. 78781, THE HONORABLE FANCY H. JEZEK, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Joshua Aaron Bishop appeals his conviction for aggravated robbery with a deadly
weapon, arguing that there is insufficient evidence that he committed the offense. See Tex. Penal
Code § 29.03(a)(2). We will affirm.
BACKGROUND
On February 12, 2018, at approximately 6 p.m., a Black male entered a Killeen
convenience store known as “Mickie’s” carrying a backpack and a sawed-off shot gun. His face
was partly obscured by a mask printed with a white skull. Witnesses testified that he was
between 5′7″ and 5′9″ and that he wore a dark shirt, khaki pants, and Converse tennis shoes. He
demanded money from the cash register, which the two attendants provided.
The encounter was recorded by store cameras, and still images were provided to
the Killeen Police Department. The images revealed that the man had pointed the shotgun at the
two attendants and then made a menacing gesture before fleeing the scene.
The next day Officer Travis Akers of the Killeen Police Department was
attempting to locate a stolen vehicle. Officer Akers later testified that when he attempted to stop
the vehicle, it fled at speeds of up to 85 miles per hour in a residential area near schools. Officer
Akers testified that he ultimately lost sight of the vehicle.
Fellow officer Matias Smith soon joined the chase. He explained:
I was running school zones around the time frame when the incident started.
Monitoring my radio, I heard Officer Akers get involved in a vehicle pursuit with
a vehicle that had a stolen license plate attached to it. The location where he was
pursuing the vehicle was actually in an active school zone at the time frame. Me
being the on-call traffic investigator for that week, I was kind of concerned
because, you know, it’s a high-speed pursuit, [and] he was in a school zone. So I
got onto the radio and advised the officer pursuing the vehicle, hey, just be
careful, you’re in a school zone.
He estimated that this occurred at “around three-ish,” when children would be walking home
from school.
Shortly thereafter, Officer Smith found the abandoned vehicle with both front
doors open but no one inside. Officer Smith testified that he noticed that “there was a book bag
in there that was black and had some white coloring on it, and then I also noticed some shotgun
shells.” He explained that these “were in plain view” and elaborated on the significance of the
backpack:
[I]t was the day prior or the two days before that, one of the CID detectives
actually sent out an e-mail with a picture of the backpack that was involved in
some robberies. So I was I like, man, it looks just like the backpack. So I went
ahead and contacted CID and let them know what I -- what I found.
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He also explained that the presence of the shotgun shells was significant because a sawed-off
shotgun had been reportedly used in at least one of the robberies.
Security video from a nearby home revealed a White male leaving the vehicle’s
driver’s seat and a Black male leaving the passenger side. The passenger was of medium build,
wearing the same clothing seen in the robbery video. He was also carrying a sawed-off shotgun.
The video revealed him running to a fence, throwing something over the fence, and then jumping
to the far side of that fence.
The driver, meanwhile, entered a nearby residence. Officers called for back-up,
and an eight-hour standoff ensued.1 After the standoff ended with the driver placed under arrest,
a passerby—wearing the same clothing seen in the robbery video and later revealed to be
Bishop—approached Officer Zachary Bias to ask what had transpired. Officer Bias later
testified that Bishop indicated that he lived in the neighborhood but that Bias became suspicious
when Bishop seemed uncertain of which house he lived in and was unable to spell the name he
used to identify himself. Officer Bias also noticed that Bishop matched the images of the
passenger that had fled the vehicle.
After offering two false names to identify himself, Bishop was identified through
fingerprinting and then arrested for failure to identify. Upon review of the videorecording of the
aggravated robbery, and based on the recovery of the backpack, the mask, and the sawed-off
shotgun, a detective read Bishop his Miranda rights. The detective then asked Bishop if the
mask was his. Bishop denied it was his but refused to give a DNA sample to allow for testing.
He conceded, however, that both backpacks from the car were his and that he had a shotgun that
he had thrown away when he fled the car. And when a detective commented that no one had
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Bishop did not participate in the standoff.
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been injured in the robbery, the appellant responded “Yes, I know.” When shown the video from
the convenience store, Bishop acknowledged that if a jury saw it, the jurors would find him
guilty. During his time at the police department, Bishop drank from a cup that he then discarded
but was recovered by officers. The driver was also interviewed as part of the investigation.
About a month later, a retired army veteran who lived near the fence the
passenger had jumped over found a sawed-off shotgun hidden on his patio. He notified police,
and officers recognized it as the shotgun depicted in the videorecording of the robbery.
The Department of Public Safety’s laboratory obtained DNA profiles from the
masks and the shotgun and compared those profiles to DNA profiles recovered from the
disposable cups Bishop and the driver had discarded at the station. The DNA analyst testified
that the test on the mask revealed DNA profiles consistent with Bishop, the driver, and an
unknown third party. The shotgun had DNA profiles consistent with Bishop and the driver.
Officers also recovered from social media a “selfie” of Bishop wearing the distinctive mask used
in the robbery. While the attendants from the convenience store robbery could not definitely
identify Bishop as the perpetrator, they were shown the shotgun, backpack, mask, and clothing
and agreed they were “similar” to that worn and employed by the robber.
A grand jury indicted Bishop with the offense of aggravated robbery with a
deadly weapon. The indictment also alleged that he had a prior conviction of the felony offense
of aggravated assault on a public servant. The case was tried to jury, which found Bishop guilty.
Bishop then entered a plea of “true” to the enhancement, and punishment was set by the trial
court at 20 years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division. Bishop
filed timely notice of appeal.
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DISCUSSION
In a single issue on appeal, Bishop contends, “There was insufficient evidence to
convict Bishop of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon because there was insufficient
evidence to identify Bishop as the individual who committed the aggravated robbery.”
We disagree.
When reviewing a legal-sufficiency challenge, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the verdict to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” See Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893, 902 n.19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see also Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307
(1979). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be assigned to
their testimonies, and we do not usurp this role by substituting our judgment for that of the jury.
See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899. When the record supports contradicting inferences, we presume
the jury resolved any such conflicts in favor of the verdict. Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616,
622 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).
Bishop first argues, “The evidence is insufficient to identify Bishop as [the]
Mickie’s Convenience Store robber because the circumstantial evidence of his guilt relies on the
stacking of speculative inferences.” Yet the Court of Criminal Appeals has expressly eschewed
inference-stacking analysis in conducting sufficiency review. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9,
15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The court explained:
[I]nference stacking has not been used in this Court’s sufficiency of the evidence
jurisprudence in over 50 years. In the distant past, this Court reversed numerous
convictions because they were based upon stacking inferences, unsupported
presumptions, or building presumptions upon presumptions. See, e.g., Stallings v.
State, 158 Tex. Crim. 74, 77, 252 S.W.2d 939, 940 (1952); Williamson v. State,
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156 Tex. Crim. 520, 522, 244 S.W.2d 202, 204 (1951); Lee v. State,
152 Tex. Crim. 401, 405, 214 S.W.2d 619, 622 (1948). However, that practice
was discontinued and is not a part of our modern sufficiency review. We have
used the Jackson v. Virginia test for legal[-]sufficiency review since it was
enunciated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1979. Jackson, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).
Thus, the question is not whether inferences were “stacked,” but whether any rational trier of fact
could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Bishop committed the elements of the offense.
As applicable here, a person commits aggravated robbery if he commits robbery
as defined in Section 29.02 and uses or exhibits a deadly weapon. See Tex. Penal Code
§ 29.03(a)(2). A firearm is a deadly weapon. See id. § 1.07(a)(17). A person commits robbery
if, in the course of committing theft as defined in Chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or
maintain control of the property, he: (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily
injury to another; or (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of
imminent bodily injury or death. See id. § 29.02(a). A person commits theft as defined in
Chapter 31 when he unlawfully appropriates property with the intent to deprive the owner of the
property. Id. § 31.03(a); see also Graham v. State, No. 14-18-00179-CR, 2019 WL 3132266,
at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 16, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication).
Bishop does not deny that the offense occurred; he instead argues that the State
failed to prove that he was the perpetrator. But identity can be proven by direct or circumstantial
evidence. Roberson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 156, 167 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. ref’d). In this
case, surveillance video shows a man that resembles Bishop brandishing a sawed-off shotgun as
he robs the store. Law enforcement testified that it is highly unusual to encounter that type of
firearm, yet Bishop was seen disposing of one the next day. Bishop was also seen wearing the
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same outfit depicted in the surveillance video and even posted photos of himself in the mask
worn during the robbery. And while DNA analysts testified that both the driver and Bishop had
handled the firearm and the face mask, the driver does not match the description of the
perpetrator of the offense, and, regardless, it is within the province of the jury to resolve
competing inferences, and we must assume the jury did so in a manner consistent with the
verdict. Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622. Because a rational trier of fact could have concluded that
Bishop committed the offense, we overrule his sole issue on appeal.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of conviction.
__________________________________________
Edward Smith, Justice
Before Justices Goodwin, Kelly, and Smith
Affirmed
Filed: June 24, 2021
Do Not Publish
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