Rudolph v. Wright Patt Credit Union

[Cite as Rudolph v. Wright Patt Credit Union, 2021-Ohio-2215.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
GREENE COUNTY

VINCENT RUDOLPH :
:
Plaintiff-Appellant : Appellate Case No. 2020-CA-50
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2020-CV-241
:
WRIGHT PATT CREDIT UNION : (Civil Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellee :
:

...........

OPINION

Rendered on the 30th day of June, 2021.

...........

ROBB S. STOKAR, Atty. Reg. No. 0091330, 2712 Observatory Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio
45208
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

DANIEL C. GIBSON, Atty. Reg. No. 0080129, 100 South Third Street, Columbus, Ohio
43215
and
JAMES R. BRANIT, pro hac vice, 303 West Madison Street, Suite 300, Chicago, Illinois
60606
Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee

.............

WELBAUM, J.
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{¶ 1} Plaintiff-Appellant, Vincent Rudolph, appeals from a judgment ordering the

case to arbitration. According to Rudolph, the trial court erred in ordering arbitration

because he and Defendant-Appellee, Wright Patt Credit Union, Inc. (“WPCU”), never

entered into an agreement to arbitrate, and WPCU was not permitted to add arbitration

provisions to its existing membership agreements. In addition, Rudolph contends that

he did not have actual or constructive notice of any modifications. Rudolph further

argues that a February 2019 membership agreement contained only a stray reference to

a non-existent dispute resolution section, which rendered it vague and unenforceable.

And finally, Rudolph contends that an arbitration provision in a July 2019 membership

agreement was both procedurally and substantively unconscionable.

{¶ 2} We disagree, and we find no error by the trial court. When Rudolph entered

into the original membership agreement with WPCU, he agreed to comply with any

amendments to the WPCU membership agreement and further agreed that WPCU could

change the terms of the agreement and other account documents at any time. Rudolph

also accepted the arbitration terms by continuing his membership in WPCU.

Furthermore, Rudolph had notice of changes to the agreement, as they were posted on

WPCU’s website, which Rudolph accessed. And finally, the arbitration provisions were

neither vague nor unconscionable. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be

affirmed.

I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 3} WPCU is a not-for-profit cooperative and financial institution which provides

its members with account and loan services. WPCU’s assets are owned by its members,
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who democratically control it. WPCU Motion to Dismiss or in the Alternative, Application

for Stay Pending Arbitration (“Motion to Dismiss”) (Aug. 10, 2020), and attached Affidavit

of Kim Riley, ¶ 2.

{¶ 4} In August 2017, Rudolph became a WPCU member. Affidavit of Vincent

Rudolph ¶ 3. At the time, Rudolph’s account was governed by the 2015 WPCU

Membership and Account Agreement. Affidavit of Christian A. Jenkins, ¶ 5; Ex. B

attached to the Jenkins’ Affidavit; and WPCU000224.1 The Agreement noted that it was

a legally binding document. Id. In addition, the Agreement stated that:

Your account type(s) and ownership features are designated on your

Account Card. By signing an Account Card, each of you, jointly and

severally, agree to the terms and conditions in this Agreement and Account

Card, which includes the Electronic Fund Transfers Disclosure, the Funds

Availability Policy Disclosure, the Truth-in-Savings Disclosure, the General

Fee Schedule, the Rate Sheet, and any account Receipt accompanying this

Agreement (collectively known as the “Account Documents”). Additionally,

you agree to comply with the Credit Union’s Articles of Incorporation and

Code of Regulations and membership conditions (collectively known as the

“Articles”) and any amendments to the Articles and Account Documents.

(Emphasis added.) Id.

{¶ 5} The 2015 agreement contained 25 sections outlining various matters such

as account ownership, deposit requirements, overdrafts, and so forth. Section 15 was

1 For ease of reading, we will refer to the pages of the various membership agreements
by the WPCU designation, followed by page numbers as noted in the main text, i.e.,
“WPCU000224.”
 -4-

entitled “Notices” and stated, in pertinent part, as follows:

(b) Notice of Amendments. Except as prohibited by applicable law, we

may change the terms of this Agreement and the other Account Documents

at any time. We will notify you of any changes in terms, rates, or fees as

required by law. We reserve the right to waive any term in this Agreement.

Any such waiver shall not affect our right to future enforcement.

(c) Effect of Notice. Any written notice you give us is effective when we

receive it. Any written notice we give to you is effective when it is deposited

in the U.S. Mail, postage prepaid and addressed to you at your statement

mailing address. Notice to any account owner is considered notice to all

account owners.

(Emphasis sic.) WPCU000230, Section 15(b) and (c).

{¶ 6} The 2015 membership agreement did not contain any arbitration provisions.

Instead, it stated that “[a]ny action to enforce this Agreement shall be commenced in the

Common Pleas Court of Greene County, Ohio.” WPCU000232, Section 25.

{¶ 7} In addition to the membership provisions, the 2015 agreement also contained

a section called “Electronic Fund Transfers Disclosure,” which outlined a member’s rights

and responsibilities. Id. at WPCU000232-000233. This section discussed debit cards,

told members how to access their accounts electronically by using WPCU’s Online

Internet Account Service (“WPCU On-Line”), and provided information about reporting

errors. WPCU000233 at Section 5, and WPCU000234, Sections 7 and 10. Also

included was a statement that “Your designated account may also be governed by other

agreements between you and us and by our rules and regulations for your designated
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account.” WPCU000236, Section 14.

{¶ 8} Effective in January 2018, WPCU amended the membership agreement.

Jenkins’ Affidavit, Ex. C, WPCU000001-000021. This amended agreement stated that

“By opening or maintaining your Credit Union account on or after the effective date of this

Agreement, you agree that the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement will

govern your account and any services related to your account.” WPCU000002. WPCU

changed how the sections were organized and numbered and also added an arbitration

provision. Specifically, the January 2018 agreement stated:

3. Reporting Errors and Dispute Resolution

***

If you have a dispute with the Credit Union and we are not able to resolve

the dispute informally, you agree that the dispute will be resolved through

an arbitration process further detailed in the Dispute Resolution section of

the Account Agreement. If a claim is eligible to be resolved in small claims

court, you may pursue the claim in small claims court.

WPCU000007, Section 3. However, the agreement did not contain a Dispute Resolution

section.

{¶ 9} WPCU did not mail or email the January 2018 agreement to its members.

Instead, WPCU communicated with its members as a whole by posting documents on its

website. WPCU’s continuous practice has been to maintain current copies of its

Membership Agreement and Account Documents on its website. If members request

copies of agreements by calling WPCU or inquiring at a branch, WPCU will mail or email

the documents to them. Jenkins’ Affidavit, Ex. E (Deposition Excerpts of Kimberly Riley),
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p. 72. 120, 141, and 143; Motion to Dismiss, Riley Affidavit at ¶ 14.

{¶ 10} On December 4, 2018, Rudolph registered for online banking. In order to

do so, he had to consent to the terms of WPCU’s online banking agreement. Riley

Affidavit at ¶ 13 and 15, and Ex. 3 attached to the Riley Affidavit. Under the terms of the

online banking agreement, Rudolph agreed “ ‘to electronically view any changes in

disclosures, election information, or updates to WPCU products, services, and fees.’ ”

Id. at ¶ 14; Ex. 2 attached to the Riley Affidavit (WPCU 000170 – the WPCU Internet

Account Access Agreement, Optional Bill Pay Agreement and Disclosure Statement

dated July 27, 2017).

{¶ 11} WPCU again amended its member agreement in February 2019. Section

3 remained the same, requiring arbitration according to the agreement’s Dispute

Resolution section. Jenkins’ Affidavit, Ex. D, WPCU000028. Again, however, the

agreement did not contain a separate Dispute Resolution section.

{¶ 12} In 2019, WPCU issued two versions of the membership agreement. They

are identical other than an irrelevant part dealing with how WPCU handles personal

information. Riley Affidavit at ¶ 5 and Ex. 1 attached to the Affidavit. Version 1 was

posted on the website on July 31, 2019, and Version 2 was posted in October 2019.

Riley Affidavit at ¶ 8.

{¶ 13} These versions added additional information about arbitration. Again, the

agreement stated that “By opening or maintaining your Credit Union account on or after

the effective date of this Agreement, you agree that the terms and conditions contained

in this agreement will govern your account and any services related to your account.”
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Ex. 1 attached to the Riley Affidavit, WPCU000093 (Version 1).2

{¶ 14} Concerning arbitration, the 2019 agreement again required arbitration, but

added that the process was “further detailed in Section 8.25 Dispute Resolution and

Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies below.” WPCU000098, Section 3. This section

stated as follows:

8.25 Dispute Resolution and Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

You understand and agree as a member of the Credit Union that member

service and satisfaction is our primary objective. The Credit Union would

not exist without its member/owners. A fundamental principle of member

services and satisfaction is to resolve all disputes with our members in a

friendly and non-adversarial basis. Therefore, the procedures outlined in

this Section are critically important to our overall mission of member

services and satisfaction.

Before you are permitted to proceed with a claim against the Credit Union

as outlined in Section 8.23 above, you must request resolution of your claim

in writing to the Credit Union by mandatory binding arbitration as outlined in

this Section. You must send your request to the Credit Union by certified

U.S. Mail to, “Wright-Patt Credit Union, Inc., c/o Legal Department, 3560

Pentagon Blvd., Beavercreek, OH 45431-1706. Your request must

conspicuously state, “REQUEST FOR ARBITRATION” near the top of the

document, and include your contact information, account number, and

2 Our references will be to Version 1, since the versions are virtually identical. Ex. 1 is
also the same document as Ex. F attached to the Affidavit of Christian A. Jenkins. See
Jenkins’ Affidavit.
 -8-

nature of your claim(s). The Credit Union shall have thirty (30) days after

receipt of your request to do any of the following: (1) request an in person

meeting with you to discuss your claims at our Corporate Headquarters or

other mutually agreeable location at our cost; (2) waive the right to

mandatory arbitration; or (3) agree to mandatory arbitration. If we elect to

meet with you in person and you are still not satisfied with the outcome of

the meeting then the Credit Union shall have thirty (30) days after the

meeting to notify you in writing of its decision regarding arbitration as

outlined in options (2) and (3) above. Further, you agree to resolve your

claim(s) with the Credit Union on an individual basis, and not participate in

a class action proceeding.

If the Credit Union waives the right to arbitration then you may proceed with

your claim as stated in Section 8.23 above. If the Credit Union agrees to

arbitration then the following provisions apply. All claims and disputes

arising under or relating to the Agreement are to be settled by binding

arbitration in the state of Ohio. The arbitration shall be conducted on a

confidential basis pursuant to the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the

American Arbitration Association. Any decision or award as a result of any

such arbitration proceeding shall be in writing and shall provide an

explanation for all conclusions of law and fact and shall include the

assessment of costs, expenses, and reasonable attorneys’ fees.

Consistent with said rules of the American Arbitration Association, the

prevailing party may request reimbursement of its reasonable attorneys’
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fees for conducting the arbitration. Further, you agree to split the costs of

the arbitration with the Credit Union regardless of the outcome of the

arbitration. Any such arbitration shall be conducted by an arbitrator

experienced in banking and shall include a written report of the arbitration

hearing. The parties reserve the right to object to any individual who is

employed by or affiliated with a competing organization or entity. An award

of arbitration may be confirmed by the Common Pleas Court of Greene

County, Ohio.

(Emphasis sic.) WPCU000111.

{¶ 15} On March 25, 2020, Rudolph filed a class action complaint against WPCU

in Greene County Common Pleas Court. The complaint sought money damages and

declaratory relief from WPCU based on its alleged unfair collection of overdraft fees that

were not actually withdrawn as alleged below. Class Action Complaint, ¶ 1. Essentially,

the challenged practice was outlined as follows:

19. * * * At the moment a debit card transaction is authorized on an

account with a sufficient positive balance to cover the debit transaction,

WPCU immediately reduces the consumer’s checking account for the

amount of the debit purchase, sets aside funds in the checking account to

cover that transaction, and as a result, the consumer’s displayed balance is

immediately adjusted to reflect that subtracted amount. As a result, when

such debit transactions are approved, customers’ accounts necessarily

have (and will always have) sufficient available funds available to cover

these transactions because WPCU has already sequestered these funds
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for payment.

20. However, WPCU still assesses harsh $19 OD Fees on many of

these transactions and misrepresents its practices in account documents.

21. Despite putting aside sufficient available funds for debit card

transactions at the time the transactions are authorized, WPCU later

assesses OD Fees on those same transactions when they purportedly

settle days later into a negative balance. These are APPSN [Authorize

Positive, Purportedly Settle Negative] Transactions.

22. WPCU maintains a running account balance in real-time,

tracking funds consumers have for immediate use. This running account

balance is adjusted in real- time to account for debit card transactions at the

precise instance they are made. When a customer makes a purchase with

a debit card, WPCU sequesters the funds needed to pay the transaction,

subtracting the dollar amount of the transaction from the customer’s

available balance. Such funds are not available for any other use by the

account holder, and such funds are specifically associated with a given

debit card transaction.

23. That means when any subsequent intervening transactions are

initiated on a checking account, they are compared against an account

balance that has already been reduced to account for any earlier debit

transactions. This means that subsequent transactions may properly incur

OD Fees due to the availability of the funds sequestered for debit card

transactions.
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24. Despite segregating and holding debit card funds off-limits to

cover other transactions, WPCU improperly charges OD Fees on these

APPSN transactions, although the APPSN transactions always have

available funds to be covered.

(Emphasis sic.) Complaint at p. 4-5, ¶ 19-24.

{¶ 16} According to the Complaint, WPCU had no justification for these practices,

other than to maximize revenue. Id. at p. 6, ¶ 26. As an example, Rudolph cited only

one transaction from his account – a transaction that occurred on August 24, 2019, when

WPCU assessed an overdraft fee of $19 for a debit card transaction that occurred on

August 23, 2019. Allegedly, the account had a positive balance when the transaction

was authorized, but did not have a positive balance the following day, when the debit was

to be paid. Id. at p. 12-13, ¶ 64. As Exhibit A to the Complaint, Rudolph attached the

February 2019 Account Agreement, which, as noted, called for arbitration but did not

contain the “Dispute Resolution” section that had been mentioned in Section 3 of the

Agreement.

{¶ 17} On August 6, 2020, the magistrate filed an order extending WPCU’s

pleading deadline and also setting an arbitration discovery and briefing schedule.

WPCU then filed a motion to dismiss, or alternatively for a stay pending arbitration. See

Motion to Dismiss. On October 30, 2020, Rudolph filed a response opposing the motion

to dismiss, and WPCU filed its reply on November 23, 2020.

{¶ 18} Subsequently, the trial court filed a decision and entry staying the matter

until arbitration concluded. Decision & Entry (Dec. 14, 2020). Rudolph timely appealed

from the trial court’s order.
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II. Alleged Error in Ordering Arbitration

{¶ 19} In a sole assignment of error, Rudolph states:

The Trial Court Erred by Granting WPCU’s Motion to Compel

Arbitration. See Decision and Entry on Motion to Dismiss, or in the

Alternative, Application to Stay Pending Arbitration.

A. Addition of Arbitration Agreement

{¶ 20} Rudolph makes several main points, which we will discuss out of order.

The first issue involves the trial court’s alleged error in finding that Rudolph had agreed

to the arbitration provision in the February 2019 Agreement because Rudolph attached

the agreement to the complaint. Rudolph argues that he attached this agreement to the

complaint only to show that a contract existed; he did not, thereby, admit that the provision

was valid or that he agreed to arbitrate.

{¶ 21} In our opinion, this argument is somewhat of a red herring, as the trial court

did not say that Rudolph had agreed to arbitrate because he attached the document to

the complaint. Instead, the court’s decision said only that “One ‘account document’ that

Rudolph alleges was breached is the Important Account Information effective in February,

2019.” Decision & Entry, p. 2. The court then reviewed the arbitration provision in that

particular agreement, holding it was clear and should be enforced. Id.

{¶ 22} Turning to more substantive matters, we have applied an abuse of

discretion standard in reviewing trial court decisions ruling on motions to stay the

proceedings pending arbitration. John A. Becker Co. v. Jedson Eng., Inc., 2018-Ohio-
 -13-

3924, 121 N.E.3d 788, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.).3 An abuse of discretion means “an attitude that

is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place

Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597

(1990). “A decision is unreasonable if there is no sound reasoning process that would

support that decision. It is not enough that the reviewing court, were it deciding the issue

de novo, would not have found that reasoning process to be persuasive, perhaps in view

of countervailing reasoning processes that would support a contrary result.” Id. Accord

Brown v. Burnett, 2020-Ohio-297, 144 N.E.3d 475, ¶ 21 (2d Dist.). The issue here,

therefore, is whether the trial court’s decision was supported by sound reasoning.

{¶ 23} “Both the Ohio General Assembly and Ohio courts have expressed a strong

public policy favoring arbitration.” Hayes v. Oakridge Home, 122 Ohio St.3d 63, 2009-

Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 15, citing R.C. Chapter 2711 and Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio

St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 27. (Other citation omitted). The

reasons for this policy include giving parties an economical and relatively quick means of

resolving disputes as well as easing the burden on court dockets. Id. As a result, courts

should resolve all doubt in favor of arbitration. Id.

{¶ 24} R.C. 2711.02 permits courts to order arbitration. Under R.C. 2711.02(B):

If any action is brought upon any issue referable to arbitration under

an agreement in writing for arbitration, the court in which the action is

3 Courts have held, however, that legal issues, like contract interpretation, should be
reviewed de novo. E.g. Alford v. Arbors at Gallipolis, 2018-Ohio-4653, 123 N.E.3d 305,
¶ 9 (4th Dist.). This makes sense, because the Supreme Court of Ohio has said that “the
proper standard of review of a determination whether an arbitration agreement is
enforceable in light of a claim of unconscionability is de novo, but any factual findings of
the trial court must be accorded appropriate deference.” Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v.
Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 2.
 -14-

pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in the action is

referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for arbitration, shall on

application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until the arbitration

of the issue has been had in accordance with the agreement, provided the

applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with arbitration.

{¶ 25} “When a party requests a stay under the statute, the first issue before the

trial court is whether there is a valid written agreement to arbitrate.” Reedy v. Cincinnati

Bengals, Inc., 143 Ohio App.3d 516, 520, 758 N.E.2d 678 (1st Dist.2001). “Whether the

parties have executed a valid written arbitration agreement is a matter of state contract

law. ‘A contract is generally defined as a promise, or a set of promises, actionable upon

breach. Essential elements of a contract include an offer, acceptance, contractual

capacity, consideration (the bargained for legal benefit and/or detriment), a manifestation

of mutual assent and legality of object and of consideration.’ ” Westerfield v. Three

Rivers Nursing & Rehab. Ctr., L.L.C., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25347, 2013-Ohio-512,

¶ 20, quoting Minster Farmers Coop. Exchange Co., Inc. v. Meyer, 117 Ohio St.3d 459,

2008-Ohio-1259, 884 N.E.2d 1056, ¶ 28. (Other citation omitted.)

{¶ 26} Based on our review, the trial court did not err in concluding that Rudolph

agreed to arbitration. First, while the 2015 agreement lacked an arbitration clause,

Rudolph did agree that “[e]xcept as prohibited by applicable law,” WPCU could “change

the terms of this Agreement and the other Account Documents at any time.”

WPCU000230, at Section 15(b). According to Rudolph, however, adding an arbitration

provision would not be a permissible change because it was not contemplated by the

original agreement and WPCU could not establish a meeting of the minds concerning
 -15-

such a new term. In this context, Rudolph focuses on the statement following the first

part of Section 15(b), i.e., that WPCU would notify Rudolph of “any changes in terms,

rates, or fees as required by law.” Id. To Rudolph, a “new" term is not a "change" in

terms.

{¶ 27} In support of his theory, Rudolph cites Maestle v. Best Buy Co., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 79827, 2005-Ohio-4120. In that case, the plaintiffs obtained Best Buy

card accounts with Bank One. Id. at ¶ 2. Two years later, Bank One contributed its

portfolio to a joint venture with General Electric (“G.E.”). Id. G.E. then sent all Best Buy

credit card holders a notice of a change in terms, among which was a comprehensive

arbitration clause. Id. Subsequently, the plaintiffs brought a class action against Bank

One and Best Buy, challenging finance and interest charges. Id. at ¶ 3. In responding,

these defendants claimed they were third-party beneficiaries of the G.E. arbitration

provision and asked the court to order arbitration. Id. at ¶ 4.

{¶ 28} After the trial court denied the defendants’ request to stay the proceedings

pending arbitration, they appealed. Id. at ¶ 4-5. On appeal, the defendants argued that

“an arbitration clause may be unilaterally added to a cardholder agreement through the

change-in-terms provision so long as they follow the proper procedure.” Id. at ¶ 14.

However, the court of appeals disagreed.

{¶ 29} Initially, the court noted that Ohio had not ruled on this specific issue and

that other jurisdictions had reached conflicting conclusions. Id. at ¶ 15. Some cases

relied on statutes authorizing credit-card companies to make unilateral changes, some

allowed amendments without statutory authorization, and some refused to permit addition

of arbitration clauses. Id. The court then considered two cases, one of which enforced
 -16-

an arbitration agreement that had been added, finding it was not procedurally

unconscionable. Id. at ¶ 16, discussing Bank One, N.A. v. Coates, 125 F.Supp.2d 819

(S.D.Miss.2001). The second case, Badie v. Bank of America, 67 Cal.App.4th 779, 79

Cal.Rptr.2d 273 (Cal.App.1998), focused instead on ordinary contract principles and held

that “the arbitration clause was not binding because it was not the type of change

contemplated by the parties when they signed the original contract.” Id. at ¶ 17-18. The

Eighth District Court of Appeals declined to follow Coates and followed the contractual

interpretation in Badie instead. Id. at ¶ 19-23.

{¶ 30} The original contractual provision in Maestle stated that:

“Amendment: We may change or amend the terms of this Agreement

upon fifteen (15) days prior written notice if required by law. Any change

of amended fee, charge, interest rate, FINANCE CHARGE, ANNUAL

PERCENTAGE RATE, or minimum payment amount, whether increased or

decreased, may be effective to both the outstanding Account Balance and

future transactions.”

Maestle, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79827, 2005-Ohio-4120, at ¶ 27.

{¶ 31} After reviewing this clause, the court concluded that “Appellees could not

anticipate that appellants, let alone a new third party, would amend the agreement to add

an arbitration clause, since the amendment provision referenced only changes to

payments, charges, fees and interest.” Id. at ¶ 28. In contrast to Maestle, however, the

change provision in WPCU’s 2015 Agreement was not so limited and did not refer to any

specific types of changes.

{¶ 32} A federal district court has read Maestle “as imposing substantive limitations
 -17-

on the type of terms that may be added or amended pursuant to a change-of-terms

provision in a cardholder agreement.” Follman v. World Fin. Network Natl. Bank, 721

F.Supp.2d 158, 164 (E.D. N.Y. 2010). Nonetheless, Follman rejected a requirement that

the contract must allow the bank to add, rather than “change” terms. The court stressed

that “the issue is not whether defendant may add new terms, but whether the terms added

are the types of terms the contract contemplated defendant could add.” Id. at 165.

{¶ 33} Applying that framing of the issue, Maestle noted that the cardholder would

not have anticipated the addition of arbitration because “nowhere in the contract is there

a clause addressing forums of dispute.” Maestle at ¶ 28. In contrast, the 2015

Agreement between WPCU and Rudolph contained a section specifying where disputes

were to be filed. WPCU000232 at Section 25. Rudolph, therefore, could have

anticipated that WPCU might later change the agreement to add a different avenue of

dispute resolution.

{¶ 34} Furthermore, Maestle involved a credit card agreement, while the case

before us involves a deposit account. In this regard, R.C. 1109.05(B) states that:

At the time of opening a deposit account, a bank shall provide the

depositor a statement containing the existing terms and conditions of the

deposit contract. The statement may be set forth on the depositor's

signature card, which card may be electronic or in writing. Before effecting

any change in the terms and conditions of a deposit contract, a bank shall

provide notice, in written or electronic form, of the change to each depositor

with whom the bank has a deposit contract of the kind to be changed.

Depositors and any other owners of interests in deposit accounts shall be
 -18-

bound by all changes banks make in their deposit contracts.

(Emphasis added.)

{¶ 35} This statute is broad, referring to “any” and “all” changes. In contrast, the

statute in Maestle, R.C. 1109.20(D), only states that banks and borrowers “may specify

in their agreement any terms and conditions for modifying or amending the agreement.”

R.C. 1109.20(D) also does not state that borrowers shall be bound by the changes a bank

makes. Accordingly, WPCU was able to amend the terms in the 2015 agreement and

change the prior method of dispute resolution to arbitration.

{¶ 36} In arguing that the change in terms from the original contract was

impermissible, Rudolph has also directed us to the recent decision of the Sixth Circuit

Court of Appeals in Sevier Cty. Schools Fed. Credit Union v. Branch Banking & Tr. Co.,

990 F.3d 470 (6th Cir.2021). In Sevier, the plaintiffs opened money market accounts in

1989 under an agreement with First National Bank (“FNB”), which guaranteed the interest

rate would never fall below 6.5%. Id. at 473. The original agreement was only two

pages long and contained a provision that FNB may change the terms in the agreement

from time to time. Id.

{¶ 37} In 1997, FNB merged with another bank, which then merged with Branch

Banking & Trust Company (“BB&T”) in 2001. Id. After the merger, BB&T sent out a

Bank Services Agreement (“BSA”) which included an arbitration provision and also stated

that “continued use of an account after receipt of notice constituted acceptance of the

amendment.” Id. The agreement was amended in 2004 and in 2017, with the latter

amendment containing “massive changes” to the BSA, including the arbitration

requirements. Id. at 373-374. However, BB&T continued to pay the 6.5% interest from
 -19-

2001 until January 2018, when it told the account holders that the rate would be lowered

to 1.05% and would later be adjusted to standard balance tiers reflecting the industry’s

current rate. Id. at 474-475.

{¶ 38} After the plaintiffs filed a class action suit, the district court granted BB&T’s

motion to compel arbitration, and the plaintiffs then appealed. Id. at 475. On appeal,

the Sixth Circuit reversed, finding that while consideration existed for the changes, mutual

assent was lacking. Id. at 476. In this regard, the court stated that “[t]he proper question

is whether, upon assenting to the original two-page * * * agreement, such individuals and

organizations would reasonably expect their relationship to be governed – more than a

decade later – by new provisions unilaterally added by a successor bank to such an extent

that the BSA ultimately contained terms that materially changed the Plaintiffs’ rights and

obligations under the original agreement.” Id. at 478.

{¶ 39} A majority of the panel agreed with the plaintiffs’ assertion that “BB&T’s

discretion under the original change-of-terms provision to amend the terms is not

unlimited, but is subject to two requirements: (1) that any changes be reasonable, and (2)

that BB&T exercise its discretion to make such changes in a manner consistent with the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.” Id. at 479. After noting that the contract

was one of adhesion, the majority found the arbitration change in terms unreasonable

“because BB&T provided the Plaintiffs with no opt-out opportunity. This left the Plaintiffs

with no choice other than to acquiesce to the new arbitration provision or to close their

high-yield savings accounts. And closing their accounts is a totally unreasonable option

because doing so would obviate the very essence of the Plaintiffs’ accounts – the promise

of a perpetual 6.5% annual interest rate.” Id. at 480. In addition, the majority concluded
 -20-

that the bank violated the implied covenant of good faith by acting unreasonably “when it

added the arbitration provision years after the Plaintiffs’ accounts were established by

FNB.” Id.

{¶ 40} Notably, the same circumstances do not exist here. As we indicated, the

2015 agreement, unlike the contract in Sevier, did discuss enforcement and dispute

resolution, so the change was not completely unanticipated. Furthermore, while WPCU

did not offer an option to “opt out” of arbitration, Rudolph could have terminated his

account and gone to another bank if he did not like the account terms. He would not

have suffered the kind of loss involved in Sevier. And finally, the arbitration provision

was not added decades after the original contract; it occurred less than three years after

Rudolph opened his account. As a result, the decision in Sevier, which is not binding on

Ohio courts, does not change our conclusion that WPCU could amend the terms in the

2015 Agreement and change the prior method of dispute resolution to arbitration. E.g.,

State v. Burnett, 93 Ohio St.3d 419, 424, 755 N.E.2d 857 (2001) (“state courts need not

follow lower federal court decisions”).

B. Notice

{¶ 41} Rudolph next argues that there was no meeting of the minds concerning the

February 2019 and July 2019 Membership Agreements (and hence the arbitration

provisions), because he never received copies of the agreements. In response, WPCU

contends that it did not have to give members notice of changes to the agreements before

they were made. Nonetheless, WPCU contends that Rudolph had actual or constructive

notice of the February 2019 and July 2019 agreements because they were posted on the
 -21-

WPCU website, and Rudolph had agreed to view disclosures online.

{¶ 42} Actual notice is self-explanatory. There is no contention here that Rudolph

had actual knowledge of these agreements. See Rudolph Affidavit, at ¶ 4; Riley

Deposition at p. 72. 140, and 141.

{¶ 43} “Constructive notice has been defined generally as knowledge of

‘circumstances which ought to have excited apprehension and inquiry in the mind of a

prudent and reasonable man.’ ” Weisbrodt v. Edward J. De Bartolo Corp., 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 7831, 1983 WL 4890, *5 (Apr.14, 1983), quoting Varwig v. Railroad Co.,

54 Ohio St. 455, 468, 44 N.E. 94 (1896). Inquiry notice is similar to constructive notice

and again, concerns whether a reasonable person would have been alerted to make

inquiry. E.g., Doyle v. Ohio Co., 2d Dist. Clark No. 94-CA-16, 1994 WL 484205, *4 (Sept.

9, 1994).

{¶ 44} None of the agreements required WPCU to give members advance notice

of amendments. To the contrary, they all stated that WPCU would give notice “of

changes * * * as required by law.” WPCU00030 at Section 15(b). Rudolph has not

pointed to any law requiring a specific type of notice. We do note that R.C. 1109.05(B)

requires “notice in written or electronic form” before changes in the terms and conditions

of deposit contracts are made.

{¶ 45} As noted, the 2015 agreement provided that “[a]ny written notice we give to

you is effective when it is deposited in the U.S. Mail, postage prepaid and addressed to

you at your statement mailing address.” WPCU000239 at Section 15(c). This does not

require written notice concerning any particular matter, but based on this provision,

members might have anticipated receiving written notice of contractual changes.
 -22-

However, this was not the last provision on the subject.

{¶ 46} As indicated, Rudolph signed up for internet access in December 2018. As

part of the Internet Account Access Agreement, Rudolph agreed “TO ELECTRONICALLY

VIEW ANY CHANGES IN THE DISCLOSURES, ELECTION INFORMATION, OR

UPDATES TO WPCU PRODUCTS, SERVICES, AND FEES.” WPCU000170. The

Agreement further stated that:

WHEN YOU CANCEL ENROLLMENT IN ONLINE BANKING,

WPCU WILL RESUME MAILING ALL OF YOUR CORRESPONDENCE AS

ELECTED THROUGH THE U.S. POSTAL SERVICE AT NO ADDITIONAL

CHARGE TO YOU. IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO OBTAIN A PAPER COPY

OF THE EMAILED CORRESPONDENCE, WPCU WILL PROVIDE IT TO

YOU AT NO COST TO YOU. TO RECEIVE ONLINE BANKING SERVICE

YOU UNDERSTAND THAT YOU MUST HAVE ACCESS TO THE

NECESSARY HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TO VIEW, PRINT OR

OTHERWISE ACCESS NECESSARY INFORMATION.

WPCU000170.

{¶ 47} After reading the above items, reasonable individuals would assume that

written notices would no longer be mailed to them, that they would have electronic access

to disclosures and updates to WPCU’s services, and that they would be expected to view

these matters electronically using their own computers.

{¶ 48} After Rudolph agreed to the Internet Account Access Agreement in

December 2018, WPCU amended the Membership Agreement a number of times and

posted those changes on its website. The online agreement as well as the February
 -23-

2019 and July 2019 Member Agreements clearly indicate that a member’s continued use

of the account expresses agreement to the terms and conditions. See WPCU000093

(“Acceptance of Terms” in July 2019 Agreement) and WPCU000023 (“Acceptance of

Terms” in February 2019 Agreement), which both state that “By opening or maintaining

your Credit Union account on or after the effective date of this Agreement, you agree that

the terms and conditions contained in this agreement will govern your account and any

services related to your account.” See also WPCU000185, Section 7 (Internet Account

Access Agreement), which states that “Your continued use of ONLINE SERVICE

constitutes acceptance of all changes to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.”

Rudolph, therefore, had constructive knowledge of the terms in the February 2019 and

July 2019 Membership Agreements.

{¶ 49} Rudolph claims he had no duty to view items posted on WPCU’s website.

However, we disagree. The law is well-established that parties to contracts are held to

have knowledge of the contract. “ ‘It will not do for a man to enter into a contract, and,

when called upon to respond to its obligations, to say that he did not read it when he

signed it, or did not know what it contained. If this were permitted, contracts would not

be worth the paper on which they are written.’ ” ABM Farms, Inc. v. Woods, 81 Ohio

St.3d 498, 503, 692 N.E.2d 574 (1998), quoting Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U.S. 45, 50, 23

L.Ed. 203 (1875). When Rudolph registered for online banking, he had to accept, and

did accept, the terms of online banking. Riley Affidavit at ¶ 13-14. With this came the

ability and responsibility to review the Member Agreements that WPCU posted on its

website.

{¶ 50} According to Rudolph, he also lacked constructive notice because the
 -24-

agreements were not prominently displayed on the website and he had to click through

several links to find them. For example, the July 2019 Membership Agreement was

displayed on the website. Riley Deposition at p. 141-142. According to Riley, when an

individual logs into the WPCU website, there is a word that says “disclosures” that is a

hyperlink. If individuals click on the link, they are taken to a screen which says “Important

Account Information.” Under that heading, it says “please review these disclosures,” and

two bullet points follow. Riley Deposition at p. 186-187 and Ex. J, WPCU0255, attached

to Jenkins’ Affidavit. The bullet points say “General Fee Schedule” and “Important

Account Information,” which is the July 2019 Membership Agreement. Id. at WPCU0255

and Riley Deposition at p. 141.

{¶ 51} Rudolph contends the lack of prominence does not meet the requirements

of “browsewrap,” which courts have held requires reasonable notice of their existence.

In addition, Rudolph argues that very few of the member visits to the website are to view

the Membership Agreement; instead, 99.99% of visits are to access accounts.

{¶ 52} As a preliminary point, we do not believe “browsewrap” applies to this

situation. The terms “shrinkwrap,” “clickwrap,” and “browsewrap” refer to situations in

which consumers purchase or download products from the internet or obtain or purchase

access to internet databases of information. See Register.com, Inc. v. Verio, Inc., 356

F.3d 393, 429 (2d Cir.2004). During this process, consumers are asked to assent to

terms.

{¶ 53} “A shrinkwrap license typically involves (1) notice of a license agreement on

product packaging (i.e., the shrinkwrap), (2) presentation of the full license on documents

inside the package, and (3) prohibited access to the product without an express indication
 -25-

of acceptance. Generally, in the shrinkwrap context, the consumer does not manifest

assent to the shrinkwrap terms at the time of purchase; instead, the consumer manifests

assent to the terms by later actions,” like failing to seek a refund within a particular period

of time. Id. at 428.

{¶ 54} In contrast, “a ‘clickwrap’ license * * * presents the potential licensee (i.e.,

the end-user) ‘with a message on his or her computer screen, requiring that the user

manifest his or her assent to the terms of the license agreement by clicking on an icon.’

* * * Essentially, under a clickwrap arrangement, potential licensees are presented with

the proposed license terms and forced to expressly and unambiguously manifest either

assent or rejection prior to being given access to the product.” (Footnote omitted.) Id.,

quoting Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp., 150 F.Supp.2d 585, 593-94

(S.D.N.Y.2001).

{¶ 55} “ ‘[A] browse wrap license is part of the web site[, e.g., license terms are

posted on a site's home page or are accessible by a prominently displayed hyperlink,]

and the user assents to the contract when the user visits the web site.’ ” Id., quoting

Pollstar v. Gigmania Ltd., No. CIV-F-00-5671, 2000 WL 33266437 (E.D.Cal. Oct.17,

2000). Furthermore, “a browsewrap agreement * * * may be formed simply by the

website visitor's use of the website and does not require any explicit manifestation of

assent before * * * using the website.” Traton News, LLC v. Traton Corp., 914 F.Supp.2d

901, 910, fn. 10 (S.D. Ohio 2012).4 Browsewrap agreements are “enforceable against a

website visitor who had constructive notice of a website's terms and conditions (usually

because they were prominently displayed), and repeatedly accesses that website.” Id.

4 The term has been spelled as both “browsewrap” and “browse wrap.”
 -26-

at 909.

{¶ 56} If anything, the situation here is more akin to a “clickwrap.” In order to

access electronic banking, Rudolph had to agree to the terms governing access, which

included viewing disclosures and changes in WPCU’s services electronically.

Furthermore, Rudolph had already agreed that WPCU could unilaterally change its

Membership Agreement, and he continued to accept changes and the terms in the

agreement by continuing to use his account. However, as we said, we do not really think

these concepts apply here, as they seem to be more pertinent to product purchases or

licensing.

{¶ 57} “Multiple courts have held that clicking is an acceptable method to manifest

assent to the terms of an agreement.” (Citations omitted.) Ranazzi v. Amazon.com,

Inc., 2015-Ohio-4411, 46 N.E.3d 213, ¶ 12 (6th Dist.). In addition, “courts have upheld

such agreements where the disputed terms were contained in a hyperlink. * * * This is so

even where the user has failed to actually review the terms of use prior to manifesting

assent.” (Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 13. Accord Campinha-Bacote v. AT&T Corp.,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-889, 2017-Ohio-5608, ¶ 13. Finally, even if this case

involved a clickwrap or browsewrap situation, our conclusion would not differ, as the terms

were sufficiently conspicuous on the website, which Rudolph repeatedly accessed.

{¶ 58} Based on the preceding discussion, we reject Rudolph’s argument that he

lacked constructive knowledge of the arbitration terms in the February 2019 and July 2019

Membership Agreements.

C. Arbitration Per the February 2019 Agreement
 -27-

{¶ 59} Rudolph next contends that the trial court erred in finding the “stray”

arbitration reference in the February 2019 Agreement enforceable because it referred to

a dispute resolution section that did not exist in the document. There is no disagreement

about the fact that no such section appeared in this agreement. See WPCU000022-

000042.

{¶ 60} In Corrpro Cos. Inc. v. Bushman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 72432, 1997 WL

565959 (Sept. 11, 1997), the Eighth District Court of Appeals stressed that an

“ ‘enforceable arbitration provision need only show the parties’ intent to submit disputes

to arbitration. It does not require all the details of the arbitration process. * * * Arbitration

clauses do not need to be long or complex; and they are not required to specify the

arbitration methods to be employed.’ ” Id. at *1, quoting K.G. Quick & Assocs., Inc. v.

Phil Ross Organizational Seminars, Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 89AP-1213, 1990 WL

80646 (June 4, 1990).

{¶ 61} According to the Eighth District, “[t]he touchstone of an enforceable

arbitration agreement is a clear expression of intent to resolve a dispute through

arbitration.” Id. “In addition, there is no requirement that an arbitration agreement be

signed by either party in order to be enforceable. * * * The only requirement is that the

arbitration agreement be reduced to writing.” (Citation omitted.) W.K. v. Farrell, 167

Ohio App.3d 14, 2006-Ohio-2676, 853 N.E.2d 728, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.), citing Brumm v.

McDonald & Co. Secs., Inc., 78 Ohio App.3d 96, 102, 603 N.E.2d 1141 (4th Dist.1992).

{¶ 62} As indicated above, the February 2019 Membership Agreement

unambiguously stated:

If you have a dispute with the Credit Union and we are not able to
 -28-

resolve the dispute informally, you agree that the dispute will be resolved

through an arbitration process further detailed in the Dispute Resolution

section of the Account Agreement. If a claim is eligible to be resolved in

small claims court, you may pursue the claim in small claims court.

(Emphasis added.) WPCU00028. Based on the wording, there is no doubt that

arbitration was intended.

{¶ 63} In finding the February 2019 agreement enforceable, the trial court relied

on Farrell. In that case, the employment application stated that “If employed by the

company, you and the company agree to utilize the company's binding and mandatory

alternative dispute resolution program to resolve certain workplace disputes.” Farrell,

167 Ohio App.3d 14, 2006-Ohio-2676, 853 N.E.2d 728, at ¶ 3. When the plaintiff

reported to work, she also signed a document stating that “I hereby agree to utilize the

Sterling Resolve Program to pursue any dispute, claim or controversy (‘claim’) against

Sterling.” Id. at ¶ 5. These statements do not significantly differ from the wording that

WPCU used.

{¶ 64} In arguing that the February 2019 agreement is unenforceable, Rudolph

contends that it is akin to the one used in Doe v. Vineyard Columbus, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 13AP-599, 2014-Ohio-2617. In that case, the application for church membership

stated that “In order to accomplish the mission of Vineyard Church of Columbus, I commit

myself to the following practices: * * * 3. Committed to Vineyard Columbus' statements,

our strategy, our structure and Vineyard's disciplinary and dispute resolution process.”

Id. at ¶ 4. This statement is ambiguous, however. Being committed to a “practice” does

not necessarily mean that access to the court system is prohibited.
 -29-

{¶ 65} Based on the above discussion, we conclude that Rudolph had notice of a

clear intent to arbitrate all claims. And, by continuing to maintain his account, pursuant

to the “Acceptance of Terms” provision, and by continuing to use online banking, Rudolph

manifested his assent to the arbitration provision.

D. Unconscionability

{¶ 66} In his brief, Rudolph notes that the trial court relied strictly on the February

2019 Agreement and did not address the issue of whether the July 2019 Agreement was

unconscionable. Rudolph offers this agreement as an alternative basis for rejecting

arbitration, contending the 2019 Agreement was both procedural and substantively

unconscionable. Conversely, WPCU contends the July 2019 agreement was a binding

modification to the contract. WPCU Brief at p. 17.

{¶ 67} “Arbitration agreements are ‘valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, except

upon grounds that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.’ ” Taylor

Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 33, quoting R.C.

2711.01(A). These grounds include unconscionability, which encompasses “both ‘ “an

absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties together with contract

terms which are unreasonably favorable to the other party.” ’ ” Id. at ¶ 33-34, quoting

Lake Ridge Academy v. Carney, 66 Ohio St.3d 376, 383, 613 N.E.2d 183 (1993). (Other

citation omitted.) Furthermore, a “party asserting unconscionability of a contract bears

the burden of proving that the agreement is both procedurally and substantively

unconscionable.” Id. at ¶ 34.

{¶ 68} “[W]hen a party challenges an arbitration provision as unconscionable
 -30-

pursuant to R.C. 2711.01(A), the party must show that the arbitration clause itself is

unconscionable. If the court determines that the arbitration clause is enforceable, claims

of unconscionability that relate to the contract generally, rather than the arbitration clause

specifically, are properly left to the arbitrator in the first instance.” Id. at ¶ 42. On review,

“a determination whether an arbitration agreement is enforceable in light of a claim of

unconscionability is de novo, but any factual findings of the trial court must be accorded

appropriate deference.” Id. at ¶ 2. However, because the trial court in this case did not

make any factual findings, our review would be de novo.

1. Procedural Unconscionability

{¶ 69} In Taylor Bldg., the court stated that:

Procedural unconscionability considers the circumstances surrounding the

contracting parties’ bargaining, such as the parties’ “ ‘age, education,

intelligence, business acumen and experience, * * * who drafted the

contract, * * * whether alterations in the printed terms were possible, [and]

whether there were alternative sources of supply for the goods in

question.’ ” * * * “Factors which may contribute to a finding of

unconscionability in the bargaining process [i.e., procedural

unconscionability] include the following: belief by the stronger party that

there is no reasonable probability that the weaker party will fully perform the

contract; knowledge of the stronger party that the weaker party will be

unable to receive substantial benefits from the contract; knowledge of the

stronger party that the weaker party is unable reasonably to protect his
 -31-

interests by reason of physical or mental infirmities, ignorance, illiteracy or

inability to understand the language of the agreement, or similar factors.”

Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts (1981), Section 208, Comment d.

Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 44.

{¶ 70} The primary procedural factors Rudolph advances are that “WPCU is a

‘sophisticated financial institution,’ ” while he “is an ordinary consumer who ‘ha[s] difficulty

understanding’ the ‘substantial amount of legalese’ in Section 8.25” (the arbitration

agreement). Rudolph Brief, p. 21. Rudolph also mentions that WPCU had the ability

to unilaterally modify the agreements.

{¶ 71} However, “[m]ere inequality of bargaining power is insufficient to invalidate

an otherwise enforceable arbitration agreement.” Vanyo v. Clear Channel Worldwide,

156 Ohio App.3d 706, 2004-Ohio-1793, 808 N.E.2d 482, ¶ 19 (8th Dist.), citing Gilmer v.

Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 33, 111 S.Ct. 1647, 114 L.Ed.2d 26 (1991).

(Other citation omitted.) See also Hawkins v. O'Brien, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22490,

2009-Ohio-60, ¶ 24, citing Gilmer (“There must be some evidence that, in consequence

of the imbalance, the party in the weaker position was defrauded or coerced into

agreement to the arbitration clause.”). Here, Rudolph made no claim that he was

defrauded or coerced.

{¶ 72} In terms of unconscionability, “[t]he crucial question is whether ‘each party

to the contract, considering his obvious education or lack of it, [had] a reasonable

opportunity to understand the terms of the contract, or were the important terms hidden

in a maze of fine print * * *?’ ” Lake Ridge Academy, 66 Ohio St.3d at 383, 613 N.E.2d

183, quoting Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445, 449 (D.C.Cir.1965).
 -32-

{¶ 73} In this vein, although Rudolph asserts that the arbitration provision in the

July 2019 Membership Agreement was procedurally unconscionable because he had

difficulty understanding the “legalese,” the important terms were not hidden in a maze of

fine print, and the language in Section 8.25 of the agreement was straightforward.

Specifically, this section said that “Before you are permitted to proceed with a claim

against the Credit Union as outlined in Section 8.23 above, you must request resolution

of your claim in writing to the Credit Union by mandatory binding arbitration as outlined in

this section.”

{¶ 74} In discussing procedural unconscionability, Taylor Bldg. considered

whether the contract was one of adhesion, while noting that “even a contract of adhesion

is not in all instances unconscionable per se.” Taylor Bldg. 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-

Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 50.

{¶ 75} An adhesion contract is “a standardized form contract prepared by one

party, and offered to the weaker party, usually a consumer, who has no realistic choice

as to the contract terms.” Id., citing Black's Law Dictionary (8th Ed.2004) 342. It is true

that Rudolph did not have a choice of terms, but “[c]ontracts between a bank and its

customers are generally not considered adhesion contracts, as the parties are considered

to have equal bargaining power.” Creative Hardwood Floors, Inc. v. Schafer, 5th Dist.

Fairfield No. 97-CA-56, 1998 WL 515783, *5 (Mar. 24, 1998), citing Cent. Natl. Bank of

Cleveland v. Gallagher, 13 Ohio App.2d 115, 118, 234 N.E.2d 524 (8th Dist.1968). This

is because bank depositors are not generally restricted to dealing with a particular party,
 -33-

“but may exercise a choice of banks with which to do business.” Gallagher at 120.5

Here, Rudolph was not restricted to dealing with WPCU; he could have taken his business

to any bank.

{¶ 76} In light of the above discussion, we find no evidence of procedural

unconscionability. While this finding is fatal to Rudolph’s claim, we will briefly consider

his arguments about substantive unconscionability. See Taylor Bldg. at ¶ 53.

2. Substantive Unconscionability

{¶ 77} According to Rudolph, Section 8.25 was substantively unconscionable

because: (1) WPCU alone was allowed to decide if a matter would be arbitrated or

litigated; (2) arbitration costs were split regardless of the outcome, which was more than

he would expend litigating in court; and (3) his financial situation did not let him absorb

the cost of an individual arbitration.

{¶ 78} Assessing “whether a contract is substantively unconscionable involves

consideration of the terms of the agreement and whether they are commercially

reasonable.” Hayes, 122 Ohio St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, at ¶ 33, citing

John R. Davis Trust 8/12/05 v. Beggs, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-432, 2008-Ohio-6311,

¶ 13. (Other citation omitted.) In deciding whether contracts are substantively

unconscionable, courts consider the following factors: “the fairness of the terms, the

charge for the service rendered, the standard in the industry, and the ability to accurately

predict the extent of future liability.” Id., citing John R. Davis Trust at ¶ 13 and Collins v.

5 This may not necessarily be true in situations involving banks and issuance of consumer
credit agreements, which may have “some aspects of an adhesion contract.” E.g.,
Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 472, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998).
 -34-

Click Camera & Video, Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294 (2d Dist.1993).

However, the Supreme Court of Ohio has not adopted a “bright line set of factors”;

instead, “[t]he factors to be considered vary with the content of the agreement at issue.”

Id.

{¶ 79} Concerning WPCU’s sole ability to decide if a matter would be litigated, “the

fact that a contractual provision is one-sided does not render it substantively

unconscionable per se.” Hayes at ¶ 36. As noted in Taylor Bldg., “the obligations of the

parties need not be exactly the same if the contract is supported by adequate

consideration.” Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at

¶ 66. Here, adequate consideration existed. Specifically, WPCU not only provided free

internet access to accounts, it also offered free mobile banking, free telephone and

automated teller access, free bill payment for consumer accounts, and no monthly fee for

Total Fair Checking accounts. See WPCU000097, Section 2.2; WPCU000175, Section

3; WPCU000190, Schedule I; and Complaint, Ex. B, p. 2.

{¶ 80} In his brief, Rudolph has directed our attention to Post v. ProCare

Automotive Serv. Solutions, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87646, 2007-Ohio-2106. In Post,

the court found a similar arbitration substantively unconscionable, because it let the

employer bypass arbitration, but limited employees to arbitration. Id. at ¶ 17. Post

involved claims that the employer had discriminated against the employee on the basis

of age. Id. at ¶ 2.

{¶ 81} The employment contract in question contained a clause requiring

arbitration, but also said that nothing in the same paragraph “shall be construed so as to

deny Employer's right and power to seek and obtain injunctive relief in a court of equity
 -35-

for any breach or threatened breach of Employee of any of his covenants contained in

Paragraph 6.” Id. at ¶ 4. Notably, the arbitration provision had the effect of depriving

the employee of his right under R.C. 4112.99 to sue for punitive damages and to collect

attorney fees, which the court stressed “can be a “significant portion of a plaintiff's award.”

Id. at ¶ 13.

{¶ 82} As a result, the majority of the panel stated that it was “not persuaded by

ProCare's assertion that this provision, which allows ProCare to use a judicial forum when

it is the plaintiff, but limits Anderson to arbitration when he is the plaintiff, is not

unconscionable." Id. at ¶ 17. Having concluded that the arbitration clause was

substantively unconscionable, the court remanded the matter for the trial court to hold a

hearing to decide if the arbitration clause was also procedurally unconscionable. Id. at

¶ 30.

{¶ 83} As a preliminary point, a substantial difference exists between foregoing a

statutory right to collect punitive damages and attorney fees, and the situation here, which

involves a civil claim for which attorney fees are not typically available. E.g., Wilborn v.

Bank One Corp., 121 Ohio St.3d 546, 2009-Ohio-306, 906 N.E.2d 396, ¶ 7; Reagans v.

MountainHigh Coachworks, Inc., 117 Ohio St.3d 22, 2008-Ohio-271, 881 N.E.2d 245,

¶ 36.

{¶ 84} Furthermore, we are persuaded by the opinion of Judge Cooney, who

concurred in part and dissented in part in Post. Judge Cooney agreed with the decision

to reverse and remand the case to the trial court, but felt, instead, that arbitration should

be ordered. Post, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87646, 2007-Ohio-2106, at ¶ 37 (Cooney, J.,

concurring in part and dissenting in part). The basis of the dissent was that the arbitration
 -36-

agreement was not unconscionable. Id. at ¶ 58. In dissenting, Judge Cooney first

concluded that the plaintiff failed to meet his burden of proving procedural

unconscionability. Id. at ¶ 41-43. The judge then went on to discuss several aspects

of the alleged substantive unconscionability: fee-splitting; attorney fees; waiver of the right

to arbitrate; and the employment contract. Id. at ¶ 44-58.

{¶ 85} In the context of waiver of the right to arbitrate, Judge Cooney found it

significant that:

Merely because the employer need not arbitrate a claim for injunctive or

equitable relief involving trade secrets or competition does not make the

arbitration agreement unreasonable. Robbins v. Country Club Ret. Ctr. IV,

Inc., Belmont App. No. 04BE43, 2005-Ohio-1338. Anderson cites no

authority to support his claim that the arbitration clause is unenforceable

because it does not cover every type of possible lawsuit.

Id. at ¶ 54.

{¶ 86} During her discussion of the employment contract, Judge Cooney also

found the nature of the contract important. In this regard, the judge stressed that:

Additionally, this court has held, in the context of employment

contracts, when a candidate for employment is free to look elsewhere for

employment and is not otherwise forced to consent to the arbitration

agreement, the agreement to arbitrate is not unconscionable. * * * Because

a candidate for employment is free to seek employment elsewhere and is

not obligated to consent to the arbitration agreement, the agreement to

arbitrate is not unconscionable.
 -37-

Id. at ¶ 56.

{¶ 87} As we mentioned, Rudolph was “free to look elsewhere” for banking

services. More significantly, as we also noted, Rudolph failed to meet his burden of

proving procedural unconscionability, which was fatal to his claim.

{¶ 88} Rudolph’s final argument in this regard was that “Section 8.25 is

substantively unconscionable because it requires consumers to ‘agree to evenly split the

costs of the arbitration with the Credit Union regardless of the outcome of the arbitration.’ ”

(Emphasis sic.) Rudolph Brief at p. 22. However, “the mere risk that a plaintiff would

be forced to pay exorbitant costs is too speculative to justify invalidation of the arbitration

agreement.” Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 58.

“Without some evidence that a party would be precluded from bringing a claim, the cost

of arbitration, standing alone, is not a justifiable reason to find unconscionability.”

McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-1543,

¶ 34.

{¶ 89} In McCaskey, the court emphasized that “[t]he Taylor court required specific

and individualized evidence that arbitration costs were unduly burdensome to the party

opposing it.” Id. at ¶ 32, citing Taylor Bldg. See also Handler v. Southerland Custom

Builders, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86956, 2006-Ohio-4371, ¶ 19 (noting that “because

homeowners failed to provide any evidence, other than initial fees, that the cost of

arbitration would exceed the cost of litigation, the arbitration clause cannot be said to be

substantively unconscionable on the basis of cost”).

{¶ 90} In Handler, the court also commented that:

Although the cost of arbitration may be high, so too is the cost of litigating a
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claim. Indeed, it is quite possible that litigation could result in substantial

legal fees and costs that, in the end, exceed the cost of arbitration. See

English v. Cornwall Quality Tools Company, Inc., Summit App. No. 22578,

2005-Ohio-6983, ¶ 17 (even when plaintiff provided specific estimates as to

various costs associated with arbitration, the court held that, in the absence

of “evidence of the expected cost differential between arbitration and

litigation,” the arbitration clause was enforceable).

Handler at ¶ 18. Accord Post, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87646, 2007-Ohio-2106, at ¶ 49

(Cooney, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

{¶ 91} In the case before us, Rudolph did not submit any evidence of his income

or the expected cost differential, beyond a mere statement that filing fees in Greene

County Common Pleas Court are $250 versus $876 for initiating commercial arbitration

with the American Association Arbitration (“AAA”). Memorandum in Opposition to Motion

to Dismiss, p. 16 and fn. 12 and 13.

{¶ 92} WPCU notes in its brief that Rudolph is mistaken in labeling this as

commercial arbitration, and that the cost for consumer filing with AAA is only $200.

WPCU Brief at p. 24 and fn. 1 and 2. However, this information was not brought to the

trial court’s attention, and we will not consider it. Nonetheless, there is not a substantial

difference in all these amounts, and as Handler noted, the cost of litigating cases may

well exceed the cost of arbitration. Accordingly, the arbitration agreement is not

substantively unconscionable.

{¶ 93} Based on the preceding discussion, Rudolph’s sole assignment of error is

overruled.
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III. Conclusion

{¶ 94} Rudolph’s assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.

.............

TUCKER, P.J. and HALL, J., concur.

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