UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 20-1893
SANDRA JANNETH MARTINEZ-GUERRERO; K.M.G.M.,
Petitioners,
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Submitted: June 11, 2021 Decided: July 2, 2021
Before THACKER, HARRIS, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
Petition for review granted and remand awarded by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Judge Quattlebaum dissents.
Suzanne L. Capriotti, THE LAW OFFICES OF SUZANNE L. CAPRIOTTI, LLC,
Gaithersburg, Maryland, for Petitioners. Jeffrey Bossert Clark, Assistant Attorney
General, Mary Jane Candaux, Assistant Director, Dawn S. Conrad, Senior Litigation
Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Sandra Janneth Martinez-Guerrero (Martinez) and her minor daughter, K.M.G.M.
(collectively, “Petitioners”), both natives and citizens of El Salvador, petition for review
of the July 20, 2020, decision and order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (the Board)
dismissing their appeal from the Immigration Judge’s July 23, 2018, oral decision denying
their applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”). The Board affirmed the denial of Petitioners’ asylum
applications after concluding that death threats made to Petitioners did not constitute past
persecution. The Board also affirmed the denial of Petitioners’ applications for
withholding of removal and CAT protection on similar reasoning. For the reasons
explained below, we grant the petition for review and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) renders deportable “[a]n alien who
enters the United States without required documentation, and who remains present here.”
Xing Yang Yang v. Holder, 770 F.3d 294, 296 (4th Cir. 2014) (citing 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1182(a)(7)(A)(i), 1227(a)(1)(A)). The INA, however, creates “several avenues by
which such an alien may seek relief from deportation and lawfully remain in the United
States.” Id.
Relevant here, the INA authorizes the Attorney General to confer asylum on a
person who is a “refugee” and thereby prevent her deportation. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(A). A “refugee” is a person unwilling or unable to return to her native country
“because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
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nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Id.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A). An asylum applicant can establish refugee status and qualify for asylum
by demonstrating past persecution in her native country on account of a protected ground
or a well-founded fear of persecution in that country on such a ground. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(b) (2020). If an asylum applicant establishes past persecution, she has the
benefit of a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. Djadjou v.
Holder, 662 F.3d 265, 272 (4th Cir. 2011).
In assessing a decision of the Board affirming the denial of an asylum application,
we review “legal questions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence, treating
the agency’s factual findings as conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator could only
reach a contrary conclusion.” Arita-Deras v. Wilkinson, 990 F.3d 350, 356 (4th Cir. 2021)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “In the end, the [Board’s] determination whether to
grant relief is conclusive unless manifestly contrary to law and an abuse of discretion.”
Alvarez Lagos v. Barr, 927 F.3d 236, 248 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
We are satisfied that the Board’s decision denying Petitioners’ asylum applications
is manifestly contrary to law and an abuse of discretion because it conflicts with our
precedents defining persecution. We have characterized persecution as involving “the
infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or freedom, on account of one
of the enumerated grounds.” Li v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 171, 177 (4th Cir. 2005) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Notably, time and again, we have held that threats of death or
injury to one’s person constitute persecution. See, e.g., Diaz de Gomez v. Wilkinson, 987
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F.3d 359, 363 & n.2 (4th Cir. 2021); Bedoya v. Barr, 981 F.3d 240, 246 (4th Cir. 2020);
Zavaleta-Policiano v. Sessions, 873 F.3d 241, 247 (4th Cir. 2017).
Here, Martinez testified during the hearing before the Immigration Judge that
Petitioners began receiving death threats after Martinez’s 14-year-old brother-in-law (who
is also K.M.G.M.’s uncle) was murdered by gang members for refusing to join their ranks. *
The first death threat made to Petitioners was in the form of a note left under the door of
Petitioners’ home. The note threatened to harm and kill Petitioners if Martinez said
anything to anyone about the details of her brother-in-law’s murder. The second death
threat made to Petitioners was in the form of an anonymous call to Martinez’s cell phone.
The anonymous caller threatened that Petitioners would suffer the same fate as Martinez’s
brother-in-law and demanded money. Martinez believed that the persons who made the
death threats were the same persons who killed her brother-in-law.
Despite deeming Martinez’s testimony credible, the Board ruled that the death
threats made to Petitioners did not constitute past persecution because Petitioners remained
in El Salvador for about a year after receiving the threats and did not suffer any further
threats or physical harm. However, we conclude that the Board’s ruling is generally
contrary to our repeated recognition that death threats constitute persecution and
specifically contrary to our recent decision in Bedoya, 981 F.3d at 246-47 (holding
petitioner established past persecution based on death threats contained in letters delivered
*
The murder victim was the brother of Martinez’s common law husband.
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to his home and in text messages sent to his cell phone even though petitioner did not flee
home country until about five months after receiving threats).
In addition to conflicting with our precedents, the Board’s past persecution analysis
ignores unrebutted, material evidence. More specifically, the Board ignored Martinez’s
testimony explaining why Petitioners remained in El Salvador for about a year after
receiving the threats. That is, Martinez testified that she did not have the money to flee El
Salvador with her daughter until that time. Martinez added that she took what steps she
could to protect herself and her daughter in the interim, including by moving next door and
by staying home or only leaving the house with a companion. By overlooking this
unrebutted, material evidence, the Board abused its discretion. See Rodriguez-Arias v.
Whitaker, 915 F.3d 968, 974 (4th Cir. 2019) (“It is an abuse of discretion for the [Board]
. . . to arbitrarily ignore relevant evidence.”).
We are thus satisfied that the Board’s ruling that Petitioners had not established that
they suffered past persecution is manifestly contrary to law and an abuse of discretion. We
therefore grant the petition for review and remand for the Board to reconsider Petitioners’
asylum applications and apply the presumption of a well-founded fear of future
persecution. See Bedoya, 981 F.3d at 247. Additionally, because the Board’s erroneous
ruling as to past persecution infected its assessment of Petitioners’ withholding of removal
claims, and because that ruling appears to have impacted the Board’s consideration of
Petitioners’ claims for CAT protection, we remand for the Board to reconsider those claims
too. See Diaz de Gomez, 987 F.3d at 366-67.
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We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are
adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the
decisional process.
PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED
AND REMAND AWARDED
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QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I would deny the petition. The BIA properly found that death threats may constitute
persecution. It also found that under the record here, the threats were insufficient to
establish persecution. In my view, substantial evidence supports that determination.
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Sandra Martinez-Guerrero v. Merrick Garland
Combined Opinion