IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0279-20
ANDREW ANDERSON, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
DALLAS COUNTY
MCCLURE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which KELLER, P.J.,
and HERVEY, RICHARDSON, NEWELL, and SLAUGHTER, JJ., joined. YEARY, J.,
filed a dissenting opinion. WALKER, J., filed a dissenting opinion. KEEL, J.,
dissented.
OPINION
Is an incarcerated defendant entitled to the 10-day grace period for filing a
notice of appeal when he omitted the words “district clerk” from the envelope he
used to send his notice of appeal? In this case, no. Because Appellant’s notice of
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appeal does not satisfy the mailbox rule or the prisoner mailbox rule, the notice was
untimely. Without timely notice of appeal, the court of appeals properly dismissed
for want of jurisdiction.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Pursuant to a plea bargain, Appellant pleaded guilty to the offense of
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and was placed on eight years of deferred
adjudication. On October 7, 2019, following the State’s filing of a motion to proceed
to adjudication, Appellant entered an open plea of true to the allegation in the
motion. On October 7, 2019, the trial court found the allegation true, found
Appellant guilty, and assessed punishment at eight years’ imprisonment. The trial
court certified that Appellant has the right to appeal.
Because Appellant did not file a motion for new trial, his notice of appeal
deadline was November 6, 2019. Appellant mailed a letter from jail requesting an
appeal. Although the letter was not dated, the envelope was postmarked November
4, 2019. The envelope was not addressed to the clerk, but instead, it was addressed
to the convicting court; specifically: “Dallas County Court #265 133 N Riverfront
blvd. Dallas Tx 75207 [sic].” The letter was not filed by the district clerk until
December 2, 2019.
ANDERSON ― 3
APPEAL
A defendant perfects an appeal by filing with the trial court clerk, within thirty
days after the date sentence was imposed, or within ninety days after sentencing if
the defendant timely filed a motion for a new trial, a written notice of appeal showing
his desire to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(b), (c), 26.2(a), (b)). In the instant case,
the Fifth Court of Appeals dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because the notice of
appeal was due on November 6, 2019, but was not file-stamped by the clerk until
December 2, 2019.
The intermediate court also held that Appellant was not entitled to the 10-day
grace period provided by Rule 9.2 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure,
colloquially known as the “mailbox rule.” This rule states that, a document received
“within ten days after the filing deadline is considered timely filed if it was sent to
the proper clerk by United States Postal Service or a commercial delivery service.”
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.2(b)(1)(A))(emphasis added). The court of appeals recognized that,
although “proper clerk” is interpreted liberally 1, and includes an agent of the district
clerk or the clerk of the correct court of appeals, this letter was not sent to a clerk or
1
See Taylor v. State, 424 S.W.3d 39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)(holding that because the address to
which appellant sent his notice of appeal was “sufficiently specific” for the document to be
received in the proper place at the proper time, the notice of appeal was properly filed for purposes
of the mailbox rule); Moore v. State, 840 S.W.2d 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)(holding an envelope
addressed to “Bond Forfeiture Clerk” is sufficient even though it did not specify district clerk or
county clerk; therefore, the mailbox rule applied because the document showed who it was
intended for and minor imperfections in the address should not deprive a prisoner of the grace
period).
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an agent of the clerk, it was instead sent to Dallas County Court #265. Because
Appellant omitted the words “district clerk” or “clerk” from the address, the letter
did not find its way to the district clerk until after the notice of appeal deadline.
Therefore, the court of appeals held that Appellant’s notice of appeal was untimely
and dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
ANALYSIS
The Mailbox Rule and the Prisoner Mailbox Rule
We granted review to determine whether an incarcerated defendant is entitled
to the 10-day grace period for filing a notice of appeal if he omitted the words
“district clerk” from the envelope he used to send his notice of appeal. Appellant
contends that the court of appeals read Rule 9.2(b)(1)(A) too strictly, that the “proper
clerk” language should be construed liberally, and that minor imperfections in the
address should not deprive a pro se prisoner of the benefit of the mailbox rule, much
like this Court’s holding in Moore v. State, 840 S.W.2d 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
In Moore, the appellant filed a motion to appeal a final judgment upon
forfeiture of an appearance bond for which Moore was the surety. Moore addressed
the envelope to “Bond Forfeiture Clerk” instead of to the district clerk. This Court
held that once Appellant’s cost bond arrived in the receiving department of the Frank
Crowley Courts Building, it was within the effective custody or control of the district
clerk. Moore, 840 S.W.2d at 441. Therefore, we held the envelope was “sufficiently
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specific” even though it did not specify the district clerk or the county clerk because
the envelope showed who the document was intended for. Id. at 440.
In this case, Appellant contends that omitting the words “District Clerk” was
a minor imperfection that would not prevent the chief clerk in the trial court from
receiving the notice of appeal within the grace period. Appellant argues that he
“generally” sent his notice to the district clerk and the face of the document states
the court and cause number. Therefore, like Moore, he was entitled to the grace
period to file notice of appeal.
Appellant’s reliance on Moore is misplaced under both the mailbox rule (TEX.
R. APP. P. 9.2(b)) and the equitable prisoner mailbox rule.2 Under the prisoner
mailbox rule, the pleadings of pro se inmates are deemed filed at the time they are
delivered to prison authorities for forwarding to the court clerk. Taylor v. State, 424
S.W.3d 39, 44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). However, this Court has held that the
prisoner mailbox rule is still subject to the requirements of Rule
9.2(b). See Campbell v. State, 320 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
Rule 9.2(b) has three requirements: (i) the notice was sent to the proper clerk
by United States Postal Service or a commercial delivery service; (ii) the notice was
placed in an envelope or wrapper properly addressed and stamped; and (iii) the
2
Appellant’s argument on appeal, and in the PDR, relies exclusively on the “mailbox rule” of
9.2(b)(1), which gives an additional ten days to anyone who files pleadings by mail. Although
Appellant does not raise the prisoner mailbox rule, we will consider and discuss it.
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notice was deposited in the mail or delivered to a commercial delivery service on or
before the last day for filing.
(i) Requirement One: “Proper Clerk”
In Moore, the Court held that an address is sufficient as long as it is generally
addressed to the clerk. Moore, 840 S.W.2d at 440. Here, Appellant’s notice was not
“generally” addressed to the clerk. In fact, it was not addressed to the clerk at all, it
was addressed to the trial court. Therefore, unlike in Moore, Appellant did not send
his notice to the “proper clerk,” much less any “clerk.” Nor was Appellant’s
envelope addressed to an agent of the clerk. In Moore, this Court reasoned that “an
employee who works in the [building’s] receiving department . . . whose duties
include processing and forwarding mail, can properly be considered an agent of the
district clerk. Therefore, once [Moore’s] cost bond arrived in the receiving
department, it was within the effective custody or control of the district clerk.”
Moore at 441.
The facts in this case are distinguishable from Moore in that here, the envelope
was not addressed to the district clerk or any other clerk. Instead, it was addressed
to Dallas County Court #265. Even if the district clerk and the district court are
located in the same building, as they were in Moore, the application of the rule in
that case was not based on proximity, but rather based on the fact that the envelope
was addressed to a clerk. Regardless of the location of the district clerk in Dallas
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County, the district clerks in the other 253 counties in Texas might not be in the
same building as the district courts.
Further distinguishing this case from Moore is that the trial court is not an agent
of the district clerk, and for good reason: judges are ethically prohibited from
receiving ex parte communications from a party. Instead, it is the clerk that is
responsible for maintaining records filed in the court. TEX. GOV’T CODE § 51.303.
Relevant to these proceedings, the clerk is also responsible for forwarding a copy of
the notice of appeal to the appellate court and for transmitting the clerk’s record to
the appellate court upon perfection of an appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(e); 35.3(a).
Therefore, if a notice of appeal is not filed with the proper clerk, the clerk cannot
fulfill his or her duties. Therefore, Rule 9.2(b)’s requirement of mailing to the proper
clerk is essential and ensures fairness in the judicial proceeding.
(ii) Requirement Two: “Properly Addressed”
In Taylor, the Appellant filed his notice of appeal in the court of appeals instead
of with the clerk. Pursuant to Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(c)(1), the clerk of the court of
appeals file-stamped the motion and forwarded the notice to the clerk of the
convicting court. This Court held that Taylor’s notice of appeal arrived in the proper
court within the window of time permitted under the mailbox rule, rendering it
timely filed.
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In the instant case, Appellant’s envelope was not addressed to the court of
appeals. If it had been, the intermediate court would have been mandated under the
rules of appellate procedure to forward the notice of appeal to the trial court clerk.
Instead, the envelope was addressed to the trial court.
Three intermediate courts that have addressed this issue have held that Rule 9.2
does not include mailing notice to an attorney, the trial court, or a trial judge. Turner
v. State, 529 S.W.3d 157, 159 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017, no pet.); Bowen v.
State, 05-19-01530-CR (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 3, 2020, no pet.); Herrera v. State,
04-19-00725-CR (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 22, 2020, no pet.). A strict reading
of Rule 9.2(b)(1)(B), as the Fifth Court of Appeals did in this case, supports these
holdings. Therefore, Appellant’s envelope addressed to “Dallas County Court #265”
is not properly addressed according to the plain language of Rule 9.2(b)(1)(B).
(iii) Requirement Three: “In the mail before last day of filing”
Appellant complied with this last requirement. The record shows that Appellant’s
sentence was imposed on October 7, 2019, and no motion for new trial was held.
Therefore, Appellant’s notice of appeal was due by November 6, 2019. Appellant’s
pro se motion was postmarked on November 4, 2019, providing “conclusive proof”
of the date of mailing. TEX. R. APP. P. 9.2(b)(2)(A). However, the use of the
connector “and” in the rule requires that all three elements be present. Appellant has
failed to comply with two of the three elements of the rule.
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Appellant suggests that this Court ignore the first two requirements of Rule 9.2
and allow Appellant to avail himself of the mailbox rule simply because he mailed
the notice of appeal prior to the deadline. Although our interpretation of Rule 9.2(b)
is strict, it is not improper. And if mailing the document to the convicting court was
not sufficient under Rule 9.2, then it also would not qualify under the common law
“prisoner mailbox rule,” assuming Appellant had raised such an argument.
One of the dissents opines that the Rules Committee should consider
incorporating the prisoner mailbox rule into Rule 9.2(b). Dissenting Opinion by
Judge Yeary, p. 5. This Court already did so in Campbell where we held:
Like our sister courts, we decline to penalize a pro se inmate who
timely delivers a document to the prison mailbox. We find the analysis
of the United States Supreme Court in Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266
(1988) to be compelling. We see no reason for this Court to hold
contrarily to both the United States and Texas Supreme Courts.
Therefore, we shall apply those considerations to an analogous
situation, such as the present case. We hold that the pleadings of pro
se inmates shall be deemed filed at the time they are delivered to prison
authorities for forwarding to the court clerk.
Campbell, 320 S.W. 3d at 344. However, it is important to recognize that the litigant
in Campbell properly addressed his notice to the correct clerk (specifically, the clerk
of the specified Potter County district court).
Similarly, in Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266 (1988), cited by this Court for
authority in Campbell, the pro se inmate properly addressed his notice of appeal to
the District Clerk in compliance with the requirements as set forth in provision 28
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USCS 2107 (requiring a notice of appeal from the judgment of a Federal District
Court in a civil case be filed within 30 days after the entry of that judgment) and
Rule 4(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (requiring that such a notice
of appeal be filed with the clerk of the District Court). Likewise, the pro se litigants
in the Texas Supreme Court cases cited by the dissent complied with Rule 9.2(b) and
Rule 5 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. In Ramos v. Richardson, 228 S.W.3d
671, 673 (Tex. 2007), the record indicates the pro se inmate did everything necessary
to comply with the rules by addressing his notice to the proper clerk. Similarly, in
Warner v. Glass, 135 S.W.3d 681 (Tex. 2004) the Texas Supreme Court recognized
that the pro se inmate otherwise complied with Rule 5 of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure3 by properly addressing the document and holding that “[O]nce a party
has satisfied his duty to put a legal instrument in the custody and the control of the
court clerk, he should not be penalized for errors made by the court clerk.” Id. at
684–85.
In the above cited cases, the issue was error outside of the inmate’s control:
either clerical or postal system error, and the equitable decision was made that, since
3
Rule 5 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure states: “If any document is sent to the proper
clerk by first-class United States mail in an envelope or wrapper properly addressed and
stamped and is deposited in the mail on or before the last day for filing same, the same, if
received by the clerk not more than ten days tardily, shall be filed by the clerk and be
deemed filed in time.” (Emphasis added).
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the pro se litigant complied with the applicable rules, there should be a tolling of the
jurisdictional timeline.
The error here is different. In this case, the delay in the receipt of Appellant’s
notice of appeal by the proper clerk was caused by Appellant’s failure to comply
with Rule 9.2(b). Our holding in Campbell incorporated the prisoner mailbox rule
into Rule 9.2; it did not abolish the inmate’s compliance with the rule. Therefore, we
decline to adopt both the dissent’s opinions and Appellant’s request that a pro se
litigant need not follow Rule 9.2(b), which specifically designates with whom the
notice should be filed. Without compliance with the rules, there is a greater potential
for filings to get lost when they are mailed directly to the wrong recipient.
All of the above notwithstanding, Appellant argues that our strict application of
the mailbox rule penalized him “on the bases that he lacked control over the county
mail system and could not be present to assure that the clerk filed his tendered notice
of appeal.” Although the record did not contain direct evidence of the date on which
the district court received the notice, his notice was stamped “filed” on December 2,
2019, 56 days after the court’s judgment was entered. Appellant contends that he
should be allowed to show that his envelope was received within ten days by the
mailroom on behalf of the district clerk. Appellant suggests, in the interest of judicial
economy, that this Court should abate the appeal to allow Appellant evidentiary
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proceedings to show that his notice of appeal was timely received by the receiving
department, if not by the district clerk.
What Appellant seeks here is not the supplementation of the record, but the
creation of a new record. While Rule 34.5(c)(1) of the Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure would permit Appellant to supplement an appellate record with material
that has been omitted from the appellate record, the rule does not permit Appellant
to create a new appellate record. TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5(c)(1); see also Solomon v.
State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Williams v. State, 937
S.W.2d 479, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Appellant’s proper procedural vehicle for
the development of facts regarding the date of receipt of his notice by the district
clerk would be a writ of habeas corpus.
CONCLUSION
Because Appellant did not comply with the plain, unambiguous mailbox rule, he
did not invoke the jurisdiction of the appellate court. We affirm the judgment of the
court of appeals dismissing the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Delivered: June 30, 2021
PUBLISH
Anderson, Andrew
Combined Opinion