IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
SEATTLE 420, LLC, dba BELLEVUE ) No. 80904-1-I
MARIJUANA, a Washington limited )
liability company, ) DIVISION ONE
)
Appellant, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
v. )
)
WASHINGTON STATE LIQUOR AND )
CANNABIS BOARD, a governmental )
agency of the State of Washington, )
)
Respondent. )
)
HAZELRIGG, J. — The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board
(WSLCB) revoked the retail cannabis license of Seattle 420, LLC in July 2018 after
issuing a violation to the store as the result of a controlled purchase; its third
violation involving minors in a two year period. The retailer sought multiple
administrative appeals, contending that the WSLCB lacked authority to engage in
its controlled purchase program because it did not engage in rule making
surrounding the program. After the superior court affirmed the WSLCB, this court
granted review. Seattle 420 renewed its argument first made in the superior court
proceedings that Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill (ESSB) 53181 is retroactive and
would provide less severe penalties such that Seattle 420’s license would not have
1
66th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2019).
Citations and pinpoint citations are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 80904-1-I/2
been cancelled after the third violation. ESSB 5318 is not retroactive and the
superior court did not err in upholding the determination of the WSLCB. For these
reasons, we affirm.
FACTS
In July 2018, two enforcement officers from the Washington State Liquor
and Cannabis Board (WSLCB) conducted a compliance check at Seattle 420,
LLC’s retail marijuana store, which it operated as Bellevue Marijuana. The
compliance officers were assisted by a 20-year-old investigative aide (IA). The IA
was able to enter the store and successfully purchase marijuana once inside,
despite being underage. An enforcement officer issued an Administrative Violation
Notice (AVN) for selling marijuana to a minor and allowing a minor to frequent a
restricted area in violation of WAC 314-55-079 and RCW 69.50.357. This was
Seattle 420’s third violation involving minors in two years, which led to the
cancellation of its license based on former WAC 314-55-520 (2015).
During the administrative review of the AVN, both parties filed cross-
motions for summary judgment. Seattle 420’s summary judgment motion argued
the controlled purchase was illegal because the controlled purchase program
lacked proper authority, was based on a misinterpretation or misapplication of the
law, and based on an unlawful procedure because the WSLCB had failed to
engage in rule making which it asserted was required under RCW 69.50.560(2). It
further argued that the actions of the WSLCB as to the IA controlled purchase
program were arbitrary and capricious. The administrative law judge (ALJ) denied
Seattle 420’s motion and granted WSLCB’s motion, affirming both the AVN and
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accompanying penalties. Seattle 420 filed a petition for review to the WSLCB. On
March 5, 2019, the WSLCB affirmed the initial order, waived the monetary penalty,
and ordered the cancellation of Seattle 420’s license effective April 11, 2019.
Seattle 420 filed a petition for judicial review in King County Superior Court
and moved to stay the license cancellation pending review. The motion to stay
was denied. Seattle 420 sought an emergency stay and discretionary review from
this court. The emergency stay was denied and Seattle 420 stipulated to
withdrawal of the request for discretionary review as moot.
In the superior court, Seattle 420 brought a new argument that Engrossed
Substitute Senate Bill (ESSB) 5318 should be applied retroactively to eliminate
cancellation as the penalty for a third violation based on the sale of marijuana to a
minor. ESSB 5318 went into effect on July 28, 2019 and was intended to “[r]evise
the [U]niform [C]ontrolled [S]ubstances [A]ct[2] with regard to compliance and
enforcement provisions for marijuana licensees.”3 This argument was rejected,
along with the other arguments Seattle 420 raised before the superior court which
mirrored those it presented at the various stages of review below. The court
acknowledged that ESSB 5318 directed WSLCB to create new penalties, but noted
that because that process was not yet complete at the time of the hearing, it had
“no authority to retroactively apply ‘new rules’ that ha[d] not yet been adopted.”
The superior court affirmed the final order of the WSLCB and Seattle 420 now
appeals to this court.
2
Ch. 69.50 RCW.
3
*Legislative Digest and History of Bills,* 66th Leg., at 14 (6th ed., Wash. 2019-20).
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ANALYSIS
I. Validity of the Controlled Purchase Program
On appeal, Seattle 420 argues that it was error for WSLCB to revoke its
license because the WSLCB lacked authority to engage in a controlled purchase
program since it had not gone through rule making.4 As an initial matter, it is
important to hone in on Seattle 420’s challenge as it fails to identify any manner
by which the absence of rule making would invalidate the results of the WSLCB’s
compliance actions. It does not dispute that the sale of marijuana to a minor
occurred. Seattle 420 simply makes the wholesale assertion that, without rule
making, the compliance checks are improper and, as a result, the AVNs it accrued
relating to minors are invalid and its license should be reinstated. This is not
correct.
The Washington Administrative Procedure Act (APA)5 governs our review
of the WSLCB’s final order. RCW 34.05.570; Top Cat Enter., LLC v. City of
Arlington, 11 Wn. App.2d 754, 759, 455 P.3d 225 (2020). “This court sits in the
same position as the superior court, applying the standards of the APA directly to
the record before the agency.” Topcat, 11 Wn. App. 2d at 759. The burden of
establishing the invalidity of the agency’s action is on the party who is asserting
such a claim. RCW 34.05.570(1)(a). We will only overturn an agency’s legal
determination if the agency engaged in an unlawful procedure or decision-making
4
Though WSLCB argues this appeal is moot, this argument is not well taken. A licensee’s
compliance history with the WSLCB could impact their ability to acquire another license in the
future. See WAC 314-55-050(14). Further, compliance history is also relevant if a licensee is
involved in another business which has a license. See WAC 314-55-045; WAC 314-55-050. As
such, there are various conceivable avenues for relief that the court could provide and the case is
not moot.
5
Ch. 34.05 RCW.
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process, failed to follow a prescribed procedure, or erroneously interpreted or
applied the law. RCW 34.05.570(3). Here, Seattle 420 challenges the ALJ’s grant
of WSLCB’s motion for summary judgment after Seattle 420 appealed the violation
that resulted in cancellation of its license. “[W]here the original administrative
decision was on summary judgment, the reviewing court must overlay the APA
standard of review with the summary judgment standard.” Verizon Nw., Inc. v.
Wash. Emp’t Sec. Dep’t, 164 Wn.2d 909, 916, 194 P.3d 255 (2008). “Accordingly,
we view the facts in the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
Id. “Summary judgment is appropriate only where the undisputed facts entitle the
moving party to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.
Here, the parties do not dispute the underlying facts of this case. There is
only a purely legal question as to whether rule making was required in order for
the agency to engage in a controlled purchase program under RCW 69.50.560.
A. Whether Rule Making is Required by the Plain Language of RCW
69.50.560
We first consider whether RCW 69.50.560 contains a requirement for rule
making. Our court reviews the interpretation of a statute de novo. Robinson v.
Am. Legion Dep’t of Wash., Inc., 11 Wn. App. 2d 274, 288, 452 P.3d 1254 (2019).
“The primary goal of statutory construction is to carry out legislative intent.” Cockle
v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 142 Wn.2d. 801, 807, 16 P.3d 583 (2001). The best
evidence of the legislature’s intent is the language in the statute. In re Marriage of
Schneider, 173 Wn.2d 353, 363, 268 P.3d 215 (2011). When “the statute’s
meaning is plain on its face, then the court must give effect to the plain meaning
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as an expression of legislative intent.” Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwynn,
LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9–10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). The plain meaning of a statute is to
be discerned from the ordinary meaning of the language under scrutiny, in addition
to the context of the statute in which the language is found, related provisions, and
the statutory scheme as a whole. Jongeward v. BNSF Ry. Co., 174 Wn.2d 586,
594, 278 P.3d 157 (2012). “It is of course the rule that the courts are obliged to
interpret a statute, if possible, so that no portion of it is superfluous, void, or
insignificant.” Snow’s Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Morgan, 80 Wn.2d 283, 288, 494 P.2d
216 (1972).
If there are multiple reasonable interpretations of a statute’s plain meaning,
it is ambiguous. Nelson v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 198 Wn. App. 101, 110, 392
P.3d 1138 (2017). In instances of ambiguity as to a statute’s meaning, then the
court relies on principles of statutory construction, legislative history, and relevant
case law to decipher the legislative intent. Cockle, 142 Wn.2d at 808.
RCW 69.50.560 provides in relevant part:
(1) The state liquor and cannabis board may conduct
controlled purchase programs to determine whether:
(a) A marijuana retailer is unlawfully selling marijuana to
persons under the age of twenty-one;
(b) A marijuana retailer holding a medical marijuana
endorsement is selling to persons under the age of eighteen or
selling to persons between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one who
do not hold valid recognition cards.
The statute expressly delegates authority to the WSLCB to engage in a controlled
purchase program. Seattle 420’s argument is that the reference to rule making in
subsection (2) applies to the entirety of the statute. The relevant portion of RCW
69.50.560(2) reads:
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(2) Every person under the age of twenty-one years who
purchases or attempts to purchase marijuana is guilty of a violation
of this section. This section does not apply to:
(a) Persons between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one
who hold valid recognition cards and purchase marijuana at a
marijuana retail outlet holding a medical marijuana endorsement;
(b) Persons between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one
years who are participating in a controlled purchase program
authorized by the state liquor and cannabis board under rules
adopted by the board. Violations occurring under a private, controlled
purchase program authorized by the state liquor and cannabis board
may not be used for criminal or administrative prosecution.
(Emphasis added). The WSLCB argues that the statutory language about
adoption of rules is constrained to section (2) and only addresses rules regarding
IAs and the procedure related to how IAs engage in controlled purchase
operations. Given that this portion of the law is explicitly aimed at establishing
certain exemptions from criminal liability based on participation in a controlled
purchase program, the WSLCB’s interpretation is the correct one based on the
plain meaning of the statute.
“‘Administrative agencies have those powers expressly granted to them and
those necessarily implied from their statutory delegation of authority. . . . [I]mplied
authority is found where an agency is charged with a specific duty, but the means
of accomplishing that duty are not set forth by the Legislature.’” Brown v. Vail, 169
Wn.2d 318, 330, 237 P.3d 263 (2010) (quoting Turek v. Dep’t of Licensing, 123
Wn.2d 120, 124–25, 864 P.2d 1382 (1994). “Agencies have implied authority to
carry out their legislatively mandated purposes.” Turek, 123 Wn.2d at 125. “When
a power is granted to an agency, ‘everything lawful and necessary to the effectual
execution of the power’ is also granted by implication of law.” Id. (quoting State ex
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rel. Puget Sound Navigation Co. v. Dep’t of Transp., 33 Wn.2d 448, 481, 206 P.2d
456 (1949)).
Here, it is a strained reading to interpret RCW 69.50.560(1) as anything
other than an express grant of authority to the WSLCB to engage in a controlled
purchase program. The argument that the language in subsection (2) applies to
subsection (1) is one that goes against the traditional rules of statutory construction
in our state. This court does not rewrite unambiguous statutory language under
the guise of interpretation. Cerrillo v. Esparza, 158 Wn.2d 194, 201, 142 P.3d 155
(2006). Similarly, this court “must not add words where the legislature has chosen
not to include them.” Rest. Dev., Inc. v. Cananwill, Inc., 150 Wn.2d 674, 682, 80
P.3d 598 (2003). We are to “construe statutes assuming that the legislature meant
exactly what it said.” Birgen v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 186 Wn. App. 851, 858,
347 P.3d 503 (2015).
RCW 69.50.560(1) expressly grants WSLCB the authority to engage in a
controlled purchase program through its plain meaning. The statute is not
ambiguous. This grant then implicitly provides the power to do everything lawful
to execute the program. Here, as WSLCB argues, if the legislature intended rule
making to occur in order to engage in the program, it would have utilized language
similar to subsection (2). This is bolstered by the fact that the legislature did utilize
such language when it authorized a controlled purchase program for liquor. See
RCW 66.44.290.
Here, we give RCW 69.50.560 its plain meaning which indicates rule
making was not necessary for the WSLCB to engage in a marijuana controlled
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purchase program. The legislature did not choose to utilize language similar to
that of that statute authorizing a liquor control purchase program. See RCW
66.44.290. Seattle 420 has not established that RCW 69.50.560 is ambiguous
such that the competing interpretations offered by the parties are both reasonable.
WSLCB’s proposed interpretation follows the plain meaning of RCW 69.50.560
and we conclude that rule making is not required by the statute.
B. Whether Rule Making is Required by the Administrative Procedure Act
Seattle 420 further asserts that the APA also requires rule making in order
for the WSLCB to properly implement a controlled purchase program. RCW
34.05.570(2)(c) makes clear that agency rules adopted without compliance with
statutory rule making procedures are invalid. “If agency action falls within the
APA’s definition of a rule, the agency must engage in rule-making.” Postema v.
Pollution Control Hr’g Bd., 142 Wn.2d 68, 96, 11 P.3 726 (2000). “In relevant part,
‘rule’ means ‘any agency order, directive, or regulation of general applicability . . .
which establishes, alters, or revokes any qualification or requirement relating to
the enjoyment of benefits or privileges conferred by law.” Id. (quoting former RCW
34.05.010(15) (2000), recodified as RCW 34.05.010(16) (LAWS OF 2011, ch. 336,
§ 762)).
At oral argument, Seattle 420 asserted that the punitive nature of the
controlled purchase program triggers the requirement for rule making under the
APA. Here, as continuously argued by the WSLCB at all levels of this this case, it
is clear that the controlled purchase program is not a rule, nor does it provide
penalties; it is merely an enforcement program to ensure that licensees are in
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compliance with the law. The WSLCB did not establish that marijuana could not
be sold to persons under twenty one; that prohibition comes from laws enacted by
the legislature. See Ch. 69.50 RCW. Here, Seattle 420 claims that RCW
69.50.560(1), the statute authorizing compliance checks, could somehow be
violated by a licensee, but this is simply not the case. The language authorizing
the compliance program expressly ties it to the agency’s ability to determine
whether retailers are limiting their sales to those persons authorized by law.
Further, the penalties which flow from a violation were adopted through rule
making. See WAC 314-55-509 to 540.
Neither the APA, nor the language in the authorizing statute, require the
WSLCB to engage in rule making in order to operate a controlled purchase
program.
II. Retroactivity of ESSB 5318
Finally, Seattle 420 argues that ESSB 5318 applies retroactively such that
the new rules which have been adopted by the WSLCB as to the punishment for
a third violation should be applied to its case. We disagree. Because the new law
is not remedial in nature, it does not apply retroactively.
“As a general proposition, courts disfavor retroactivity.” Densley v. Dep’t of
Ret. Sys., 162 Wn.2d 210, 223, 173 P.3d 885 (2007). Generally, statutory
amendments are presumed to be prospective in operation and not retroactive.
Hale v. Wellpinit Sch. Dist. No. 49, 165 Wn.2d 494, 507, 198 P.3d 1021 (2009).
“The presumption against retroactivity is overcome when the legislature explicitly
provides for retroactive application, when an amendment is curative in the sense
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of ‘clarif[ying] or mak[ing] a technical correction to an ambiguous statute,’ or when
the enactment is remedial.” Zink v. City of Mesa, 4 Wn. App.2d 112, 133, 419 P.3d
847 (2018) (alterations in original) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Flint, 174 Wn.2d
529, 546, 277 P.3d 657 (2012). “A statute is remedial and has a retroactive
application when it relates to practice, procedure or remedies and does not affect
a substantive or vested right.” Johnston v. Beneficial Mgmt. Corp. of Am., 85
Wn.2d 637, 641, 538 P.2d 510 (1975).
Here, Seattle 420 concedes that the new law is not expressly retroactive or
curative; therefore we need only consider whether the law is remedial. Seattle 420
argues that ESSB 5318 is remedial because “its stated purpose is to relieve
licensees of the overly punitive consequences of mistakes made in the nascent
states of the marijuana industry.” The law is not remedial simply because the
purpose is to consider improvements to prior practices. The punishments which
were ultimately adopted via WAC 314-55-521, though less harsh, substantively
changed the law which is an indicator that the law is not remedial. See Magula v.
Benton Franklin Title Co., 131 Wn.2d 171, 182, 930 P.2d 307 (1997) (“[A]n
amendment may apply retroactively if it is curative or remedial and intended to
clarify rather than change the law.”). Since this is a substantive change in the law,
modifying the resulting penalty for sale to a minor, the bill is not remedial.
Further, as the WSLCB points out, the language of the statute itself
contradicts the suggestion that the WSLCB was required to lessen penalties for
the violation at issue here: selling marijuana to minors. The portion of the statute
which reflects that aspect of the bill states in relevant part:
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(2) The board must adopt rules prescribing penalties for violations of
this chapter. The board:
(a) May establish escalating penalties for violation of this chapter,
provided that the cumulative effect of any such escalating penalties cannot
last beyond two years and the escalation applies only to multiple violations
that are the same or similar in nature;
(b) May not include cancellation of a license for a single violation,
unless the board can prove by a preponderance of the evidence:
...
(ii) Furnishing of marijuana product to minors.
(Emphasis added). RCW 69.50.562. This language in the statute defeats any
claim that the legislature intended to disallow the penalty imposed on Seattle 420.
In fact, it expressly allowed for the WSLCB to establish penalties which could be
harsher than the scheme which existed at the time of Seattle 420’s third violation,
particularly with regard to sales of marijuana to a minor. The language of this
statute indicates that the WSLCB could have penalties resulting in the loss of a
license 1) after one violation of furnishing marijuana to a minor, or 2) after two sales
to a minor in a two year period. The mere fact that the WSLCB ultimately
developed a penalty schedule that was less severe than the one in effect at the
time of Seattle 420’s third violation does not render the bill remedial in nature.
Given the presumption that laws are prospective and because the statute itself
represents a substantive change in the law, we reject the contention that the law
is retroactive.
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Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
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