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07/16/2021 08:09 AM CDT
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
Yahia Hassan, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed July 2, 2021. No. S-20-562.
1. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Appeal and Error. Apart from rulings
under the residual hearsay exception, an appellate court reviews for
clear error the factual findings underpinning a trial court’s hearsay rul-
ing and reviews de novo the court’s ultimate determination to admit
evidence over a hearsay objection.
2. Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. Regardless of whether
the evidence is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, and
regardless of whether the issue is labeled as a failure to direct a verdict,
insufficiency of the evidence, or failure to prove a prima facie case, the
standard is the same: In reviewing a criminal conviction, an appellate
court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility
of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters are for the finder
of fact, and a conviction will be affirmed, in the absence of prejudicial
error, if the evidence admitted at trial, viewed and construed most favor-
ably to the State, is sufficient to support the conviction.
3. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Proof. Hearsay is a statement, other than
one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered
to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
4. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay. Hearsay is not admissible unless other-
wise provided for in the Nebraska Evidence Rules or elsewhere.
5. Hearsay: Words and Phrases. A verbal act is a statement that has legal
significance, i.e., it brings about legal consequences simply because it
was spoken.
6. Statutes: Intent. When interpreting a statute, the starting point and
focus of the inquiry is the meaning of the statutory language, understood
in context.
7. Statutes. It is not within the province of the courts to read meaning
into a statute that is not there or to read anything direct and plain out of
a statute.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
Appeal from the District Court for Hall County: Andrew C.
Butler, Judge. Affirmed.
Jerrod P. Jaeger, Deputy Hall County Public Defender, for
appellant.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Matthew Lewis
for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Papik, J.
After the State charged Yahia Hassan with various drug
offenses, the county court ordered Hassan to appear at a pre-
liminary hearing on an upcoming Thursday. Hassan did not
appear for the hearing, a bench warrant was issued, and Hassan
was arrested on the following Monday. Although Hassan was
not convicted of any of the underlying drug offenses, he was
charged and convicted in district court for failure to appear.
Two questions are at issue in this appeal. The first is whether
the court records the State relied upon to prove Hassan’s fail-
ure to appear were properly admitted. The second is whether
there was sufficient evidence to support Hassan’s conviction.
Hassan claims there was insufficient evidence of an essential
element of a failure to appear violation: that he willfully failed
to surrender himself within 3 days of being ordered to appear.
Hassan argues that the 3-day period must be determined with
reference to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2221 (Reissue 2016), a stat-
ute setting out a method for the computation of time. He con-
tends that if that statute applied, the period in which he could
lawfully surrender himself extends to the Monday on which
he was arrested, and there was thus insufficient evidence he
committed the offense. We find that there was no error in the
admission of the court records and that § 25-2221 should not
be used to calculate the 3-day period in the failure to appear
statute, and thus, we affirm.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
BACKGROUND
After police conducted a search of a car in which Hassan
was riding as a passenger and discovered drugs and drug
paraphernalia, Hassan was charged with criminal offenses in
the county court for Hall County, and he was released from
custody. The State later added an additional charge for failure
to appear, alleging that Hassan willfully failed to appear for a
preliminary hearing in the county court.
After the case was bound over to the district court, it pro-
ceeded to trial before a jury. Most of the State’s evidence
was relevant to the possession charges. The State sought to
prove the failure to appear charge through exhibit 7. Exhibit
7 consisted of multiple records from the county court, includ-
ing a journal entry from September 3, 2019, ordering Hassan
to appear for a preliminary hearing on October 24 and warn-
ing that failure to appear could result in the issuance of an
arrest warrant, an additional charge for failure to appear, and
a finding of contempt; an October 24 journal entry noting that
Hassan failed to appear for the preliminary hearing; an October
24 bench warrant issued by the county court as a result of
Hassan’s failure to appear; and a warrant return indicating that
law enforcement arrested Hassan pursuant to the warrant on
October 28.
Hassan objected to the admission of exhibit 7. Following a
sidebar discussion not reflected in the bill of exceptions, the
district court stated it was overruling the objection. Hassan’s
counsel noted for the record that “the objection was under the
public records exception.” The district court acknowledged the
objection and again noted it was overruled.
Following the conclusion of the State’s case, Hassan moved
for a directed verdict on all charges. The district court granted
Hassan a directed verdict on one of the possession charges, but
denied a directed verdict on all others. Hassan did not intro-
duce evidence.
The jury returned a verdict finding Hassan not guilty of
the remaining possession charges and guilty of the failure to
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
appear charge. For the failure to appear conviction, the district
court sentenced Hassan to 10 days’ incarceration with credit
given for 10 days’ time served.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Hassan assigns that the district court erred (1) by admitting
exhibit 7 under the public records exception to the hearsay rule
and (2) by overruling Hassan’s motion for directed verdict and
finding the evidence sufficient to support his conviction for
failure to appear.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Apart from rulings under the residual hearsay exception,
we review for clear error the factual findings underpinning a
trial court’s hearsay ruling and review de novo the court’s ulti-
mate determination to admit evidence over a hearsay objection.
State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
[2] Regardless of whether the evidence is direct, circumstan-
tial, or a combination thereof, and regardless of whether the
issue is labeled as a failure to direct a verdict, insufficiency of
the evidence, or failure to prove a prima facie case, the stan-
dard is the same: In reviewing a criminal conviction, an appel-
late court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on
the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such mat-
ters are for the finder of fact, and a conviction will be affirmed,
in the absence of prejudicial error, if the evidence admitted at
trial, viewed and construed most favorably to the State, is suf-
ficient to support the conviction. State v. Price, 306 Neb. 38,
944 N.W.2d 279 (2020).
ANALYSIS
Admissibility of County Court Records.
Hassan contends that the county court records found in
exhibit 7 should not have been admitted into evidence at trial.
He asserts that exhibit 7 is hearsay and was not admissible
under the public records exception to the hearsay rule. See
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-803(7) (Reissue 2016). Specifically, he
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
claims that the State did not provide adequate notice or show
that exhibit 7 contained records of facts required to be observed
and recorded pursuant to a duty imposed by law, both of which
are required by § 27-803(7). We find that it is unnecessary to
determine whether exhibit 7 was admissible under § 27-803(7),
because Hassan objected to exhibit 7 as a whole, but exhibit 7
is not entirely inadmissible hearsay.
[3,4] Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered to
prove the truth of the matter asserted. State v. Poe, 292 Neb.
60, 870 N.W.2d 779 (2015). Hearsay is not admissible unless
otherwise provided for in the Nebraska Evidence Rules or
elsewhere. State v. Poe, supra. But an out-of-court statement is
not hearsay if the proponent offers it for a purpose other than
proving the truth of the matter asserted. Id. This last principle
is crucial here, because at least part of exhibit 7 could not have
been offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
[5] Included within exhibit 7 was a journal entry ordering
Hassan to appear for a preliminary hearing on October 24,
2019. This journal entry was a “verbal act” and was thus not
hearsay. A verbal act is a statement that has legal significance,
i.e., it brings about legal consequences simply because it was
spoken. State v. McCave, 282 Neb. 500, 805 N.W.2d 290
(2011). Such statements are not hearsay. See id. As a com-
mentator has explained, verbal acts are not hearsay, because
they “involve words that have a legal effect that is not con-
cerned with the out-of-court declarant’s memory, perceptions,
or honesty.” G. Michael Fenner, The Hearsay Rule, 26 (3d
ed. 2013).
The county court’s order directing Hassan to appear for a
preliminary hearing had legal significance simply because it
was spoken. Because the county court issued the order, Hassan
was obligated to appear and faced legal consequences if he
did not. His failure to appear as ordered formed the basis for
the conviction at issue. Several courts have concluded that
imperative statements in court orders are not hearsay, because
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
they bring about legal consequences as a result of being spo-
ken. See, e.g., U.S. v. Dupree, 706 F.3d 131, 137 (2d Cir.
2013) (“the question whether a court’s command imposes legal
obligations on a party is outside the hearsay rule’s concerns”);
U.S. v. Boulware, 384 F.3d 794, 806 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[a] prior
judgment is not hearsay . . . to the extent that it is offered as
legally operative verbal conduct that determined the rights
and duties of the parties”); Prudential Ins. Co. of America v.
Sagers, 421 F. Supp. 3d 1199, 1204 (D. Utah 2019) (“orders by
the court are not offered for the truth of those statements, but
rather to demonstrate the legal effect of the statements on the
parties”). See, also, U.S. v. Hayes, 369 F.3d 564, 568 (D.C. Cir.
2004) (reasoning that because imperative statements were not
assertive, they did not “express a ‘truth’ for which they could
be offered”). For the same reason, we conclude that the journal
entry and order directing Hassan to appear for a preliminary
hearing was a verbal act and not hearsay.
Hassan may contend that other portions of exhibit 7 con-
tained inadmissible hearsay, but we need not reach that ques-
tion. Hassan objected to exhibit 7 as a whole. We have held
that even if there are inadmissible parts within an exhibit, “an
objection to an exhibit as a whole is properly overruled where
a part of the exhibit is admissible.” State v. Merrill, 252 Neb.
736, 743, 566 N.W.2d 742, 748 (1997). Because part of exhibit
7 was admissible, the district court did not err in overruling
Hassan’s objection to its admission.
Sufficiency of Evidence.
Hassan also contends that his conviction cannot stand,
because the State failed to introduce sufficient evidence of all
of the essential elements of a failure to appear offense.
The statute underlying the basis of the failure to appear
charge, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-908 (Reissue 2016), provides in
relevant part:
Whoever is charged with a felony and is released from
custody under bail, recognizance, or a conditioned release
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
and willfully fails to appear before the court granting
such release when legally required or to surrender himself
within three days thereafter, shall be guilty of a Class IV
felony . . . .
We have held that to sustain a conviction under § 29-908,
the State must establish that (1) the defendant was charged
with a felony; (2) the defendant was released from custody
under bail, recognizance, or a conditioned release; and (3) the
defendant willfully failed (a) to appear before the court when
legally required or (b) to surrender himself or herself within
3 days thereafter. State v. Valdez, 236 Neb. 627, 463 N.W.2d
326 (1990).
Hassan does not contest that the State introduced evidence
that he was charged with a felony; that he was released from
custody under bail, recognizance, or a conditioned release; or
that he willfully failed to appear for the preliminary hearing
as ordered. He does claim that the State failed to show that he
willfully failed to surrender himself within 3 days of failing to
appear for the preliminary hearing.
Hassan argues that the 3-day period referred to in § 29-908
must be determined with reference to § 25-2221. Section
25-2221 provides in pertinent part:
Except as may be otherwise more specifically pro-
vided, the period of time within which an act is to be
done in any action or proceeding shall be computed by
excluding the day of the act, event, or default after which
the designated period of time begins to run. The last day
of the period so computed shall be included unless it is a
Saturday, a Sunday, or a day during which the offices of
courts of record may be legally closed as provided in this
section, in which event the period shall run until the end
of the next day on which the office will be open.
Hassan argues that although § 29-908 obligates defendants
to surrender themselves within 3 days of a failure to appear
before the court, § 25-2221 dictates that when the failure to
appear occurs on a Thursday and the third day thereafter thus
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
falls on a Sunday, as it did here, the time in which the defend
ant can surrender himself or herself and avoid a violation of
§ 29-908 includes the following Monday. And because the
State’s evidence showed that Hassan was arrested on the fol-
lowing Monday, he claims the State did not prove he failed to
surrender himself as required by § 29-908.
The State counters that § 25-2221 should not be applied here.
The State does not contend that § 25-2221 has no application
in the criminal context, but acknowledges that we have applied
§ 25-2221 in many such cases. See, e.g., State v. Hirsch,
245 Neb. 31, 511 N.W.2d 69 (1994) (applying § 25-2221 in
determining whether prosecution was time barred); State v.
Thompson, 244 Neb. 375, 507 N.W.2d 253 (1993) (applying
§ 25-2221 in determining whether motion for new trial was
timely filed); State v. Bridger, 223 Neb. 250, 388 N.W.2d 831
(1986) (applying § 25-2221 in determining whether appeal
was timely filed); State v. Jones, 208 Neb. 641, 305 N.W.2d
355 (1981) (applying § 25-2221 in speedy trial computation).
Instead, the State attempts to distinguish those cases, argu-
ing that the deadlines in those cases were “administrative” or
“procedural,” while the deadline in § 29-908 is not. Brief for
appellee at 14 and 15.
[6,7] To answer whether the 3-day period in § 29-908 should
be determined with reference to § 25-2221, we must interpret
§ 25-2221. To do so, we apply our familiar principles of statu-
tory interpretation, which we briefly review here. When inter-
preting a statute, the starting point and focus of the inquiry is
the meaning of the statutory language, understood in context.
In re Guardianship of Eliza W., 304 Neb. 995, 938 N.W.2d
307 (2020). Our analysis begins with the text, because statu-
tory language is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning,
and an appellate court will not resort to interpretation to ascer-
tain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct,
and unambiguous. See id. Neither is it within the province of
courts to read meaning into a statute that is not there or to read
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
anything direct and plain out of a statute. Parks v. Hy-Vee, 307
Neb. 927, 951 N.W.2d 504 (2020).
Applying these principles to the question at hand, we con-
clude that § 25-2221 should not be used to determine the 3-day
surrender period in § 29-908. Section 25-2221 provides that its
procedure for counting days is to be applied when there is a
“period of time within which an act is to be done in any action
or proceeding” (emphasis supplied). There is no question that
by requiring defendants to surrender themselves within 3 days
of failing to appear as ordered, § 29-908 creates a period of
time in which an act is to be done. In addition, our prior cases
appear to have treated a criminal prosecution as an “action or
proceeding” for purposes of § 25-2551. We do not, however,
understand § 29-908 to require defendants to perform the time-
sensitive act of surrendering themselves following a failure to
appear in the action or proceeding.
Section 29-908 makes it a crime for certain individuals to
willfully fail (1) to appear for court when legally required and
(2) to surrender themselves within 3 days. It does not, however,
direct to whom those defendants must surrender or provide
any indication that their required surrender must take place
to the court in the criminal proceeding. We see nothing in the
statute that would prevent a defendant who failed to appear for
a required court appearance from surrendering to law enforce-
ment in the county in which he or she was ordered to appear
within 3 days and thereby avoiding a violation of § 29-908.
Yet, in that scenario, the defendant is not taking any action in
the criminal proceeding. The defendant is simply surrendering
to law enforcement to avoid committing a criminal offense.
The failure to surrender within 3 days of being ordered to
appear is an essential element of a violation of § 29-908, but
the defendant is not required to take that action in the under-
lying proceeding. Accordingly, § 25-2221, by its terms, does
not apply.
We acknowledge that this court has not always adhered
closely to the text of § 25-2221 in determining whether its
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
method for computing time should be applied. In State ex rel.
Wieland v. Beermann, 246 Neb. 808, 523 N.W.2d 518 (1994),
we applied § 25-2221 as we were determining whether state-
ments describing proposed constitutional amendments were
timely filed with the Secretary of State. We concluded that
§ 25-2221 applied in reliance on a treatise, which stated that
“[a] statutory rule for the computation of time is usually con-
strued as a general provision relating to all acts required and
permitted by law, unless an intention to the contrary affirma-
tively appears or a different construction seems imperative
. . . .” State ex rel. Wieland v. Beermann, 246 Neb. at 812, 523
N.W.2d at 523, quoting 86 C.J.S. Time § 8 (1954) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
To the extent we suggested in State ex rel. Wieland that
§ 25-2221 should be “construed as a general provision relat-
ing to all acts required and permitted by law,” we glossed over
§ 25-2221’s text. Unlike some time computation statutes from
other states, see, e.g., 5 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 70/1.11 (West
2016) (“[t]he time within which any act provided by law is
to be done shall be computed by . . . .”), § 25-2221 does not
state that its method of time computation should be applied to
any and all acts required by law. As we have noted, it applies
only to those acts which must be done “in any action or pro-
ceeding.” It is the function of the Legislature, through the
enactment of statutes, to declare what is the law and public
policy of this state. Rogers v. Jack’s Supper Club, 304 Neb.
605, 935 N.W.2d 754 (2019). The Legislature has specified the
circumstances in which the method of computing time outlined
in § 25-2221 is to be applied. We are obligated to follow its
policy direction.
Because § 25-2221 does not apply to determining the 3-day
surrender period of § 29-908, we interpret the reference in
§ 29-908 to 3 days according to its plain and ordinary meaning
of 3 calendar days. See In re Guardianship of Eliza W., 304
Neb. 995, 938 N.W.2d 307 (2020). With this understanding
in mind, it becomes clear that the State introduced sufficient
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. HASSAN
Cite as 309 Neb. 644
evidence that Hassan failed to surrender himself within 3
days of the preliminary hearing. As we have discussed, Hassan
failed to appear for the preliminary hearing on Thursday,
October 24, 2019, and was then arrested on Monday, October
28. As more than 3 calendar days elapsed between his failure
to appear and his arrest, there was evidence by which the jury
could have found each of the essential elements of a violation
of § 29-908.
CONCLUSION
Because we find that Hassan’s assignments of error lack
merit, we affirm.
Affirmed.