Allen Thomas Sample v. the State of Texas

Affirmed and Opinion Filed July 19, 2021

In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-19-01254-CR

ALLEN THOMAS SAMPLE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 196th District Court
Hunt County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 31279

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Myers, Osborne, and Carlyle
Opinion by Justice Osborne
A jury convicted Allen Thomas Sample of murder and sentenced him to forty

years’ imprisonment. Appellant raises three issues on appeal: (1) trial counsel was

ineffective for not filing a motion to suppress Appellant’s statement made in

custodial interrogation when Appellant did not make a knowing and voluntary

waiver of his rights, (2) the evidence is insufficient to find beyond a reasonable doubt

that Appellant committed murder, and (3) the trial court erred by denying Appellant

the right to cross-examine witness Ronnie Sample through proper impeachment

evidence. We affirm.
 BACKGROUND

Law enforcement officers responding to a 911 call on May 20, 2016 observed

a body on a trash pile on property in Hunt County shared by Appellant and

Appellant’s brother Ronnie Sample.1 The body was identified as that of Tommey

Joe Tubb, a 47-year-old male who was also living on the property. During a

subsequent autopsy, investigators learned that the cause of death was a single

gunshot wound to the left side of Tubb’s head.

Twenty-four witnesses testified at trial to the events and investigation leading

to Appellant’s arrest and indictment for Tubb’s murder. Fourteen of the witnesses

were law enforcement officers or forensic scientists. The remaining witnesses

testified about their connections to and communications with Appellant, Ronnie, or

Tubb. The jury also heard or watched a number of recordings, including Appellant’s

recorded interview with law enforcement and several of Appellant’s telephone

conversations while he was in custody before trial. The State sought to prove that

Appellant’s behavior became increasingly erratic in the months prior to the murder

due to a series of adverse events in Appellant’s life and his long-term dependence

on hydrocodone. Appellant, in turn, highlighted the lack of physical or forensic

evidence linking him to the murder, introduced evidence of law enforcement’s

admitted mistakes in its investigation, and argued that the evidence better supported

1
For clarity we refer to Allen Sample as “Appellant,” and to Appellant’s son Jacob Sample and
Appellant’s brother Ronnie Sample by their first names.
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a verdict against Ronnie, who had gunshot residue on his hands the night of the

murder and who gave inconsistent statements in his interviews with law

enforcement.

The State offered evidence at trial that Appellant and his younger brother

Ronnie lived on an eight-acre tract of land in Campbell, Texas. The brothers’

residences were separate but located close to each other on the property. Ronnie had

known Tubb for about twenty years at the time of Tubb’s death. Tubb was living

with Ronnie in May 2016 because he had no other place to go; he had a history of

drug addiction and homelessness.

For about six years and until the week before the murder, the Sample brothers

had worked together at Dooley Plumbing. Appellant, a licensed plumber, earned

about $1,000 per week. The brothers’ former employer John Dooley described

Appellant as “a great guy”—trustworthy and a “great employee”—before a “gradual

decline” in the weeks before May 2016. Dooley testified that he received repeated

customer complaints about Appellant’s work and eventually fired Appellant the

week before Tubb’s murder, on a morning when “what [Appellant] was saying just

didn’t make any sense.” Appellant “kept saying something about a Martian or

something was after him.” Ronnie, however, continued to work at Dooley Plumbing.

Ronnie testified that on the date of the murder, he saw Tubb asleep in a chair

before leaving for work around 6:00 a.m. Ronnie also explained that when he went

to work that morning, there were three mattresses leaning up against the wall at the

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front of his house. When Ronnie returned home around 7:30 or 8:00 p.m., he did not

see Tubb. On entering his home, he found the house “in shambles.” “A big chunk of

carpet” was “sliced out of the floor,” a shower curtain was missing, and Tubb’s

cigarettes were “all over the floor around the chair.” The three mattresses had been

moved to the burn pile in the back.

Ronnie went to Appellant’s home to ask about the damage. Appellant said

Tubb “walked off a while ago” down the road. Ronnie testified that he did not

believe Appellant and started looking for Tubb, but could not find him. Ronnie then

went under his truck to fix a rattle. Ronnie also testified, however, that when he

asked Appellant about Tubb, Appellant “got mad at me and started screaming and

then he started to pull a gun”—a .22 revolver that had been their father’s—and

Ronnie flipped his knife in response. Ronnie testified that after the argument,

Appellant said he was going to burn the mattresses. Ronnie replied that Appellant

should not do so because only household trash could be burned. Ronnie started

moving the mattresses from the burn pile to the trash trailer to be hauled to the dump

later. In doing so, he could see part of the missing shower curtain, a chunk of carpet,

and a blanket from his house. He then found Tubb’s body.

Ronnie testified that Tubb was in a fetal position and appeared to have been

“beat to death.” There was a lot of blood, and he did not notice a gunshot wound. He

called 911, and as he was doing so, Appellant drove off screaming “I warned them

motherfuckers to stop jacking with me, I’d do something.” When the police and

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ambulance arrived in response to his call, he spoke with them and then stayed on the

premises until the police asked him to come to the station to give a statement, which

he did.

Ronnie also testified that he called Mike Langran, his stepfather, and told him

that Tubb was dead and he thought Appellant killed him. He did so because

Appellant had driven off and Ronnie did not know where Appellant was going.

Ronnie stated that in May 2016, Appellant was “in good shape” and could “easily”

have picked up Tubb and dragged him out to the trash pile. Tubb, in comparison,

was not strong or active and had breathing problems.

Ronnie testified that Appellant had not been “acting normal” before the

murder, thinking that “people were messing with him,” “beating on the doors,”

recording him through his phone, stealing from him, and stealing his identity. Ronnie

also explained that Appellant became addicted to hyrodcodone after a knee operation

five years before the murder. At the time of the murder, Appellant was taking

Suboxone “to get off the hydrocodone.” He also testified that Mandi Northcutt,

Appellant’s girlfriend, no longer lived with Appellant, and that Appellant was upset

that he could no longer see Northcutt’s son, B.R.

In the trial court and on appeal, Appellant highlights discrepancies between

two interviews Ronnie gave to law enforcement, one on the night of the murder and

the other two years later, as well as discrepancies between those interviews and

Ronnie’s testimony at trial. In his initial interview, Ronnie did not mention that

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Appellant tried to pull a gun on him or that he flipped his knife in response. He did

not say that Appellant had driven off screaming, but rather only that he “heard

[Appellant’s] diesel crank up.” In his second interview, Ronnie told investigators

that Appellant called him at work around noon on the date of the murder, angrily

demanding that Ronnie return home to help Appellant get his truck out of the mud

in their driveway where it was stuck. Also in the second interview, Ronnie said he

did not enter his home when he returned from work, but instead went to ask

Appellant about Tubb because he had an “awful feeling,” in contrast to his earlier

statement that he first found the damage in his home and then went to ask Appellant

about it. When officers discussed the test results showing gunshot residue on

Ronnie’s hands the night of the murder and explained that there would be residue in

the house if Tubb had been shot there, Ronnie added a list of objects he had touched

in the house in his search for Tubb.

Mandi Northcutt, Appellant’s former girlfriend, testified that she and

Appellant began dating in 2011 and broke up in late 2015. Northcutt explained that

she and Appellant “started having problems” in the last two years of their

relationship. She moved out of Appellant’s home and returned to her parents’ home

several times. She explained that Appellant was attached to her son B.R., a child

with special needs. When Northcutt broke up with Appellant, however, she “didn’t

see that it was safe enough for him to see” B.R. because Appellant had changed,

“think[ing] that I was doing things that I wasn’t doing” and “mak[ing] up these

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elaborate stories,” “almost just like a switch flipped—you know what I mean?—in

his mind or something.” But she and Appellant stayed in occasional touch by phone

and text message even after she began dating someone else in February 2016.

Northcutt also testified that Appellant used hydrocodone several times a day

during their relationship, then “tried to get off of the hydrocodone and he got on

Suboxone. And then eventually it was hydrocodone and Suboxone.”

Northcutt testified to text messages and phone calls she received from

Appellant after the time Tubb’s body was found. First, Appellant sent her a text at

1:53 a.m. when she was at work on a night shift, telling her he needed her help. She

responded, and Appellant elaborated that he was broke and in a bind. She told him

to call her after her shift was over at 7:00 a.m., which he did, telling her that he was

going to check himself in at Glen Oaks Hospital. On May 22, Appellant called her

from Sundance Hospital.2 Northcutt testified:

Q. Once he called you from Sundance, what did he talk to you
about?

A. Allen [Appellant] had told me that he was sick of him, sick of
him stealing from him. And he asked me, Do you know what you
do to someone who steals from you?

And I said, No, Allen, what do you do?

And he said, I handled him, I handled it.

2
Both Glen Oaks and Sundance Hospitals are mental health facilities, as is Green Oaks Hospital. The
appellate record includes documentation from Sundance and Green Oaks but not from Glen Oaks.
–7–
After that conversation, Northcutt did not take further calls from Appellant and gave

a statement to police. On cross-examination, Northcutt testified that the police never

asked to check her phone to see Appellant’s texts or to confirm the time or date of

the phone calls she received from him. She confirmed that if she had been asked, she

would have shown police her phone. Northcutt also said that Appellant did not name

Tubb in their last conversation; she “just assumed he was talking about Tommey.”

Mike Langran, Appellant’s and Ronnie’s stepfather, testified that Appellant

came to stay for a few days after he was fired from his job. At the time, Appellant

said he was on vacation. Langran testified that Appellant was not acting like he

normally acts, staying up almost all night every night and asking if a delivery person

was from outer space. Appellant complained to the Langrans that he was supposed

to have money on his debit cards but did not; he thought people were stealing from

him. Langran also testified that appellant “thought [Tubb] was kind of a freeloader.”

After Appellant’s visit had concluded, Langran received a phone call from

Appellant on May 20. Appellant asked him, “What do you do with a dead critter?

I’ve got a—what do I do with it?” Langran testified he replied “I’d just take him out

in the field and burn him.” Later the same night, Ronnie called and said Tubb

“looked like he was seriously injured.” Next, Appellant drove by in his truck and

said “I’ve done a bad thing.” Langran replied that he already knew, and advised

Appellant to turn himself in. According to Langran, Appellant then “took off.” On

cross-examination, Langran testified that no one from law enforcement asked to look

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at his phone to confirm the time of Appellant’s calls. He also described the

relationship between Appellant and Ronnie as “pretty hostile” “off and on, especially

when they worked together.”

Appellant’s son Jacob Sample, 28 years old, called his father on or about May

22, 2016, at the suggestion of his stepdad. As Jacob explained on cross-examination,

his “intent the entire time, if [Appellant] told you where he was at, to call the police.”

Appellant told Jacob it had been “a rough couple months.” He had been laid off from

his job, could not afford gas money, and was sitting on the side of the road with an

empty gas tank. Jacob testified that Appellant “said somebody got shot and he

doesn’t know how it happened.” Jacob “thought it was weird that [Appellant] said

shot,” because no one Jacob had spoken with before the call “mentioned a gun or

mentioned being shot.” Jacob testified,

Q. At that point in the conversation, what did you tell your dad to
do then?

A. I told him that if he—I got the impression that he thought he
wasn’t guilty because he said he didn’t know how it happened.
So I said, If you aren’t guilty, then just go back to where you
were before and it will all work itself out. And he said he didn’t
think it would go down like that.

Darlene Jordan, Appellant’s acquaintance through his work for Jordan’s

employer, testified that she had a conversation with Appellant about his breakup

with Northcutt. She described Appellant as “very depressed” about the breakup and

said that he “missed the little boy.” On cross-examination Jordan elaborated that she

was worried because Appellant was upset and crying, and this was not his normal
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behavior. Jordan “tried to sit and talk to him and asked him maybe if he wanted to

go see a doctor and maybe help get some pills or something to help him sort life

out”; she also called a friend “who works in a clinic” for advice and then “MHMR,”

who spoke to Appellant. She overheard him say that he had a gun at home, but not

with him.

Appellant’s sister Mary Norris testified that she was staying with their mother

and stepfather while recovering from leg surgery during the week of Appellant’s

visit there. Norris described Appellant’s “odd behavior” during his visit, “talking

about people tapping into his phone and stealing his mail,” and coming into her room

at night shining a flashlight and saying he was trying to make sure everyone was

okay. On cross-examination, Norris acknowledged that Appellant was trying to

ensure his family’s safety rather than hurt anyone.

Jessica Brock, a detention officer in the Hunt County Sheriff’s Department,

was working in the intake department on May 29, 2016, and spoke to Appellant.

Appellant identified himself to her “as an officer, and I believe it was a CIA agent

at first. He was just upset.” Appellant continued talking to Brock about “a gentleman

that was stealing from him, had maxed out his credit cards.” Appellant “kept saying

that he was in there for credit cards, and I informed him that, no, he was there on

murder, because he didn’t understand why he was there. He kept asking me why he

was in there.” She told him that he was there on a murder charge, not “for credit

cards.” Appellant then “continued speaking”:

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 He was very agitated, very upset. And he started talking about how he
did what he did out of self-defense. Kept referring to a him, never
identified anybody, but that he did what he did to him out of self-
defense, basically because of his property, his, quote, unquote, shit, as
he said, being taken and his credit cards being maxed out.
On cross-examination, Brock testified that Appellant was in an “observation

cell,” which is “one that is used for medical—severe medical conditions, mental

conditions, drug withdrawal. If they’re going to be a harm to themselves or others

or potential harm to themselves or others.” Brock testified that Appellant’s

statements did not “seem odd” because he was in an observation cell.

The State presented testimony from Stephen Lenfest, M.D., a Dallas County

medical examiner, to establish that Tubb’s death was caused by a .22 gunshot wound

to the head. Lenfest testified that there was no gunshot residue on Tubb’s skin:

A. [W]ith a wound like this, we would be looking at the skin for any
gunshot residue or any things we can use to determine range of
fire. In this case, there’s nothing on the skin like soot or stippling
that we would use to do that. Basically with a typical handgun,
that would indicate to us that either something was between the
firearm and the decedent, the skin of the decedent, or that it was
probably outside of three feet.

...

Q. You mean the shot would have been fired from outside of three
feet?

A. That’s correct.

Lenfest could not determine an exact time of death. On cross- and redirect

examination, he concluded that Tubb probably died between 2:00 p.m. and 10:00

p.m. on May 20:

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 Q. So it’s 10:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. And you would say that you can’t
say for sure within that range, but based on what you would say,
it’s probably closer to the 2:00 p.m. time than the 10:00 p.m.
time. Is that what I understood?

A. That’s what I would expect based on what I see in the autopsy
report.

The State also presented evidence that when Ronnie gave his statement to

police on the night of the murder, officers swabbed his hands, and subsequent testing

revealed the presence of gunshot residue. The State offered testimony from Waleska

Castro, a trace evidence examiner for the Southwestern Institute of Forensic

Sciences (“SWIFs”) with expertise in analysis of evidence for the presence of

gunshot residue, to explain the methodology and results of the tests conducted.

Castro testified that there were several possible explanations for the presence of

gunshot residue on a person’s hands:

Q. Okay. And if somebody has gunshot residue on their hand, does
that mean they fired a gun?
A. If a person has gunshot residue on their hands, it could be that
the person either fired the firearm or the person was in the
proximity of the firearm when it was fired, or the person handled
or touched anything with gunshot residue, such as a firearm or a
firearm component, or any surface with gunshot residue on it.

Castro was unable, however, to determine or to testify which of these alternatives

applied in this case.

Four other forensic scientists testified that DNA testing was either impossible

or inconclusive in this case. In sum, there was no DNA evidence linking Appellant—

or anyone else—to Tubb’s murder.

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 Five officers from the Hunt County Sheriff’s Department testified about their

investigation of the murder. Joel Gibson, the initial lead investigator, and Roger

Seals, who took over as lead investigator when Gibson left the sheriff’s department,

both testified, as did Clint Mott, Ren Saxton, and Kelly Phillips, who each

participated in some aspect of the investigation. The officers testified to their

activities, including obtaining and executing search warrants, interviewing

witnesses, obtaining witness statements, collecting evidence at the crime scene,

attending Tubb’s autopsy, presenting the case to the grand jury, and arresting

Appellant. The jury also viewed a videotape of officers at the crime scene the night

of the murder. Gibson and Seals testified that Appellant had been in Green Oaks

Hospital and Sundance Hospital, mental health facilities, after the murder and was

in protective custody and then segregation at the jail due to mental health concerns.

Gibson conceded there were mistakes in the investigation. He acknowledged

that investigators did not:

• Attempt to verify Ronnie’s statements about the time he left work or his
stop for dinner on his way home;

• Secure a complete recording of Ronnie’s 911 call;

• Obtain Ronnie’s phone to confirm he made the calls he said he did, at the
time he said he made them;

• Follow up on information that there were boots with blood on them at
Appellant’s residence;

• Obtain a warrant and search Appellant’s second vehicle;

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 • Obtain a warrant for tracking information on a cell phone taken from
Appellant;

• Record Jacob’s statement; or

• Obtain Northcutt’s phone to verify times and dates of Appellant’s calls and
the substance of his text messages.

During the officers’ testimony, the jury heard recordings of nine phone

conversations between Appellant and others while he was in custody as well as

watching a video of Appellant’s June 1, 2016 interview with law enforcement. The

jail calls included seven calls between Appellant and Ronnie, Appellant’s call to a

bail bonding company, and a conversation between Appellant and his mother.

Appellant highlights portions of these conversations in his brief, including:

• Appellant’s statements to Ronnie that “You could be in this motherfucker
with me,” and “They ain’t got shit because I ain’t done shit,”

• Appellant’s statements to the bail bonds employee that he did not murder
anyone and has access to funds to post a $500,000 bond;

• Appellant’s statements to his mother that law enforcement tried to get him
to confess, but he was not going to confess to something he didn’t do; that
he didn’t do anything wrong; and that Tubb was involved with the Mexican
Mafia and Ronnie knew it but was keeping silent.

In the recording of Appellant’s June 1, 2016 interview with law enforcement,

after Appellant was informed of his right to an attorney, Appellant asked questions

about how an attorney would be appointed for him and which attorney he might get,

and stated that he had a few attorneys in mind who might represent him. As discussed

in more detail below, Appellant also made statements about being switched at birth

when he was asked to waive his rights. In the interview, Appellant said multiple
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times that he knew nothing about Tubb’s death; he was not angry with Tubb; he did

not see Tubb on the day of the murder; his .22 had been stolen some time ago; and

he had odd dreams about hunting animals but not a person. Appellant was confronted

with Northcutt’s, Langran’s, and Jacob’s statements and offered his own

explanations and denials.

The jury returned a verdict of guilty and sentenced Appellant to 40 years in

the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division. This appeal

followed.

Issue 1: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his first issue, appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for not

filing a motion to suppress Appellant’s statement made in custodial interrogation

when Appellant did not make a knowing and voluntary waiver of his rights.

Appellant argues:

When Appellant is shown where to sign if he understands his rights,
asked if he wants to waive his rights and wants to speak to law
enforcement, Appellant responds, “My thing is, I’m not even sure who
I am sometimes. My Mama told me that when I was a baby, they
brought her a black baby. They switched it all up. And then she said,
‘Well wait a second, my husband is white.’ And then they brought me
in next. I don’t know exactly what’s going on.” Appellant is literally
saying “I don’t know exactly what’s going on” as he signs his name to
the waiver of his rights, clearly raising the question as to whether or not
he was [sic] understood what he was doing and raising the issue of
whether or not his waiver was knowing and voluntary.

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Ineffective assistance of counsel

A defendant in a criminal case has a Sixth Amendment right to effective

assistance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amends. VI and XIV. It is the function of effective

trial counsel “to make the adversarial testing process work in the particular case.”

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690 (1984); Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d

891, 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In order to establish ineffective assistance of trial

counsel, an appellant must prove that (1) trial counsel’s representation fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and

(2) counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at

687–89; Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 54–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

The prejudice prong requires a showing that, but for counsel’s errors, there

was a reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have been

different. Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 55. A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. “If the deficient performance

might have affected a guilty verdict, ‘the question is whether there is a reasonable

probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt

respecting guilt.’” Miller v. State, 548 S.W.3d 497, 499 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018)

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695).

Standard of review

In assessing a claim of ineffective assistance, an appellate court “must indulge

a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct [fell] within the wide range of

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reasonable professional assistance; that is, the [appellant] must overcome the

presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be

considered sound trial strategy.” Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2001) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).

Under Strickland’s first prong, we review counsel’s performance by

considering the totality of the circumstances as they existed at the time of trial,

without the benefit of hindsight and without relying only on isolated circumstances

at trial. See Ex parte Flores, 387 S.W.3d 626, 633–34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

Ordinarily, this Court will not find an attorney ineffective in the absence of a record

of his rationale if there is any plausible strategic reason for his action or inaction.

See Villa v. State, 417 S.W.3d 455, 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

With respect to the prejudice prong, “appellate courts must show almost total

deference to a trial court’s findings of historical fact as well as mixed questions of

law and fact that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Bazan v. State,

403 S.W.3d 8, 13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). We examine

the totality of the evidence before the jury to determine whether, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the

proceeding would have been different. See Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at 900.

An appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test negates a

court’s need to consider the other prong. Garcia, 57 S.W.3d at 440 (citing Strickland,

466 U.S. at 697); Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

–17–
Admissibility of statements made as a result of custodial interrogation

The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure establishes procedural safeguards for

securing the privilege against self-incrimination. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.22.

The Code provides that no oral statement of an accused made as a result of a

custodial interrogation shall be admissible against the accused in a criminal

proceeding unless (1) the statement was recorded and (2) prior to the statement but

during the recording, the accused was warned of his rights and knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily waived those rights. Id. art. 38.22 § 3. A defendant’s

statement may be used against him only “if it appears that the same was freely and

voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion.” Id. art 38.21.

The determination whether a statement is voluntary is based on an

examination of the totality of the circumstances surrounding its acquisition. Delao

v. State, 235 S.W.3d 235, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A statement may be

involuntary under article 38.21 or 38.22 even in the absence of police misconduct:

A confession given under the duress of hallucinations, illness,
medications, or even a private threat, for example, could be involuntary
under Article 38.21 and the Texas confession statute. . . . As Professor
Dix has noted, “evidence of a defendant’s psychological abnormality”
(such as [a defendant’s] evidence of hallucinations and following God’s
command) “has its full logical relevance” under Texas law.

Under Articles 38.21 and 38.22 and their predecessors, fact scenarios
that can raise a state-law claim of involuntariness (even though they do
not raise a federal constitutional claim) include the following: (1) the
suspect was ill and on medication and that fact may have rendered his
confession involuntary; (2) the suspect was mentally retarded and may
not have “knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily” waived his rights;
(3) the suspect “lacked the mental capacity to understand his rights”;
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 (4) the suspect was intoxicated, and he “did not know what he was
signing and thought it was an accident report”; (5) the suspect was
confronted by the brother-in-law of his murder victim and beaten;
(6) the suspect was returned to the store he broke into “for questioning
by several persons armed ‘with six-shooters.’”
Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 172–73 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (footnotes

omitted) (holding that where defendant claimed he was bipolar and in a depressed

or manic state and thus unable to effectively waive his rights, the issue of

voluntariness should have been submitted to the jury); see also Lopez v. State, 610

S.W.3d 487, 495 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (involuntariness claims can “involve

‘sweeping inquiries into the state of mind of a criminal defendant who has

confessed’”) (quoting Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 172). A trial judge may “raise[ ]

on his own an issue about the voluntariness of a confession,” or a party may notify

the trial judge of an issue. Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 175.

Appellant did not establish that counsel was ineffective

“[W]hen counsel’s actions or omissions may have been based upon tactical

decisions, but the record contains no specific explanation for counsel’s decisions,”

an appellate court may not reverse a conviction based on ineffective assistance of

counsel. Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 830 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The record does

not reveal either counsel’s decisions or the reasons for them.

The record reflects that Appellant’s counsel filed a “Motion for Examination

Regarding Insanity” on June 7, 2016, the motion was set for hearing on June 10,

2016, and on that date, the trial court signed an order appointing an expert to

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determine Appellant’s competence to stand trial. In an order dated July 8, 2016, the

trial court found Appellant incompetent to stand trial. The record also reflects the

following: on June 20, 2017, the trial court heard and granted the State’s motion for

an insanity evaluation,3 and experts were appointed for that purpose; the trial court

signed a “Judgment of Competency” on September 6, 2019, that referenced an

August 27, 2017 report by a court-appointed expert, but the report is not included in

the record; the State designated numerous experts to testify regarding Appellant’s

mental health, but these witnesses were not called at trial; and Appellant’s mental

health records from two facilities were introduced into evidence at trial, but the

appellate record does not include the evaluations of competency or insanity ordered

by the trial court. Consequently, the record reflects that the parties and the trial court

devoted time and resources to considering Appellant’s competency and mental

health, but the record lacks any information for our review regarding counsel’s

decisions on the subject, the reasons for those decisions, or the data counsel

considered in making them.

For purposes of our analysis, we assume without deciding that Appellant’s

counsel could have sought the statement’s exclusion on the ground that it was not

voluntarily made. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.21. If counsel had moved to

3
The reporter’s record from this hearing reflects a statement by the trial judge that “Mr. Sample has
been returned to this court, having been declared to be competent by the appropriate state agency and its
employees. Therefore, the State has moved for an insanity evaluation.” Appellant’s counsel clarified, “So
the record is clear, the State’s asking Dr. Pittman to first re-evaluate the competency and then do the
insanity. I think they’re just trying to be ultra careful. So I want to make sure the record is clear.”
–20–
suppress the statement, we would review the trial court’s ruling under a bifurcated

standard, giving almost total deference to the trial court’s findings of fact that are

supported by the record and to mixed questions of law and fact that turn on an

assessment of a witness’s credibility and demeanor. See, e.g., Amador v. State, 221

S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We would review de novo any application

of law to fact questions that did not turn on the witnesses’ credibility and demeanor.

Id.

Here, where at least part of the trial court’s decision would have been based

on Appellant’s credibility and demeanor—and in light of the court’s earlier finding

that Appellant was competent to stand trial—we cannot conclude there is a

reasonable probability the trial court would have granted a motion to suppress, or, if

it had, the jury would have had a reasonable doubt respecting Appellant’s guilt. See

id.; see also Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at 900–01 (inquiry for ineffective assistance

claim is whether, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable

probability the proceeding’s result would have been different).

State’s Exhibit 9, Appellant’s videotaped interview, provided the jury with its

only opportunity to hear, firsthand, Appellant’s unwavering denials that he had

anything to do with Tubb’s death. Appellant confessed nothing, and equally

important, denied incriminating statements made by other witnesses, giving the jury

both an alternate explanation of Appellant’s actions and Appellant’s point of view

without the danger of subjecting Appellant to cross-examination. The interview

–21–
provided some evidence to support a verdict of not guilty that the record otherwise

lacked. Consequently, Appellant’s counsel could have made the tactical decision not

to object to admission of the statement into evidence. We note that Appellant’s

counsel did object to admission of a portion of the interview that occurred after

Appellant invoked his right to counsel, the State agreed to cut that portion of the

interview from the portion played for the jury, and the jury did not hear it.

In closing argument, Appellant’s counsel encouraged the jury to listen to the

interview and compare it to Ronnie’s videotaped interviews with the police.

Although counsel said that Appellant’s interview was “all over the place,” he argued

that in comparison to Ronnie’s recorded interviews, Ronnie was far less credible.

Counsel argued that Appellant’s interview “shows how he was behaving, how he

was thinking, and what was going on.” Later, counsel argued Appellant’s statements

that he was “on vacation” instead of fired from his job were the result of

embarrassment, not deliberate falsehoods, “[b]ecause here’s a guy who’s had a job

and worked his entire life. And yeah, look at his interview, because he will tell you,

job is important. That tells you what his mindset is.” Counsel also rebutted the

State’s contention that in the interview, Appellant immediately turned against his

son and other witnesses when confronted with their statements:

[L]ook at it [the video of Appellant’s interview]. Because y’all are
going to better be able to watch and see how is that transition and what’s
going on there and what is happening in the statements. But I tell you,
irregardless [sic] of what his relationship is, as Jacob Sample explained
it, listen to [Appellant] when he talks about his son. He says, You know,

–22–
 he graduates from UTD, he’s got this, he’s doing all these things. You
can obviously tell that it’s pride in his son. And then all of a sudden,
they say, Oh, no, now he’s saying that. He doesn’t say that he’s a liar.
He just says, Jacob never said that, Jacob never said that. Watch the
video and you will know.
Further, Appellant’s counsel could have had other reasons for his actions not

apparent from the record. As explained in Bone, “[u]nder Strickland, the defendant

must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that there is, in fact, no plausible

professional reason for a specific act and omission.” Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 836.

Appellant failed to meet this burden. Here, as in Bone, counsel should be “accorded

an opportunity to explain [his] actions before being condemned as unprofessional

and incompetent.” Id. We decide Appellant’s first issue against him.

Issue 2: Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant argues that “[t]he evidence the State presented to link Appellant to

the death of Tommey Tubb is purely circumstantial and paltry, in the best light”; that

there was no direct evidence of Appellant’s involvement in Tubb’s death; and that

the State relied heavily on Ronnie’s testimony when Ronnie was not credible. He

concludes that “the evidence is insufficient to find that Appellant committed murder,

as charged in the indictment, beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Murder

A person commits murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes the death

of an individual. TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b)(1). Use of a deadly weapon raises an

inference of intent. Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 384 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)

–23–
(specific intent to kill may be inferred from use of deadly weapon). A firearm is a

deadly weapon. TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(17)(A) (definition of deadly weapon).

Standard of review

We evaluate a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standards

established in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). See Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We review the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational jury could have found

the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 319; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 894–95. This standard of review for legal sufficiency

is the same for both direct and circumstantial evidence. Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d

900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). Circumstantial evidence is considered as probative as direct evidence

and is sufficient, standing alone, to establish a defendant’s guilt. Guevara v. State,

152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

We defer to the trier of fact’s resolution of any conflicting inferences that are

raised in the evidence and presume that the trier of fact, in this case the jury, resolved

such conflicts in favor of the prosecution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Brooks, 323

S.W.3d at 894; Sennett v. State, 406 S.W.3d 661, 666 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2013,

no pet.). We will uphold the verdict unless a rational factfinder must have had

reasonable doubt with respect to any essential element of the offense. Jackson, 443

U.S. at 319; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 895. The State need not disprove all reasonable

–24–
alternative hypotheses that are inconsistent with appellant’s guilt. Wise, 364 S.W.3d

at 903. Rather, we consider only whether the inferences necessary to establish guilt

are reasonable based upon the cumulative force of all the evidence when considered

in the light most favorable to the verdict. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.

Reversal on evidentiary sufficiency grounds is restricted to “the rare

occurrence when a factfinder does not act rationally.” Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d

512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 303 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2014) (stating that a reviewing court should not act as a “thirteenth

juror”). In other words, the appellate scales are weighted in favor of upholding a trial

court’s judgment of conviction. Winfrey v. State, 323 S.W.3d 875, 879 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010).

The evidence was sufficient

As Appellant argues, “[t]his is a purely circumstantial evidence case.” The

State offered neither direct testimony nor forensic evidence linking Appellant to the

murder. Appellant argues that law enforcement’s immediate focus on Appellant as

the suspect resulted in the failure to verify Ronnie’s alibis, a two-year delay in testing

the swabs taken from Ronnie’s hands, and the other mistakes—admitted by the

officers who testified—in the investigation. He argues that Ronnie’s interviews were

“vastly different . . . on substantive, factual issues,” and that Ronnie, “the man with

gunshot residue on his hands,” “changes his story so drastically that no reasonable

jury could have found him to be credible.” He further argues:

–25–
• Ronnie made the 911 call, was the only person at the crime scene, was
standing over a man killed by a gunshot wound to the head, had gunshot
residue on his hands, and gave a statement implicating his brother;

• Law enforcement never investigated Ronnie’s alibi, took two years to test
swabs of Ronnie’s hands, and never pursued any other possible avenues of
investigation;

• Expert testimony established there was no gunshot residue on Tubb’s skin;

• Langran’s testimony about the timing and substance of Ronnie’s phone
call to him was inconsistent with Ronnie’s testimony;

• There is no physical evidence tying him to the murder; Tubb’s DNA was
not found on any of Appellant’s clothes or personal effects when he was
taken into custody and no tests were made for Ronnie’s DNA at the scene;

• Searches of Appellant’s residence and vehicle never recovered any shells
or cartridges for a .22 caliber firearm;

• The State’s contention that Appellant “spiraled out of control” from his
long-term use of hydrocodone combined with loss of his job and his
girlfriend “doesn’t make logical sense,” because the breakup with
Northcutt occurred months before the murder; he had “been able to hold
down a job and maintain relationships” despite his hydrocodone use, and
his behavior at the Langrans’ home after he lost his job was “strange and
unusual” but not violent, threatening, or aggressive;

• According to expert testimony presented at trial, data from Appellant’s cell
phone did not support either Ronnie’s story that Appellant called him at
noon on the day of the murder or Jacob’s and Northcutt’s testimony of their
telephone conversations with Appellant;

• Every family member who testified was biased in favor of Ronnie and
against Appellant;

• When Appellant complained that people were stealing from him, he did
not mention Tubb; and

• Appellant’s allegedly incriminating statements were too vague to support
anything other than a suspicion of his guilt.

–26–
 Appellant made all of these arguments to the jury at trial. The State relied on

evidence, detailed above, that:

• Appellant was on the premises after the murder occurred;

• Tubb died as a result of being shot in the head with a .22 caliber firearm,
and Appellant had a .22 caliber firearm;

• Appellant called his stepfather to ask, “in so many words, What do you do
with a dead critter? I’ve got a—what do I do with it?”;

• On the same night, Appellant drove to his mother and stepfather’s home
and told his stepfather, “I’ve done a bad thing,” then drove off when his
stepfather told him to “go turn yourself in”;

• Appellant told his son Jacob that he had been around when “somebody got
shot” and he didn’t know how it happened;

• Appellant told Northcutt that he “handled” the problem of the person
stealing from him; and

• Appellant told Brock he acted in self-defense because his property had been
taken and his credit cards had been “maxed out.”

The State characterizes Appellant’s statements to Langran, Jacob, Northcutt,

and Brock as “four separate confessions to this murder,” and also argues that

“Appellant had motive, opportunity, and fled the scene of the crime.” The State

contends that Appellant’s motive was his belief that Tubb was stealing from him,

and notes that Appellant was alone with Tubb at the scene during the day. And to

explain the gunshot residue evidence, the State argued to the jury that Ronnie had

touched Tubb’s body as well as the carpet and tarp wrapped around it. Although the

State concedes that “this case was not well investigated,” the State also argues that

–27–
the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, is legally

sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction.

Reviewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we

conclude that a rational jury could have found that Appellant intentionally or

knowingly caused Tubb’s death by use of a firearm, a deadly weapon, beyond a

reasonable doubt. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b)(1); Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 384;

TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(17)(A); Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d

at 894–95. Although as the State argues, “th[e] evidence was certainly there for the

jury to consider [Ronnie] as a possible suspect,” the State was not required to

disprove all reasonable alternative hypotheses inconsistent with appellant’s guilt.

See Wise, 364 S.W.3d at 903. Given the jury’s verdict, we must defer to the jury’s

resolution of any conflicting inferences that are raised by the evidence and presume

that the jury resolved those conflicts in favor of the prosecution. See Jackson, 443

U.S. at 326; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 894; Sennett, 406 S.W.3d at 666. It was within

the jury’s province to decide whether Appellant’s or the State’s evidence was more

credible in light of all of the evidence presented, and whether the State met its burden

of establishing that Appellant intentionally or knowingly caused Tubb’s death

beyond a reasonable doubt. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b)(1); Cavazos, 382

S.W.3d at 384. We conclude there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s

verdict. We decide Appellant’s second issue against him.

–28–
 Issue 3: Exclusion of Impeachment Evidence

In his third issue, Appellant contends the trial court erroneously excluded

evidence bearing on Ronnie’s credibility.

Standard of review

We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse

of discretion standard. Gonzalez v. State, 544 S.W.3d 363, 370 (Tex. Crim. App.

2018). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision lies outside the zone of

reasonable disagreement. Id. We may not substitute our own decision for that of the

trial court. Id.

Exclusion of evidence

“Extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement is not

admissible unless the witness is first examined about the statement and fails to

unequivocally admit making the statement.” TEX. R. EVID. 613(a)(4). When

examining a witness about the witness’s prior inconsistent statement, a party must

first tell the witness (1) the contents of the statement, (2) the time and place of the

statement, and (3) the person to whom the witness made the statement. TEX. R. EVID.

613(a)(1). The witness must be given the opportunity to explain or deny the prior

inconsistent statement. TEX. R. EVID. 613(a)(3). “The rule of admissibility of

evidence of prior inconsistent statements should be liberally construed and the trial

judge should have discretion to receive any evidence which gives promise of

–29–
exposing a falsehood.” Aranda v. State, 736 S.W.2d 702, 707 (Tex. Crim. App.

1987).

“A party may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence only if the

error affects a substantial right of the party and,” if the ruling excludes evidence, the

party “informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance

was apparent from the context.” TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(2); see also Mays v. State, 285

S.W.3d 884, 889–90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing rule 103). “Absent a showing

of what [the excluded] testimony would have been, or an offer of a statement

concerning what the excluded evidence would show, nothing is presented for

review.” Guidry v. State, 9 S.W.3d 133, 153 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

The trial court did not err by excluding the evidence

Appellant invites the Court to watch State’s Exhibits 120 and 121, videotaped

interviews of Ronnie, “to see just how inconsistent Ronnie Sample’s two statements

are.” Appellant argues,

For the trial court to not allow Appellant to adequately cross-examine
[Ronnie], the State’s star witness and Appellant’s prime suspect in the
murder, was to hog tie Appellant’s defense and to prevent him from
fully and fairly exploring the inconsistencies in the statement of the
person who first pointed the finger at Appellant, and who, by virtue of
being the only person to have physical evidence linking him to the
murder, had the most to gain by insuring that Appellant was convicted
for this crime.

More specifically, Appellant first argues that Ronnie made inconsistent

statements about the location of a shotgun (not the murder weapon). He contends

that Ronnie initially told law enforcement that Appellant left the house with the
–30–
shotgun and that the shotgun was not at the house, but that Ronnie later found the

shotgun at Appellant’s house but failed to tell law enforcement. Apparently

reviewing a written transcript of one of Ronnie’s interviews that is not included in

the appellate record, the trial court ruled:

THE COURT: All right. That’s not an inconsistent statement. He never
said he took it. He said it’s either in his truck or he took it. That’s not—

MR. BROOKS [Defense counsel]: Judge, I think the first of that
transcript, he had it.
THE COURT: All right. And the witness has testified, hasn’t he, that
he later found it in the defendant’s house?
MR. BROOKS: True.

THE COURT: Okay. So, I mean, again, I understand—let me say that
I—just so—because it looks like we’re going to do this—and that’s
fine—more than one time—that an inconsistent statement can either be
inconsistent because it’s directly inconsistent or because it holds the
promise of exposing falsehood. And again, I don’t see any falsehood—
he said I went in there and I didn’t see it, then he makes a speculation
as to where it might be. He never said this is where it is. He said it’s not
in there so it must be over here or over here. So that’s not inconsistent
and does not hold the promise of exposing falsehood. Yes, sir.

MR. BROOKS: Goes to the June—Judge, if you remember I asked that
question there because that is some post time, and the question the
officer’s deputy—Lieutenant Seals, excuse me, is again—the same
reference is that he’s—and I think not telling the law enforcement that
he’s recovered the shotgun is what we’re talking about there.

THE COURT: I disagree. So I understand what you want to ask, but I’ll
sustain the objection to it and I’m not going to allow it. Again, I don’t
find it to be inconsistent or reasonably likely to expose a falsehood.

Appellant next complains about alleged inconsistencies in Ronnie’s testimony

regarding a fight between Ronnie and Appellant and the sequence of events on the

–31–
day of the murder, and quotes the portion of the record where counsel discussed the

matter with the trial court. The court ruled (1) the difference between the statements,

“I’ll cut you” and “I’ll gut you” were not “sufficiently different to allow you to

impeach him on that,” (2) Ronnie had already admitted that if there was an

inconsistency in his testimony about “put[ting] the knife up,” then “it was a

mistake,” (3) the statements whether either Appellant or Ronnie—the record is not

clear which—“touched” the other or whether he “grabbed” him were not

inconsistent, and in any event, counsel had already questioned Ronnie on the subject,

“and I don’t believe that further questioning would be likely to result in the discovery

or a fabrication or falsehood”; and (4) Ronnie’s statements about his observations of

blood on a chair were too vague; the court explained, “I don’t think he made a clear

enough statement that he can now be impeached with it.”

The court did rule, however, that Ronnie could be impeached on (1) his prior

statement that he had already taken the mattresses to the trash trailer, contrasted with

his later “clear statement [that] those mattresses were on the porch,” and

(2) statements that he did—and did not—enter the house before his argument with

Appellant. After further argument, the State indicated it had no objection to either of

those rulings.

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying further

cross-examination of Ronnie on the prior statements in question. As the trial court

explained, in each case Ronnie had admitted the inconsistency, or the statements

–32–
were not inconsistent, or the statements were not likely to expose a fabrication or

falsehood. See TEX. R. EVID. 613(a); Aranda, 736 S.W.2d at 707. The record reflects

that the trial court considered each complaint under the applicable standards in its

rulings either admitting or excluding the evidence. See Aranda, 736 S.W.2d at 707.

We also note that the record contains no offer of proof or bill of exceptions in

the trial court to support Appellant’s more general complaint in his third issue that

Ronnie’s “statements are so different as to bear almost no likeness to one another.”

Because this general complaint does not identify the substance of the allegedly

erroneously-excluded evidence, it presents nothing for our review. See Guidry, 9

S.W.3d at 153.

Further, the videos of both of Ronnie’s interviews, marked as State’s Exhibits

120 and 121, were identified and admitted into evidence without objection during

the State’s presentation of its case. Consequently, both interviews in their entirety

were available to the jury during their deliberations.4 See Khoshayand v. State, 179

S.W.3d 779, 784 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (“Any error in excluding

evidence is harmless if the same evidence is subsequently admitted without

objection.”).

4
The record reflects that during deliberations, the trial court stated that the jury “asked for some evidence
that’s been maintained in digital format” and the trial court granted the request without objection from
either party. The jury’s note is not included in the appellate record, and the court’s instructions to the jury
on the matter do not include specific exhibit numbers. Consequently, we cannot determine whether or not
the jury’s request was for Ronnie’s interviews.

–33–
 During closing argument, Appellant’s counsel identified Ronnie’s two

interviews by date and encouraged the jury, multiple times, to watch them:

[W]e have two videos of Ronnie Sample that come to you that are in
evidence, that you can take right back into that room and listen to them.
And I’m sorry, they’re long. We’ve got one from May 20th–21st 2016,
and one from June of 2018. And I think those interviews are very
significant . . . .

Watch [the 2016] video. Watch that video . . . .

Later, counsel argued:

Watch the video, the [2018] interview between Ronnie and [Officer]
Roger Seals. Watch that interview because it’s got, like, detail you’ve
never even heard of when you look back into May 2016. And as you
look at that video, I want you to watch because, you know, part of that
point is what’s happened there is all of a sudden now, two years later,
uh-oh, the GSR [gun shot residue] kit’s back and guess who has GSR
on their hands. Ronnie.

In his argument, counsel highlighted specific discrepancies for the jury to consider

when watching Ronnie’s interviews, including some of the specific matters

Appellant raises on appeal, such as the shotgun’s location and Ronnie’s failure in

the first interview to mention that he had a fight with Appellant during which

Appellant attempted to pull a gun. The interviews in their entirety were available for

the jury to consider during deliberations. For this additional reason, the trial court

did not err in its rulings. See Khoshayand, 179 S.W.3d at 784. We decide Appellant’s

third issue against him.

–34–
 CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

/Leslie Osborne//
191254f.u05 LESLIE OSBORNE
JUSTICE

–35–
 Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

ALLEN THOMAS SAMPLE, On Appeal from the 196th District
Appellant Court, Hunt County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 31279.
No. 05-19-01254-CR V. Opinion delivered by Justice
Osborne. Justices Myers and Carlyle
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee participating.

Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 19th day of July, 2021.

–36–