[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 05-10255 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JANUARY 09, 2006
Non-Argument Calendar
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 04-00193-CR-1-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MARK ANTONIO SANDERS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(January 9, 2006)
Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Mark Antonio Sanders appeals his conviction and 327-month sentence for
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
Sanders appeals on five grounds, asserting the district court erred by: (1) admitting
evidence of the victim’s identification of him from a photographic lineup;
(2) failing to sua sponte conduct an in camera hearing to determine the
admissibility of the photographic lineup; (3) instructing the jury on criminal intent;
(4) failing to resolve his objections to the presentence investigation report (PSI);1
and (5) committing constitutional error under United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct.
738 (2005). We affirm Sanders’ conviction and sentence.
I. DISCUSSION
A. Testimony regarding photographic lineup
We review the district court’s rulings on admission of evidence for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Jiminez, 224 F.3d 1243, 1249 (11th Cir. 2000).
“The extent to which counteracting and rehabilitative evidence may be received
after the credibility of a witness has been attacked is a matter in which a trial judge
1
This contention is without merit. In finding Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531
(2004), did not apply to the Sentencing Guidelines, the district court fully resolved Sanders’
objections under the then-existing state of the law in this Circuit. Accordingly, Sanders’ claim
the district court failed to resolve his objections to the PSI is erroneous. To the extent Sanders
claims the court’s ruling somehow did not adequately resolve his objections to the PSI, or that
the court misapprehended the nature of his objections, he failed to bring those alleged
misunderstandings to the court’s attention, despite being given multiple opportunities to do so.
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has broad discretion.” United States v. Barrentine, 591 F.2d 1069, 1082 (5th Cir.
1979).2
The Government initially stated it did not intend to use evidence relating to
the photographic lineup at trial. During the victim’s testimony, while the
Government attempted to address Sanders’ argument the victim was acquainted
with Sanders prior to the shooting, the victim brought up, without any prompting
from the Government, that Agent Srivastava had shown him a photographic lineup
from which he identified Sanders.3 Sanders then proceeded on cross-examination
to discredit the victim’s ability to identify him by implying the victim had
identified him as the shooter, without having seen a photograph of Sanders, solely
based upon the Government having told the victim (1) someone was in custody,
and (2) Sanders was the suspect arrested following the incident. The Government
sought to introduce the evidence of the photographic lineup only after Sanders had
attacked the victim’s credibility regarding his ability to identify Sanders as the
2
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior
to close of business on September 30, 1981.
3
Sanders does not assert the Government was in contact with the victim at some point
prior to the day before the start of the trial, nor does Sanders allege the Government in any way
delayed informing him regarding its meeting with the victim, during which the victim was
shown the photographic lineup. Moreover, we need not consider Sanders’ claim the
photographic lineup was “unduly suggestive,” as he raises this argument for the first time in his
reply brief. See United States v. Dicter, 198 F.3d 1284, 1289 (11th Cir. 1999) (holding an
appellant who raised an issue for the first time in his reply brief waived the claim).
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person who shot him. Moreover, Sanders took advantage of his opportunity to
cross-examine the victim in support of his defense that the victim’s identification
of him was unreliable, as the victim testified under cross-examination (1) he was
probably drunk at the time he was shot, and (2) the “only reason” he said Sanders
was the person who had shot him was because he knew the police had arrested
somebody. We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
the Government to rehabilitate the victim’s testimony by introducing into evidence
the photographic lineup and the victim’s prior identification of Sanders.4
B. In camera hearing
Because Sanders did not raise this claim before the district court, we will not
reverse unless the error “constitute[s] ‘plain error’ amounting to a miscarriage of
justice seriously affecting the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the
proceeding.” United States v. Hawkins, 905 F.2d 1489, 1493 (11th Cir.1990).
Although there is no per se rule requiring an in camera hearing, an in camera
4
Contrary to Sanders’ contention, the testimony of Officers Wolcott and Cottrell did not
conflict regarding whether Sanders possessed the firearm, as Officer Cottrell testified that,
during the pursuit of Sanders, she was positioned directly behind Officer Wolcott, and,
consequently, she was unable to physically see whether Sanders was carrying a weapon.
Moreover, Sanders’ claim that Officer Wolcott “failed to identify him as the shooter” is
misleading, because, although Officer Wolcott was not able to identify Sanders at the time Agent
Srivastava showed him a photographic lineup a month or two after the original incident, Officer
Wolcott did not witness Sanders shoot the victim, but only heard the gunfire after the victim had
been shot. Accordingly, the only person who testified at the trial who had witnessed the actual
shooting was the victim.
4
hearing may be constitutionally required if there are “unusual, special, out of the
ordinary, or particularly prejudicial circumstances.” United States v. Mills, 704
F.2d 1553, 1563–64 (11th Cir. 1983).
Because Sanders did not request the court conduct an in camera hearing
regarding the photographic lineup, and cites no authority supporting his contention
that unusual and extraordinary circumstances existed requiring an in camera
hearing be conducted sua sponte by the court, the district court did not plainly err
by not conducting an in camera hearing.
C. Jury Instruction
The propriety of the trial court’s jury instruction is a question of law subject
to de novo review. United States v. Drury, 396 F.3d 1303, 1313 (11th Cir.), cert.
denied, 126 S. Ct. 336 (2005). “District courts have broad discretion in
formulating jury instructions provided that the charge as a whole accurately
reflects the law and the facts.” United States v. Arias, 984 F.2d 1139, 1143 (11th
Cir. 1993) (internal quotations and citation omitted). “This Court will not reverse a
conviction unless, after examining the entire charge, the Court finds that the issues
of law were presented inaccurately, the charge included crimes not contained in the
indictment, or the charge improperly guided the jury in such a substantial way as to
violate due process.” Id. Pursuant to Georgia statute, a person commits the
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offense of (1) “armed robbery when, with intent to commit theft, he . . . takes
property of another from the person or the immediate presence of another, by use
of an offensive weapon, or any replica, article, or device having the appearance of
such weapon,” O.C.G.A. § 16-8-41(a); and (2) “criminal attempt when, with intent
to commit a specific crime, he performs any act which constitutes a substantial step
toward the commission of that crime,” O.C.G.A. § 16-4-1.
A federal grand jury indicted Sanders for knowingly possessing a firearm
after having been previously convicted of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g). The indictment contained a special finding that the offense involved the
use and possession of a firearm in connection with the felony offenses of
aggravated assault and attempted armed robbery. The special jury instructions
accurately defined armed robbery and criminal attempt pursuant to Georgia statute.
The victim testified two men approached him, after which one of the men pulled
out a gun, told him to put his hands up, and, following a brief struggle and the
victim’s attempt to flee, demanded his money. Contrary to Sanders’ contentions,
the trial record does support a finding as to criminal attempt to commit an armed
robbery. Although the victim testified he “threw” approximately $200 in the air
and thought the assailants “picked the money up” and ran, and Officers Wolcott
and Cottrell testified they saw the assailants searching the victim. Officer Wolcott
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also testified no money or valuables were recovered from Sanders. Moreover,
although Officers Wolcott and Cottrell testified they witnessed the men searching
the victim, neither of the officers testified they had witnessed either of the two
assailants actually take anything from the victim. Accordingly, the district court’s
special instructions to the jury accurately reflected both the law and the facts and it
was not error to instruct the jury on criminal attempt. See Arias, 984 F.2d at 1143.
D. Booker
Because Sanders raised an objection based on Blakely at sentencing, we
review the issue de novo, and reverse “only if any error was harmful.” United
States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005). “Constitutional errors are
harmless where the government can show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
error did not contribute to the defendant’s ultimate sentence.” United States v.
Phillips, 413 F.3d 1288, 1293 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotations and citation
omitted).
In Booker, the Supreme Court held the mandatory nature of the Guidelines
rendered them incompatible with the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee to the right to
a jury trial. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756. The Court explicitly reaffirmed its
rationale in Apprendi that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is
necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts
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established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant
or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. We have explained there are
two types of Booker error: (1) Sixth Amendment error based upon sentencing
enhancements in a mandatory guideline system neither admitted by the defendant
nor submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt; and (2) statutory
error based upon applying the Guidelines as mandatory. United States v. Shelton,
400 F.3d 1325, 1329-30 (11th Cir. 2005).
As an initial matter, wet need not consider Sanders’ claim the district court
committed statutory Booker error by applying the Guidelines in a mandatory
fashion, as he raises this argument for the first time in his reply brief, and his initial
brief was filed after our decision in Shelton. See Dicter, 198 F.3d at 1289.
Furthermore, Sanders’ claim the district court incorrectly applied an enhancement
to him based upon the application of a cross-reference is erroneous, as he was
sentenced as a armed career criminal pursuant to § 4B1.4, without regard to the
cross-reference. Moreover, to the extent Sanders challenges the district court’s use
of the cross-reference based upon additional facts not found by the jury,
specifically, the specific crime associated with his firearm possession, any error on
the part of the district court was harmless because Sanders was not sentenced
pursuant to the cross-reference, but, rather, as an armed career criminal.
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“In Almendarez-Torres v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the
government need not allege in its indictment and need not prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that a defendant had prior convictions for a district court to use
those convictions for purposes of enhancing a sentence.” United States v.
Marseille, 377 F.3d 1249, 1257 (11th Cir.), cert. denied 125 S. Ct. 637 (2004).
After Booker, we held the decision in Almendarez-Torres was “left undisturbed by
Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker,” and “a district court does not err by relying on
prior convictions to enhance a defendant’s sentence.” Shelton, 400 F.3d at 1329.
Insofar as the district court’s enhancement of Sanders’ offense level under § 4B1.4
merely involved determinations that he had prior qualifying convictions, the
enhancement did not implicate the Apprendi/Blakely/Booker line of cases, as those
cases clearly exempt prior convictions from the types of facts that must be
admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt in order
to support a sentence enhancement.
Finally, Sanders’ reliance upon the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Shepard v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005), is unconvincing because only a
plurality of the Court joined the discussion of the continuing viability of the
prior-conviction exception. Although Shepard arguably casts doubt on the future
prospects of Almendarez-Torres, the Supreme Court has not explicitly overruled
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Almendarez-Torres and, as a result, this Court must follow Almendarez-Torres.
United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen, 410 F.3d 1307, 1316 n.3 (11th Cir.) cert.
denied, 126 S. Ct. 457 (2005). Consequently, the district court did not violate
Sanders’ Sixth Amendment rights under Booker by enhancing his sentence based
on his prior convictions and the finding he possessed the firearm during the
commission of another felony.
II. CONCLUSION
The district court did not err in admitting evidence of the victim’s
identification of him from a photographic lineup, failing to sua sponte conduct an
in camera hearing to determine the admissibility of the photographic lineup,
and instructing the jury on criminal intent. Additionally, the district court did
not fail to resolve Sanders’ objections to the PSI or commit constitutional error
under Booker.
AFFIRMED.
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