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- 529 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
In re Interest of Mekhi S. et al., children
under 18 years of age.
State of Nebraska, appellant, v.
Mekhi S. et al., appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed June 18, 2021. No. S-20-832.
1. Appeal and Error. Where the assignments of error consist of headings
or subparts of arguments and are not within a designated assignments of
error section, an appellate court may proceed as though the party failed
to file a brief, providing no review at all, or, alternatively, may examine
the proceedings for plain error.
2. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
matter of law.
3. Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. In a juvenile case,
as in any other appeal, before reaching the legal issues presented for
review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has
jurisdiction over the matter before it.
4. Jurisdiction: Final Orders: Appeal and Error. For an appellate court
to acquire jurisdiction over an appeal, there must be a final order or final
judgment entered by the court from which the appeal is taken.
5. Final Orders: Appeal and Error. In determining whether an order
affects a substantial right, and is thus a final, appealable order, it is not
enough that the right itself be substantial; the effect of the order on that
right must also be substantial.
6. ____: ____. Whether the effect of an order is substantial, as required for
the order to be a final, appealable order, depends on whether it affects
with finality the rights of the parties in the subject matter.
7. Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction: Guardians and Conservators. Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 43-1312.01(3) (Reissue 2016) requires that where a juve-
nile court places a child in a guardianship with an individual, the court
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
shall retain jurisdiction over the child for modification or termination of
the guardianship order.
Appeal from the Separate Juvenile Court of Douglas County:
Vernon Daniels, Judge. Appeal dismissed.
Rachael Henderson, Deputy Douglas County Attorney,
Nicole Brundo, and Mark Shimizu, Senior Certified Law
Student, for appellant.
Christine P. Costantakos, guardian ad litem, for appellees.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Cassel, J.
INTRODUCTION
The State appeals from a juvenile court order dismissing a
supplemental petition filed after the court terminated a guard-
ianship over which the court had expressly retained jurisdic-
tion. The State urges that Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(8) (Reissue
2016) required a second adjudication. We disagree. Because
the State’s substantial rights were not substantially affected by
the court’s dismissal of its supplemental petition, we lack juris-
diction and dismiss the appeal.
BACKGROUND
In September 2016, the State filed a petition (original peti-
tion) in the separate juvenile court of Douglas County, alleging
that MyJhae J. and Zaniya S., and two siblings, came within
the meaning of § 43-247(3)(a) because their mother failed to
provide them with proper parental care.
All of the children were adjudicated on that basis, and they
were placed into the custody of the Nebraska Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS) for appropriate care,
services, and placement. The court ordered a permanency
objective of legal guardianship for MyJhae and Zaniya, with a
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
concurrent plan of reunification, and it ordered a permanency
objective of reunification for their two siblings, with concur-
rent plans of adoption or guardianship.
In June 2017, pursuant to DHHS’ motion, the court appointed
a guardian for MyJhae and Zaniya. The guardianship order
relieved DHHS of further responsibility for the children’s care,
custody, and control.
As DHHS’ motion had requested, the court’s order retained
jurisdiction over them in connection with the guardianship.
Accordingly, the court conducted regular guardianship review
hearings for MyJhae and Zaniya under this same juvenile
docket and entered orders finding that the permanency objec-
tive of guardianship continued to be in their best interests. The
State participated in these guardianship review hearings.
In September 2020, the guardian ad litem (GAL) filed a
motion to terminate the guardianship. The motion alleged that
the guardianship had “disrupted” and requested that MyJhae
and Zaniya be returned to the custody of DHHS. The motion
was filed in the existing juvenile docket. The State did not join
in this motion. The court held a hearing at which all parties—
including the State—fully participated.
Following the hearing on September 22, 2020, the court ter-
minated the guardianship and placed MyJhae and Zaniya back
in the custody of DHHS.
The next day, the State filed a second supplemental petition
(second petition) within the same docketed case, seeking to
place MyJhae and Zaniya under the court’s jurisdiction under
§ 43-247(8). The second petition did not make any allegations
against the parents or seek to terminate their rights. It sought
no substantive relief regarding MyJhae and Zaniya other than
to “make such orders as deemed appropriate in the premises
and determine whether support will be ordered pursuant to
Neb. Rev. Stat. §43-290 [(Reissue 2016)].”
One month later, the State filed a motion to set the mat-
ter for adjudication. On that same date, the court entered an
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
order scheduling the second petition to be heard. A few days
later, the GAL filed a motion to dismiss the second petition,
which also included an objection to the State’s motion to set
the matter for adjudication, alleging that the court lacked sub-
ject matter jurisdiction to hear the State’s second petition based
upon the principle of res judicata.
The State’s motion to set for hearing, along with the GAL’s
motion to dismiss and objection, were heard by the court, with
all parties participating. Regarding the two children at issue in
this appeal, the State offered no evidence and made no offers
of proof; rather, the parties presented arguments regarding their
respective views.
The State explained that it believed that § 43-247(8) required
it to file a second petition to reestablish the court’s jurisdiction,
so that the court could “move forward in placing the children
in a protective placement [with DHHS].”
The GAL disputed the State’s interpretation of § 43-247(8),
arguing that the court retained jurisdiction over the case from
the original petition. Further, the GAL asserted that the relief
the State sought had already been granted. Counsel for the
mother, counsel for an intervening father, and counsel for
DHHS all concurred on the record that dismissal of the second
petition appeared appropriate under the circumstances.
On the record, the court agreed with the GAL, pointing
out that the legislative history of § 43-247(8) showed that it
“speak[s] to a factual pattern different from what we have here
today” and explained that the children were already in a protec-
tive placement with DHHS. The court stated that § 43-247(8)
was enacted so that a juvenile court could reestablish jurisdic-
tion over a juvenile after its jurisdiction had been terminated,
but that in this case, it had retained jurisdiction over the chil-
dren after the guardianship was terminated.
Therefore, the court sustained the GAL’s motion to dismiss
the State’s second petition. The court also ruled that as a result
of the dismissal, the GAL’s objection to setting the matter for
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
adjudication became moot. On November 4, 2020, the court’s
written order dismissing the second petition was entered.
The State filed a timely appeal. We moved the appeal to
our docket. 1
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The State’s brief does not contain a separate section assign-
ing error to the juvenile court. While the brief’s argument
section does contain at least one heading purporting to assign
error, we have emphasized that such headings do not satisfy the
requirements of our appellate rules. 2 This affects our standard
of review. 3
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Where the assignments of error consist of headings or
subparts of arguments and are not within a designated assign-
ments of error section, an appellate court may proceed as
though the party failed to file a brief, providing no review
at all, or, alternatively, may examine the proceedings for
plain error. 4
[2] A jurisdictional question which does not involve a fac-
tual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter
of law. 5
ANALYSIS
[3,4] Before we can review the record for plain error, we
must first determine that we have jurisdiction of the appeal.
In a juvenile case, as in any other appeal, before reaching the
legal issues presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate
1
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(2) and (3) (Cum. Supp. 2020).
2
See Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-109(D)(1) (rev. 2014).
3
See Great Northern Ins. Co. v. Transit Auth. of Omaha, 308 Neb. 916, 958
N.W.2d 378 (2021).
4
Id.
5
In re Interest of Zachary B., 299 Neb. 187, 907 N.W.2d 311 (2018).
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
court to determine whether it has jurisdiction over the matter
before it. 6 For an appellate court to acquire jurisdiction over
an appeal, there must be a final order or final judgment entered
by the court from which the appeal is taken. 7 Among the types
of final orders which may be reviewed on appeal is an order
that affects a substantial right made during a special proceed-
ing. 8 Juvenile court proceedings are special proceedings. 9 So,
we must determine whether the order dismissing the State’s
second petition affected a substantial right.
Clearly, the State has a substantial right in these proceed-
ings. The State’s right in juvenile proceedings is derived from
its parens patriae interest, and it is pursuant to that interest that
the State has enacted the Nebraska Juvenile Code. 10 The State
has a right to protect the welfare of its resident children, and
we have observed that “‘[o]ne would be hard pressed to cite a
governmental interest of greater import.’” 11
[5,6] However, it is not enough that the right itself be sub-
stantial; the effect of the order on that right must also be sub-
stantial. 12 Whether the effect of an order is substantial depends
on “whether it affects with finality the rights of the parties in
the subject matter.” 13
The State misinterprets § 43-247(8). It contends that
this subsection required it to file a second petition after the
6
Id.
7
In re Interest of Michael N., 302 Neb. 652, 925 N.W.2d 51 (2019).
8
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Cum. Supp. 2020).
9
See In re Interest of Zachary B., supra note 5.
10
In re Interest of Noah B. et al., 295 Neb. 764, 891 N.W.2d 109 (2017).
11
Id. (quoting In re Interest of R.G., 238 Neb. 405, 470 N.W.2d 780 (1991),
disapproved on other grounds, O’Connor v. Kaufman, 255 Neb. 120, 582
N.W.2d 350 (1998)).
12
See In re Interest of Noah B. et al., supra note 10.
13
Id. at 774, 891 N.W.2d at 119 (quoting Deines v. Essex Corp., 293 Neb.
577, 879 N.W.2d 30 (2016)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
guardianship was terminated in order to reinstate the juvenile
court’s jurisdiction over the children. But § 43-247(8) was
enacted by the Nebraska Legislature to provide an independent
basis to reestablish a juvenile court’s jurisdiction over a juve-
nile where the juvenile court’s jurisdiction had ended. 14
As we explain below, another statute expressly preserves the
juvenile court’s jurisdiction during a guardianship established
pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-285 (Cum. Supp. 2020). Here,
the parents’ rights have not been terminated, and Nebraska
jurisprudence dictates that a juvenile court retains jurisdiction
over a juvenile after it places the child in a guardianship. 15
Prior to 1998, county courts had exclusive jurisdiction over
all guardianship matters, under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-517(2)
(Reissue 1995). 16 Thus, if the juvenile court ordered a perma-
nency objective of legal guardianship for a juvenile who was
then under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, the pending
juvenile proceedings were held in abeyance until guardianship
proceedings could be filed and finalized in the county court,
after which the juvenile court’s jurisdiction ended. 17 Such
guardianships were typically accomplished pursuant to a sec-
tion of the probate code. 18
After the statute was amended to grant juvenile courts
concurrent original jurisdiction over guardianship proceed-
ings, we stopped the practice of appointing guardians for
14
See Judiciary Committee Hearing, L.B. 466, 97th Leg., 1st Sess. 20-23
(Feb. 1, 2001).
15
See In re Guardianship of Rebecca B. et al., 260 Neb. 922, 621 N.W.2d
289 (2000).
16
See id. See, also, In re Guardianship of Zyla, 251 Neb. 163, 555 N.W.2d
768 (1996).
17
See, generally, In re Interest of Justin C. et al., 7 Neb. App. 251, 581
N.W.2d 437 (1998). See, also, In re Guardianship of Alice D. et al., 4 Neb.
App. 726, 548 N.W.2d 18 (1996).
18
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2608 (Reissue 1995). See, also, In re Guardianship
of Alice D. et al., supra note 17.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
adjudicated juveniles through the probate code. 19 We explained
that the legislative intent required that when a minor is
adjudged to be within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, a
guardianship appointment must be made pursuant to the juve-
nile code. 20 Further, we clarified that a county court’s jurisdic-
tion will yield to the juvenile court’s exclusive jurisdiction
over a guardianship proceeding once a minor is adjudged to be
within its jurisdiction. 21
The Nebraska Court of Appeals built on our jurisprudence,
explaining that a juvenile court retains jurisdiction over a
juvenile in a guardianship, as a guardianship does not achieve
the same degree of permanency as parenthood or adoption. 22
Soon after, the Legislature codified the Court of Appeals’
decision. 23
[7] Section 43-1312.01(3) requires that where a juvenile
court places a child in a guardianship with an individual, the
court shall retain jurisdiction over the child for modification
or termination of the guardianship order. Here, when the court
appointed the guardian, it expressly retained jurisdiction and
did not terminate the proceedings. Thus, when the court termi-
nated the guardianship and placed the children with DHHS, it
already had jurisdiction of them. It was not necessary to invoke
§ 43-247(8). The court’s dismissal of the second petition had
no effect on the State’s ability to continue to assert its rights
under its original petition.
Nothing in this opinion should be read to preclude the
State from bringing a supplemental petition to raise new facts
or allegations pertinent to the children’s best interests. We
19
See In re Guardianship of Rebecca B. et al., supra note 15. See, also, 1998
Neb. Laws, L.B. 1041.
20
Id.
21
See In re Guardianship of Rebecca B. et al., supra note 15.
22
In re Interest of Brianna B., 21 Neb. App. 657, 842 N.W.2d 191 (2014).
23
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1312.01(3) (Reissue 2016).
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
309 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF MEKHI S. ET AL.
Cite as 309 Neb. 529
merely reject the State’s argument that a supplemental petition
was required here for the purpose it claimed—reestablishing
jurisdiction. The court had always retained and had never lost
jurisdiction of the children.
CONCLUSION
The State’s substantial rights in the proceedings were not
substantially affected by the court’s dismissal of the second
petition. Accordingly, this court lacks appellate jurisdiction. We
therefore dismiss the appeal.
Appeal dismissed.