STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. CONRAD R. SIPA (17-02-0211, OCEAN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5252-18

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

CONRAD R. SIPA,

Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________

Argued April 26, 2021 – Decided August 6, 2021

Before Judges Fasciale and Susswein.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Ocean County, Indictment No. 17-02-0211.

John Vincent Saykanic argued the cause for appellant.

William Kyle Meighan, Senior Assistant Prosecutor,
argued the cause for respondent (Bradley D. Billhimer,
Ocean County Prosecutor, attorney; Samuel
Marzarella, Chief Appellate Attorney, of counsel;
William Kyle Meighan, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
 Defendant appeals from his jury trial convictions for first-degree murder

and related weapons offenses, and for hindering prosecution and tampering with

evidence at the crime scene. Defendant does not dispute that he killed the

victim, Richard Doody, but claims he was acting in self-defense. Defendant

raises numerous issues on appeal. He contends the trial court committ ed plain

error on several occasions in providing instructions to the jury, abused its

discretion by excluding testimony from defense expert witnesses and by

admitting autopsy photos of the victim, and erred in denying defendant's pretrial

motion to suppress evidence police seized from his home and vehicle pursuant

to search warrants. Defendant also contends the prosecutor repeatedly

committed misconduct during her summation. He argues that the cumulative

effect of these alleged trial errors warrants reversal. After carefully reviewing

the record in light of the applicable legal principles, we reject these contentions

and affirm.

I.

In February 2017, an Ocean County grand jury charged defendant with

first-degree murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a); three counts of third-degree

possession of a weapon (a knife, a golf club, and a lamp) for an unlawful

purpose, 2C:39-4(d); fourth-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, the knife,

N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d); third-degree hindering apprehension or prosecution,

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N.J.S.A. 2C:29-3(b)(1); and fourth-degree tampering with evidence, N.J.S.A.

2C:28-6(1).

Prior to trial, defendant moved to suppress evidence seized from his home

and vehicle alleging deficiencies in the search warrants. On February 6, 2018,

the motion court rendered a sixteen-page written opinion denying defendant's

suppression motion.

Defendant was tried over the course of five days in March and April 2019.

The jury found defendant guilty on all counts except the count charging

possession of the golf club for an unlawful purpose.

On June 14, 2019, the trial court heard and denied defendant's motion for

a new trial. That same day, the court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term

of forty-five years in prison subject to the No Early Release Act (NERA),

N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2.

Because defendant contends the verdict was against the weight of the

evidence, and because the strength of the State's case is a relevant consideration

in applying the plain error rule, we recount the proofs elicited at trial in detail.

In January 2015, Staten Island residents Richard Doody, a retired New York

City fireman, and his wife of thirty years Virginia Murray, purchased a second

home in Barnegat Light, the northernmost town on Long Beach Island. In May

2015, Doody, an avid fisherman and golfer, moved into the second home full-

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time for the summer and fall while Murray continued to live in Staten Island but

visited on weekends.

At 1:30 p.m. on Saturday, November 21, 2015, Doody texted Murray, who

was at their primary residence on Staten Island, advising her that defendant, a

long-time friend, had "invited himself over." Doody and Murray met defendant

through a scuba club in 2001. By 2004, Doody and defendant had become

friends, and in 2008 Doody served as best man at defendant's wedding.

Murray received a final message from Doody at 5:15 p.m. He did not

return her texts on Sunday. Murray found this unusual but assumed he was

fishing with defendant. When she still had not heard from Doody by noontime

on Monday, November 23, 2015, Murray grew worried and texted defendant.

After receiving no response, she texted defendant's wife, Theresa Masone.

Masone called back but was unable to assuage Murray's concern. Hours later

Murray again texted Masone but received no response. Murray then called the

Long Beach Township police department to request a wellness check at the

Barnegat Light home.

Police arrived at the home just before 5:00 p.m. They found no sign of a

forced entry. Upon entering the house, they discovered Doody's body wrapped

in a green blanket on the floor in the living room near an armchair in front of a

window covered with vertical blinds. Doody had severe trauma to his head,

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which was covered with blood, and a gaping hole in the front of his neck. There

were broken ceramic pieces on the victim's blood-stained shirt and on the chair.

There were bloodstains on the back, seat, and arms of the chair, and blood

splatter on the wall and the vertical blinds behind the chair.

Police investigators determined that Doody's phone and iPad were missing

from the home. Police also discovered: (1) a broken, right-handed golf club;

(2) pieces from the broken ceramic lamp base, some of which were bloody

including one with a bloody light bulb and cord still attached; (3) a Blue Moon

beer bottle; (4) a thirteen-inch bloodstained serrated knife with meat prongs on

the end in the sink; (5) a green and black backpack on the seat of the chair; (6)

blood-stained paper towels; and (7) other beer bottles and the top to a bottle of

Patron tequila. The investigators also noted that one of the house's front door

light fixtures was missing the round glass portion of its lightbulb, although the

base was still attached to the socket.

Subsequent testing confirmed that Doody's blood was on the blade of the

knife found in the sink. Two sources of DNA were recovered from the blood on

the knife handle: the major source was Doody, but the minor source was

inconclusive. The blood on the light bulb and lamp cord came from two sources:

defendant was the major source, while Doody was the minor source. Bloody

finger- and palm-prints found on the indoor lamp light bulb were traced to

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defendant. No fingerprints were lifted from the broken golf club nor was blood

testing performed on it, although the other golf clubs in the house were swabbed

for blood.

Dr. Ian Hood performed an autopsy on November 24, 2015. He noted that

Doody had a gaping five-inch slash wound across the anterior neck, with a deep

stab wound on each side, one of which passed through the larynx and across the

epiglottis. Dr. Hood determined that the sharp object used to cut Doody's neck

had been sawn back and forth, and that Doody drowned in his own blood. There

also were several small punctate stab wounds on Doody's chin and neck.

Hood determined Doody also suffered a series of ten lacerations to the

skull, including two that pushed the bone into the brain. Hood opined that those

lacerations appeared to be caused by blunt force trauma, and "fit perfectly well

with the large heavy broken ceramic lamp base." There were no injuries to the

right side of Doody's head. He did have minor bruising on the inside of his left

arm, and a few scratches and abrasions on the backs of his hands and bruising

on his left knuckles.

Hood concluded that Doody died as a result of blunt and sharp injuries to

his head and neck, and that the neck wound "probably killed him more than any

other" injury. He classified the death as a homicide. Hood noted that Doody's

blood alcohol content (BAC) was .252%. He further opined that Doody was

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upright when he was struck about the head because his blood flowed down his

head and neck and onto his clothing. He also believed that Doody's body

remained in an upright seated position for several hours after he died as the body

developed lividity in the feet, and that the body was subsequently rolled into the

blanket on the floor.

Detective John Murphy of the Ocean County Prosecutor's Office spoke

with Murray after the body was discovered and identified defendant as a person

of interest. During this conversation, Murray told the detective that Doody

could be "belligerent" when drunk.

Police determined that defendant purchased Macallan scotch, a Rolling

Rock twelve-pack, and a Blue Moon Belgium Ale twelve-pack at a liquor store

in Manahawkin at 2:44 p.m. on Saturday, November 21, 2015. After confirming

that defendant owned a red Jeep Grand Cherokee, officers reviewed video

surveillance from traffic cameras on Long Beach Island, as well as EZ Pass

records and data captured by a police license plate reader. Surveillance video

showed defendant's Jeep traveling north on Long Beach Island towards Doody's

residence at around 3:00 p.m. Defendant left Long Beach Island heading north

on the Garden State Parkway at 12:35 a.m. on Sunday, November 22. He

returned to Long Beach Island shortly before 8:00 a.m. the same day. Cameras

captured him traveling north towards Doody's house at 8:34 a.m., then south at

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10:29 a.m., north again at 11:28 a.m., and finally south at 11:57 a.m. Defendant

departed Long Beach Island at 12:49 p.m. and did not return.

On November 25, 2015, officers arrested defendant at his home and

brought him to the police station where he was photographed. Defendant, who

was right-handed, had a small abrasion on knuckles of his left hand, a small

laceration covered by a band aid on his left pinky, another laceration on his le ft

palm near his thumb, and a healing bruise to his left inner bicep.

While searching defendant's home pursuant to a warrant, police found:

(1) an open case of Blue Moon in the garage; (2) an empty Patron tequila bottle

matching the cap found at the crime scene; (3) a watch stained with Doody's

blood; (4) a photo of defendant's wedding party including Doody; (5) a red -

stained shower drain strainer in the master bath; and (6) a light bulb that matched

the broken outdoor fixture found at the crime scene. Police did not find Doody's

phone or iPad at defendant's home. They found no records indicating that

defendant and Doody had financial dealings that might have provided a motive

for murder. A search of defendant's Jeep revealed a Blue Moon bottle cap and

red stains on the back rear seat, later determined to be defendant's blood.

At trial, Murray testified that Doody was left-handed but a right-handed

batter at softball. Doody kept golf clubs in the Barnegat Light home and would

practice his swing in the house. She described Doody as "belligerent" when

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drunk; she later explained she meant that if she asked him to do something, he

would do the opposite.

Detective John Garkowski of the Burlington County Prosecutor's Office

testified as an expert in crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain and blood

spatter analysis. Garkowski explained that prior to preparing his report, he

reviewed the police and autopsy reports, the crime scene and autopsy photos,

and personally examined a portion of the ceramic lamp, the lamp shade, the

serrated two-prong knife, the victim's shirt, and the broken golf club head.

Garkowski opined that Doody was first beaten with a blunt force object

numerous times and then slashed and stabbed while sitting upright in the living

room chair. He further testified that Doody's body remained upright in the chair

for a period of time before being moved to the floor where it was found.

In reaching these conclusions Garkowski relied upon: (1) the head-height

blood spatter on the blinds behind the chair; (2) the transfer blood stains on the

back of the chair; (3) the fact that blood from Doody's head injuries flowed

straight down his face and head; (4) the fact that the blood flow from Doody's

head had time to dry and fix in that pattern; and (5) the bit of ceramic found

stuck to the back of the chair by blood. Garkowski further noted there was fixed

purple lividity on Doody's right foot from blood settling at the lowest part of the

body, as well as an area of white on the bottom of the foot. He explained it took

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roughly eight hours for lividity to fix and that the area of white indicated that it

was in contact with a hard surface—the floor—when lividity set in.

Based on the abrasions on Doody's head, Garkowski determined that the

blunt force weapon measured four inches by two-and-one-half inches. He

acknowledged that either the lamp or the broken golf club could have inflicted

these injuries. However, the damage to the lamp and the blood droplets that

remained led him to believe that the perpetrator used the lamp to strike Doody.

Garkowski further concluded that the serrated knife—which had a two-

pronged meat fork at the tip—found in the sink was used to inflict the sharp

force injuries to Doody. He explained that the puncture wounds and the abrasion

pattern found in conjunction with the slashes to Doody's body matched the

surface and end of the knife. Garkowski noted that after the slash to his neck,

Doody's chin was in contact with his chest, as evidenced by the lack of blood

under his chin.

Garkowski testified that the impact spatter on the sleeves of Doody's shirt

indicated he was holding his hands up by his head. Garkowski also testified that

the blood castoff pattern meant the weapon that caused Doody's head injuries

was moving from left to right. He further opined that the orientation of bloody

handprints on the arms of the chair indicated that they were likely made by

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someone other than Doody, although Garkowski acknowledged that Doody

could have twisted in the seat and placed each hand on the opposite chair arm.

Defendant elected not to take the stand but presented Janice Johnson, an

expert in blood spatter and crime scene reconstruction. In preparation, Johnson

reviewed photos of the crime scene and the autopsy report. She opined that: (1)

the perpetrator used the lamp first and then the knife; (2) the round abrasions on

Doody's head indicated the lamp rod was used as a weapon; (3) the punctate

wounds were consistent with use of a knife; and (4) there was "pretty obvious"

evidence of cleanup, such as the wrapping and moving of the body, and that the

scene appeared "staged" or "altered." Johnson agreed that "[e]verything is

consistent with the victim being [seated] in the chair during bloodletting."

Johnson stated that she would have liked for the broken golf club and

Doody's clothes to have been tested for DNA. She believed that the piece of

ceramic found on the back of the chair was resting on a fold in the fabric, not

affixed by blood. She opined that the abrasions and contusions on both Doody

and defendant indicated a bloodless physical altercation occurred prior to

bloodletting, and that as a result of this altercation, Doody could have been

thrown into the chair. Johnson agreed with Hood that: (1) Doody swallowed

blood; (2) there was lividity on the bottom of Doody's right foot and underneath

his right thigh; (3) defendant's hands could have been cut by shards from the

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lamp; (4) Doody could have been sitting the entire time of the attack; and (5)

Doody was sitting when he was hit in the head with a blunt instrument.

Defendant raises the following contentions for our consideration:

POINT I

THE TRIAL COURT'S ERRONEOUS
INSTRUCTION AS TO WHAT THE JURY WAS
REQUIRED TO FIND IN ORDER TO DISALLOW
SELF-DEFENSE UNDER N.J.S.A. 2C:3-[4](b)(2)
(THE COURT'S INCORRECTLY INSTRUCTING
THAT: "THE DEFENDANT, WITH THE PURPOSE
OF CAUSING DEATH OR SERIOUS BODILY
HARM TO ANOTHER PERSON, OR PROVOKED
OR INCITED THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST
HIMSELF IN THE SAME ENCOUNTER, THEN THE
DEFENSE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO HIM")
CONSTITUTES PLAIN ERROR AND DEPRIVED
DEFENDANT OF HIS DUE PROCESS RIGHT TO A
FAIR TRIAL AND IMPROPERLY SHIFTED THE
BURDEN OF PROOF (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V,
VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9,
10) (not raised below)

POINT II

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR
IN ITS INSTRUCTIONS BY NOT INSTRUCTING
THE JURY THAT IT NEEDED TO UNANIMOUSLY
AGREE ON THE FACTORS DISPROVED BY THE
STATE BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT AND
FAILED TO PROVIDE THE JURY WITH A
SPECIAL INTERROGATORY REGARDING THE
THEORY FORMING THE BASIS FOR ITS
CONVICTION RESULTING IN AN
UNCONSTITUTIONAL
"PATCHWORK/FRAGMENTED" OR LESS THAN

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UNANIMOUS VERDICT IN VIOLATION OF
DEFENDANT'S DUE PROCESS RIGHT TO A FAIR
TRIAL CONTRARY TO U.S. CONST. [AMENDS.]
V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1,
9, 10; AND RULE 1:8-9 (not raised below)

POINT III

THE TRIAL COURT'S FAILURE TO INSTRUCT
THE JURY THAT SELF-DEFENSE APPLIES NOT
ONLY TO MURDER BUT TO THE
MANSLAUGHTER OFFENSES CONSTITUTES
PLAIN ERROR AND DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF
HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (U.S. CONST.
AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I,
PARAS. 1, 9, 10; AND R[ULE] 1:8-9 (not raised
below)

POINT IV

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE
ERROR AND VIOLATED DEFENDANT'S
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO DUE
PROCESS BY PRECLUDING DEFENDANT'S SELF-
DEFENSE DEFENSE BY PRECLUDING DR.
BRICK'S EXPERT TESTIMONY AS TO: I) THE
PROPER CONTEXT AS TO WHAT A .252% BAC
MEANS (I.E., HOW MUCH ALCOHOL DID DOODY
CONSUME); AND II) WHAT DOES THE HEAVY
INTOXICATION OF DOODY MEAN IN TERMS OF
HIS INCREASED AGGRESSION; DR. BRICK'S
EXPERT TESTIMONY WAS BEYOND THE KEN OF
THE AVERAGE JUROR AND WAS NOT A "NET
OPINION" (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV;
N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

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POINT V

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL UNDER R[ULE] 3:20-
1 AS JUDGE CUNNINGHAM ERRED IN
PRECLUDING THE EXPERT TESTIMONY OF DR.
BRICK IN VIOLATION OF DEFENDANT'S
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO DUE
PROCESS AND RIGHT TO HAVE COMPULSORY
PROCESS FOR OBTAINING WITNESSES IN HIS
FAVOR IN VIOLATION OF THE SIXTH
AMENDMENT AND ARTICLES 1, 9[,] AND 10 OF
THE NEW JERSEY CONSTITUTION (U.S. CONST.
AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I,
PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

POINT VI

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE
ERROR BY PRECLUDING DEFENDANT'S SELF-
DEFENSE DEFENSE BY BARRING DETECTIVE
EELMAN'S EXPERT TESTIMONY AS DETAILED
IN HIS SEPTEMBER 13, 2018 REPORT IN
VIOLATION OF DEFENDANT'S FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO [PRESENT] A
DEFENSE AND RIGHT UNDER THE NEW JERSEY
STATE CONSTITUTION TO OBTAIN WITNESSES
IN HIS FAVOR (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI,
XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

POINT VII

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE
ERROR BY PERMITTING THE EXPERT OPINION
OF THE STATE'S EXPERT JOHN GARKOWSKI IN
VIOLATION OF DEFENDANT'S FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND
STATE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A FAIR

A-5252-18
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TRIAL (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV; N.J.
CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

POINT VIII

THE IMPROPER STATE'S CLOSING STATEMENT
AND TRIAL COURT'S DENIAL OF THE MISTRIAL
MOTION DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF HIS SIXTH
AMENDMENT RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT DUE PROCESS
RIGHT AND STATE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO
A FAIR TRIAL (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI,
XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

POINT IX

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL UNDER R[ULE] 3:20-
1 DUE TO PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
BASED UPON THE STATE'S IMPROPER
SUMMATION IN VIOLATION OF DEFENDANT'S
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT DUE PROCESS
RIGHT AND STATE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO
A FAIR TRIAL (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI,
XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

POINT X

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
MOTION TO SUPPRESS BY: I) IMPROPERLY
DELEGATING TO LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICERS ESSENTIAL DECISIONS ABOUT
WHEN AND HOW TO EXECUTE THE SEARCH
WARRANT WITHOUT PROVIDING THE
JUDICIAL OVERSIGHT REQUIRED BY THE
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS
IV AND XIV; THE NEW JERSEY CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I, PARAGRAPH 7, R[ULE] 3:5-5[,] AND
THE PLAIN LANGUAGE OF THE WARRANT

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FORM AS THE SEARCH WARRANT OF
DEFENDANT'S HOME AUTHORIZED
EXECUTION AT "ANYTIME"; II) DETECTIVE
GARDNER'S AFFIDAVIT FAILED TO ESTABLISH
PROBABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE THAT
PARTICULAR ITEMS SOUGHT AS RECITED ON
THE FACE OF THE WARRANT WERE
CONNECTED TO THE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
BEING INVESTIGATED; III) THE SEARCH
WARRANT OF DEFENDANT'S HOME FAILED TO
ESTABLISH PROBABLE CAUSE TO FACTUALLY
ESTABLISH THAT THE MATERIALS DESCRIBED
IN THE WARRANT WERE TO BE FOUND AT THE
PREMISE TO BE SEARCHED; AND IV) THE
SEARCH OF THE HOME WAS STALE.

POINT XI

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ADMITTING
OBJECTIONABLE PHOTOGRAPHS IN
VIOLATION OF THE DEFENDANT SIPA'S SIXTH
AMENDMENT AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
DUE PROCESS RIGHT[S] AND STATE
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (U.S.
CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947)
ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

POINT XII

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
MOTION FOR JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL ON
COUNT ONE AS THE STATE DID NOT PROVE
DEFENDANT'S GUILT BEYOND A REASONABLE
DOUBT; THE CONVICTION IS CONTRARY TO
THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT OF THE
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND NEW
JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION (U.S. CONST.
AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I,
PARAS. 1, 9, 10)

A-5252-18
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 POINT XIII

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL UNDER R[ULE] 3:20-
1 AS THE VERDICTS ARE AGAINST THE WEIGHT
OF THE EVIDENCE (U.S. CONST. AMEND[S]. V,
VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947) ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9,
10)

POINT XIV

THE NUMEROUS LEGAL ERRORS COMMITTED
BY THE TRIAL COURT DEPRIVED DEFENDANT
OF HIS FIFTH, SIXTH[,] AND FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT DUE PROCESS RIGHT[S] TO A
FAIR TRIAL AND NEW JERSEY
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL (U.S.
CONST. AMEND[S]. V, VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947)
ART. I, PARAS. 1, 9, 10) (partially raised below)

II.

Defendant contends for the first time on appeal that the trial court

committed plain error while instructing the jury on three distinct occasions. We

begin our analysis by reaffirming certain bedrock principles of our criminal

justice system. It is axiomatic that "'[a]ppropriate and proper charges to a jury

are essential for a fair trial.'" State v. Maloney, 216 N.J. 91, 104–05 (2013)

(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Green, 86 N.J. 281, 287 (1981)). As our

Supreme Court stressed in Green, proper jury charges are critical in a criminal

case when a person's liberty is at stake. 86 N.J. at 289. Accordingly,

"[e]rroneous instructions on matters or issues that are material to the jury's

A-5252-18
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deliberation are presumed to be reversible error in criminal prosecutions." State

v. Jordan, 147 N.J. 409, 422 (1997) (citing State v. Warren, 104 N.J. 571, 579

(1986)). Thus, for example, "the failure to charge the jury on an element of an

offense is presumed to be prejudicial error, even in the absence of a request by

defense counsel." State v. Federico, 103 N.J. 169, 176 (1986) (citing State v.

Grunow, 102 N.J. 133, 148 (1986); State v. Collier, 90 N.J. 117, 122–23 (1982);

and State v. Green, 86 N.J. 281, 288 (1981)).

However, if defense counsel fails to challenge the instructions that are

given, reversal will only be warranted where the alleged error was "clearly

capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2; State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554,

564 (2005); Jordan, 147 N.J. at 421–22. Plain error in the context of a jury

charge requires demonstration of "'[l]egal impropriety of the charge

prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of the defendant sufficiently

grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and to convince the court that

of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to bring about an unjust result.'"

State v. Burns, 192 N.J. 312, 341 (2007) (quoting Jordan, 147 N.J. at 422).

In determining whether a charge was erroneous, the charge must be read

as a whole. Jordan, 147 N.J. at 422 (citing State v. Wilbely, 63 N.J. 420, 422

(1973)). "Portions of a charge alleged to be erroneous cannot be dealt with in

isolation but the charge should be examined as a whole to determine its overall

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effect." Ibid. The effect of any error, moreover, must be considered "'in light

of the overall strength of the State's case.'" State v. Walker, 203 N.J. 73, 90

(2010) (quoting State v. Chapland, 187 N.J. 275, 289 (2006)).

A.

With these general principles in mind, we first address defendant's

contention the trial court committed plain error by misreading the jury

instruction on self-defense. The trial court read the self-defense model jury

charge verbatim until it began describing the limitations on the use of deadl y

force. The transcript shows the court mistakenly inserted the word "or" at one

point during its oral recitation. 1 The relevant portion of the transcript reads:

1
In relevant part, the self-defense model jury criminal charge reads as follows:
"If you find that the defendant, with the purpose of causing death or serious
bodily harm to another person, provoked or incited the use of force against him
in the same encounter, then the defense is not available to him." Model Jury
Charges (Criminal), "Justification – Self Defense in Self Protection (N.J.S.A.
2C:3-4)" (rev. June 13, 2011).

We note that a copy of the written jury instructions was provided to the
jury. The State argues that the trial court's error in its oral recitation was
remedied by the fact the jury had the correctly-worded written instructions in
the jury room when deliberating, but cites no authority for the proposition that
the written charge given to the jury takes precedence over the instructions given
orally in open court. We choose not to speculate on whether the jury consulted
the written charge and relied on it to correct the misstatement. We note also that
while the State suggests the inclusion of the word "or" may be a transcription
error, it made no motion to correct the record. We therefore assume for purposes
of this appeal the trial transcript is accurate and that the oral recitation error
occurred.
A-5252-18
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 If you find that the defendant, with the purpose of
causing death or serious bodily harm to another person,
or provoked or incited the use of force against himself
in the same encounter, then the defense is not available
to him. If you find the defendant knew that he could
avoid the necessity of using deadly force by retreating,
provided that the defendant knew he could do so with
complete safety, then the defense is not available to
him.

[(emphasis added).]

Defendant argues that by mistakenly inserting the word "or," the trial court

"fatally lessened the [State's] burden of proof." Defendant contends the court's

misreading of the model jury charge eliminated the availability of this defense

by instructing the jury, in essence, that "[i]f you find that the defendant [acted],

with the purpose of causing death or serious bodily harm to another, . . . then

the defense is not available to him." Defendant argues, in other words, that the

jurors were instructed that should they find defendant acted with the intent to

cause death or serious bodily harm, he could not use self-protection as a defense,

regardless of provocation.

We disagree. Viewed in the context of the entire instruction, we are

satisfied the court's one-word recitation error did not render the self-defense

doctrine unavailable to defendant. Nor did it have the capacity to produce an

unjust result. In reaching this conclusion, we acknowledge the critical

importance of the self-defense jury instruction in this case as defendant did not

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20
dispute that his actions resulted in the victim's death. We nonetheless believe

that defendant reads too much into the mistaken insertion of the word "or." The

gravamen of the defense strategy was that Doody was the aggressor and

provoked a responsive use of deadly force. Viewed in its entirety and in the

context of the evidence and arguments of counsel, we do not believe the jury

would have interpreted the judge's instruction on self-defense to mean the

defense fails if defendant used any of the weapons with the purpose to cause

death or serious bodily injury. We stress the recitation error related to the

portion of the self-defense instruction regarding whether defendant provoked or

incited the use of force against himself, not whether Doody was the aggressor

and provoked defendant to use deadly force in self-defense.

Notwithstanding the presumption of reversible error recognized in Jordan,

147 N.J. at 422, the fact that trial counsel failed to object suggests the court's

fleeting misstatement did not eviscerate the crucial defense theory as defendant

now posits. Cf. State v. Montalvo, 229 N.J. 300, 320 (2017) (noting that when

defendant does not object to the jury charge, "there is a presumption the charge

was not error and was unlikely to prejudice the defendant's case") (citing State

v. Singleton, 211 N.J. 157, 182 (2012)). If the judge's misstatement had the

impact defendant now contends, we would expect counsel to have recognized

the error and sought remediation at that time. Cf. State v. Bueso, 225 N.J. 193,

A-5252-18
21
203 (2016) (the plain error standard "provides a strong incentive for counsel to

interpose a timely objection, enabling the trial court to forestall or correct a

potential error").

In applying the plain error rule to the facts of this case, we also take note

of the overwhelming trial evidence disproving defendant's claim of self-defense

beyond a reasonable doubt. See Walker, 203 N.J. at 90. All of the expert

witnesses, including defendant's expert, Janice Johnson, opined that defendant

was seated in the chair when he was hit in the head repeatedly with a blunt

instrument and during the bloodletting. Johnson agreed that the perpetrator used

the lamp first and then the knife, suggesting Doody suffered serious blunt force

wounds to his skull and brain before his neck was slashed. Dr. Hood also

testified that a "sawing" motion was used to cut the victim's neck with the

serrated knife. These circumstances strongly suggest that such deadly force was

not "immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use

of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion." N.J.S.A. 2C:3-

4(a). Considering all relevant circumstances, we conclude the trial court's

misstatement was not capable of producing an unjust result.

B.

We turn next to defendant's contention the trial court committed plain

error by failing to administer a specific unanimity charge with respect to the

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22
three weapons the State alleged were used to kill the victim. We conclude the

judge did not err in reading the jury instruction that was approved at the charge

conference. Further, the record clearly shows the jurors were unanimous in

finding that defendant used the knife and lamp but not the golf club.

Both the New Jersey Constitution and Court Rules require a unanimous

jury verdict in criminal cases. N.J. Const. art. I, para. 9; R. 1:8-9. Defendant

does not dispute that the jury was given the general instruction that their verdict

had to be unanimous. Defendant argues for the first time on appeal that the

general unanimity instruction was inadequate and that the trial court was

required to instruct the jury they must unanimously agree as to which weapon(s)

were used to cause Doody's death.

Specifically, defendant contends the trial court committed plain error by

providing the following instruction:

The use of a deadly weapon such as the knife, lamp,
and/or golf club in itself would permit you to draw an
inference that the defendant's purpose was to take life
or cause serious bodily injury resulting in death. A
deadly weapon is any firearm or other weapon, device,
instrument, material or substance which, in the manner
it is used or is intended to be used, is known to be
capable of producing death or serious bodily injury. In
your deliberations, you may consider the weapon used
and the manner and circumstances of the killing, and if
you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant inflicted blunt or sharp force trauma and
killed Richard Doody with a knife, lamp, and/or golf

A-5252-18
23
 club[,] [y]ou may draw an inference from the weapon
used, that is . . . a knife, lamp and/or golf club, and from
the manner and circumstances of the killing, as to
defendant's purpose or knowledge.

We acknowledge that in certain circumstances a general charge on jury

unanimity will not suffice. In State v. Parker, our Supreme Court explained that

a more specific unanimity instruction may be needed "where the facts are

exceptionally complex, or where the allegations in a single count are either

contradictory or only marginally related to another, or where there is a variance

between the indictment and the proof at trial, or where there is a tangible

indication of jury confusion." 124 N.J. 628, 636 (1991) (citations omitted).

None of those circumstances apply in this case.

In State v. Scherzer, we applied the Parker factors and held that a general

unanimity instruction was sufficient where the offenses charged required only

one type of criminal act—sexual penetration. 301 N.J. Super. 363, 479 (App.

Div. 1997). The indictment in that case alleged four separate acts of sexual

penetration involving the use of a bat, a broom, a stick, and fingers. We

concluded that the alleged acts of penetration were conceptually similar enough

not to have required a specific unanimity charge. Id. at 479–80. In other words,

it was not necessary to instruct the jurors they had to unanimously agree as to

the object(s) used to commit sexual penetration.

A-5252-18
24
 The rationale undergirding our conclusion in Scherzer applies as well in

the case before us. Here, the criminal act was the use of deadly force as part of

a single violent episode. The three instrumentalities allegedly used to kill

Doody—the lamp, the knife, and the golf club—were conceptually similar in

that they all could be used as weapons to inflict fatal injury.

Also as in Scherzer, the facts concerning the use of force in this case are

not exceptionally complex, the allegations in the indictment are neither

contradictory nor only marginally related to another, there is no variance

between the indictment and the proof at trial, and there is no tangible indication

of jury confusion, as might be shown if the jurors had requested a supplement al

instruction.

Defendant's reliance on State v. Frisby, 174 N.J. 583, 599–600 (2002), is

misplaced, as the circumstances of that case are readily distinguishable. In

Frisby, the State proffered two distinct factual scenarios to prove a single count

of endangering the welfare of a child: either the defendant injured the minor

victim, or the defendant abandoned the child in a motel room. Id. at 599. Frisby

argued that the unanimity aspects of the jury instruction were presented in such

a way as to "allow a non-unanimous patchwork verdict against her." Ibid.

Specifically, she asserted that her conviction could have been the result of some

jurors believing she was at the motel when the minor's injuries were sustained

A-5252-18
25
while others believed she abandoned the minor for a night on the town. Ibid.

The Supreme Court agreed, concluding the State's theories were advanced based

on entirely different acts and evidence. Ibid.

Causing physical injuries to a child is very different from abandoning a

child, reflecting distinct theories of criminal liability under the endangering

statute, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4, which encompasses the wide range of conduct that

could make a child an abused or neglected child as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-3 and

9:6-8.21. Abuse/neglect by physically injuring a child therefore is conceptually

distinct from abuse/neglect by abandoning a child.

Here, in contrast, fatally injuring a victim with a knife is not conceptually

distinct from fatally injuring the victim with a blunt object. In either

circumstance, physical objects are used as a weapon during an altercation to

inflict serious injury resulting in death. We believe this situation is closely

analogous to the circumstances in Scherzer, where multiple objects were alleged

to have been used to commit sexual penetration. Accordingly, it makes no

difference for purposes of Parker analysis which combination of the three

alleged weapons were used to inflict the wounds that resulted in Doody's death.

Defendant nonetheless argues that his claim of self-defense would have

been substantially stronger if the jury believed he used the lamp to kill Doody,

rather than the golf club or knife. That argument ignores the fact that none of

A-5252-18
26
the experts concluded that the lamp was the only weapon used. Indeed,

defendant's own expert opined the perpetrator used the lamp first and then the

knife, which had the victim's blood on the blade.

The gravamen of defendant's plain error argument is that it was incumbent

on the jury to unanimously agree on which weapon(s) were used. We do not

agree with that proposition, but in any event the verdict shows that the jury was

unanimous with respect to the weapons that defendant employed during the fatal

altercation. Defendant was convicted on the two separate counts charging

unlawful possession of the lamp and the knife for an unlawful purpose. He was

acquitted on the count charging possession of the golf club for an unlawful

purpose. Both the guilty and non-guilty verdicts required unanimity. It thus is

apparent the jury unanimously decided both the lamp and knife were possessed

for an unlawful purpose, that is, to kill Doody.

Finally, it bears repeating that defense counsel did not request a specific

unanimity instruction but rather consented to the general unanimity instruction

after a charge conference. Accordingly, "there is a presumption that the charge

was not error and was unlikely to prejudice . . . defendant's case." Montalvo,

229 N.J. at 320.

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27
 C.

The jury in this case was presented with the option to convict for lesser

forms of homicide than knowing/purposeful murder that was charged in the

indictment. Specifically, the jury was instructed on the lesser offenses of

aggravated manslaughter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(c), reckless manslaughter, N.J.S.A.

11-4(b)(1), and passion/provocation manslaughter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(b)(2).

Defendant now contends the trial court committed plain error by failing to

instruct the jury that self-defense could apply to the manslaughter offenses and

not just to the murder charge. Viewing the jury instructions as a whole, we

reject defendant's contention.

In State v. Rodriguez, our Supreme Court made clear that when there is

sufficient evidence to warrant a self-defense charge, the defense applies to

aggravated manslaughter and manslaughter as well as murder. 195 N.J. 165,

172–74 (2008). The trial court in the present case instructed the jury on self -

defense immediately after charging the jury first on murder and then

manslaughter. In delivering the self-defense instruction, the trial court did not

specifically mention aggravated manslaughter, reckless manslaughter, or

passion/provocation manslaughter, nor did the court instruct the jury that self -

defense does not apply to those lesser forms of homicide.

A-5252-18
28
 It bears emphasis this is not a situation where the judge instructed the jury

on murder and then instructed the jury on self-defense before proceeding to

instruct the jury on the manslaughter offenses. Even absent an explicit reference

to manslaughter when explaining the principles of self-defense, the structure and

sequence of the jury instructions implies that the defense of use of force for self -

protection applies to all of the homicide offenses the jury had been instructed to

consider.

The present situation is very different from the one in State v. O'Neil, 219

N.J. 598 (2014), which resulted in the reversal of that defendant's conviction. 2

In O'Neil, the trial judge instructed the jury that self-defense is a valid

justification for murder but expressly told the jury this defense did not apply to

aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter. Id. at 617. The jury acquitted the

defendant of murder and convicted him of aggravated manslaughter. The

Supreme Court concluded that the erroneous jury instruction necessarily

undermined confidence in the verdict. Ibid. (citing Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984); State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 52 (1987)).

2
O'Neil was a post-conviction relief (PCR) case. Rodriguez was decided after
O'Neil was tried but before his direct appeal was heard. The trial court had
relied on prior precedent—which was rejected in Rodriguez—that suggested
self-defense does not apply to manslaughter. The Court in O'Neil found that
defendant's appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance warranting a new
trial by failing to raise the jury instruction issue on direct appeal.
A-5252-18
29
 In the present case, the trial court did not affirmatively instruct the jury

that self-defense does not apply to manslaughter as in O'Neil. To the contrary,

the court later in the jury charge noted that self-defense applies to the lesser

forms of homicide. Specifically, when explaining how self-defense applies to

the counts charging possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, the trial

court told the jury,

Earlier in the charge I instructed you on the concept of
self-defense as it applies to the offenses of murder,
passion/provocation [manslaughter], aggravated
manslaughter, and reckless manslaughter. The concept
of self-defense as it applies to those offenses is different
than that of [the] protective purpose that applies to . . .
these counts of the indictment. And when applied to
those offenses, self-defense requires the defendant to
have an honest and a reasonable belief in the need to
use force.

[(emphasis added).]

As we have noted, "[i]n determining whether a charge was erroneous, the

charge must be read as a whole." Jordan, 147 N.J. at 422. We add that defense

counsel in his summation stated repeatedly that self-defense applied to all the

homicide charges. The absence of an objection to the jury charge on self-

defense—which was read verbatim from the written instructions accepted by

counsel at the charge conference—suggests counsel did not believe the charge

as given undermined his summation. The plain error standard is demanding and

A-5252-18
30
aims to "provide[] a strong incentive for counsel to interpose a timely objection,

enabling the trial court to forestall or correct a potential error." Bueso, 225 N.J.

at 203.

Finally, we note the jury found defendant guilty of murder, rejecting his

self-defense claim. This situation is markedly different from O'Neil, where the

defendant was acquitted of murder but convicted of manslaughter. 219 N.J. at

617. Considering all of these circumstances, we conclude the trial court's self -

defense instructions in this case did not have the capacity to produce an unjust

result.

III.

Defendant contends the trial court erred in precluding the expert testimony

of John Brick, Ph.D., regarding the measurement, consumption, and

biobehavioral effects of alcohol. Defendant also contends the trial court erred

in denying his motion for a new trial based on the exclusion of Dr. Brick's

testimony. We reject both contentions.

We begin our analysis by acknowledging the legal principles governing

the admission of expert testimony. N.J.R.E. 702 provides, "[i]f scientific,

technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to

understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an

expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify thereto

A-5252-18
31
in the form of an opinion or otherwise." There are three prerequisites for the

admission of expert testimony: first, "the intended testimony must concern a

subject matter that is beyond the ken of the average juror"; second, "the field

testified to must be at a state of the art such that an expert's testimony could be

sufficiently reliable"; and third, "the witness must have sufficient expertise to

offer the intended testimony." State v. Jenewicz, 193 N.J. 440, 454 (2008).

Furthermore, an expert must "'give the why and wherefore' that supports

the opinion, 'rather than a mere conclusion.'" Davis v. Brickman Landscaping,

219 N.J. 395, 410 (2014) (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Comm. Corp.,

207 N.J. 344, 372 (2011)). A conclusion unsupported by facts or reliable data

is a "net opinion" that must be excluded. Pomerantz, 207 N.J. at 372. An expert

may not testify to a conclusion devoid of objective support, based on unfounded

speculation or unquantified possibilities, or which references a standard that is

personal to the expert. Davis, 219 N.J. at 410; Taylor v. DeLosso, 319 N.J.

Super. 174, 180 (App. Div. 1999); Grzanka v. Pfeifer, 301 N.J. Super. 563, 580

(App. Div. 1997).

The scope of our review on appeal is limited. "Ordinarily, the necessity

for and admissibility of expert testimony are matters to be determined within the

sound discretion by the trial court." State v. Berry, 140 N.J. 280, 293 (1995)

(citing State v. Zola, 112 N.J. 384, 414 (1988)); see also State v. Kelly, 97 N.J.

A-5252-18
32
178, 216 (1984) (noting generally that "[i]n the context of an appellate review,

a decision of the trial court [regarding admissibility of expert testimony] must

stand unless it can be shown that the trial court palpably abused its discretion,

that is, that its finding was so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of justice

resulted") (citations omitted).

We next apply these general principles to the proposed expert testimony

of Dr. Brick. The defense retained Brick, an alcohol-drug expert, for the

purposes of explaining Doody's .252% BAC and identifying any scientific

research suggesting a relationship between the consumption of alcohol and

aggressive behavior. The defense theorized that Doody's elevated BAC was

relevant in determining whether he was the initial aggressor, and whether

defendant used appropriate force in response.

In his report, Brick opined that a .252% BAC would likely have made

Doody "highly intoxicated and impaired" at or about the time of his death. Brick

then asserted:

Alcohol, more than any other drug, is found in victims
and perpetrators of assaults and other crimes of
violence and is the subject of psychosocial research and
forensic investigations. The causal relationship
between intoxication and aggression is widely reported
through qualitative and quantitative research
demonstrating that intoxication can increase aggression
escalated [sic] violent behavior. However, the nexus
between intoxication and aggression (or violence) is

A-5252-18
33
 complex, situational and subject dependent (e.g., most
people who drink do not become violent)[,] and
explained by different models of human behavior.
Nevertheless, high rates of alcohol involvement among
fight-related homicide victims and a substantial portion
of perpetrators who are under the influence of alcohol
are consistent with the hypothesis that alcohol increases
aggression.

Brick further noted that a number of "models" had "been proposed to

disentangle the complex web of correlated and causal factors that contribute to

the alcohol-aggression relationship." He nonetheless acknowledged, "the

interaction between alcohol intoxication and aggressive/violent behavior is

complex and influenced by many factors." Brick also acknowledged that

alcohol did "not directly change the brain to cause violent behavior in the same

way it causes general signs of intoxication."

Brick ultimately concluded "it is my opinion that Richard Doody

voluntarily consumed a large quantity of alcohol prior to his death. As a result

of Mr. Doody's consumption, he became intoxicated and impaired and at

increased risk for a variety of injuries due to state of intoxication."

Prior to trial the State moved to preclude defendant from arguing a defense

of "alcohol causation" and to bar defendant from introducing expert evidence

from Brick consistent with his report. Following oral argument, the trial court

A-5252-18
34
granted the State's motion, rendering a thorough and detailed oral opinion. The

trial court found:

The defense argument does not appear to be grounded
in known facts in the instant matter. There is no fact
before the [c]ourt that would suggest that Mr. Doody
was the initial aggressor in this case. Furthermore,
there is no discussion at all by Dr. Brick regarding Mr.
Doody's level of intoxication as it relates to aggression.
Dr. Brick does talk about general biobehavioral effects
of alcohol, for example, impaired cognition,
perception, and psychomotor performance as well as
[de]creased inhibition. . . . But when he speaks about
the links to aggression, he refers to the nexus between
intoxication and aggression as being "complex,
situational and subject-dependent, and notes that most
people who drink do not become violent."

The court continued:

[Dr. Brick] also states that the alcohol does not directly
change the brain to cause violence in the same way that
it does to cause what he calls "the general signs of
intoxication." In other words, aggression, unlike
impaired cognition, psychomotor skills, inhibitions[,]
or perceptions is not a general effect of intoxication.
Dr. Brick does not name any definitive way to measure
alcohol's effect on violent or aggressive behavior or any
one model that conclusively explains it.

Without any facts to suggest that Mr. Doody was the
initial aggressor in this case, Dr. Brick's testimony
would have very limited probative value as to the issue
of self-defense, would be confusing to the jurors[,] and
would be highly prejudicial to the State. Likewise, Dr.
Brick's report would also constitute a net opinion as he
does not provide the why and the wherefore for
injecting the alcohol aggression link into the case. In

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35
 fact, he specifically disassociates aggression from the
other general effects of alcohol by stating that alcohol
does not directly change the brain to cause violent
behavior in the same way that it causes general signs of
intoxication.

It can be inferred then that any discussion of general
biobehavioral effects of alcohol would not include a
discussion of aggression . . . .

There is no dispute that Mr. Doody was highly
intoxicated at the time of his death. His actual BAC
becomes irrelevant, however, if it cannot be linked to
specific aggressive behaviors that would have caused
the defendant to respond with appropriate force.
Presently there are no facts before the [c]ourt. To allow
Dr. Brick to discuss the intoxication-aggression link
without supportive facts . . . would be so inherently
inflammatory as to have a probable capacity to divert
the minds of the jurors from a reasonable and fair
evaluation of the case.

In reaching its decision, the trial court took into account statements

Murray made to police at the outset of the investigation and later to the

prosecutor. Specifically, Murray told police that Doody could be "belligerent"

when drunk. She explained that if she told him to do something, he would do

the opposite. She told the prosecutor that if she told him to stop drinking, he

would open a beer right in front of her. She later clarified she thought

"belligerent" meant heavily intoxicated, and that Doody "would never become

hostile or aggressive whether [drunk] or sober."

A-5252-18
36
 Murray also told police that Doody had never struck her, although she

recalled one instance between 1980 and 1985 when Doody grabbed her arm,

prompting her to strike him in response. She could not remember if he was

drunk at the time and claimed that there had been no similar incidents since.

Defendant now argues the trial court erred in ruling that Brick's expert

opinion was a net opinion. Defendant contends he should have been permitted

to "flesh out that it is more likely that an individual who has consumed an

excessive amount of alcohol would be the initial aggressor." He maintains that

Brick's expert opinion testimony would have offered a scientific foundation for

his self-defense claim and was "essential for the jury to make the self-defense

determination."

We agree with the trial court that there was no factual support for the claim

that Doody was the initial aggressor. We also agree with the trial court that

Brick's report did not set forth a definitive scientific model explaining the

relationship between alcohol and aggression. Rather, Brick acknowledged that:

(1) the relationship between alcohol and aggression was "complex, situational

and subject dependent"; (2) alcohol did not cause brain changes resulting in

violent behavior, although it did cause changes resulting in the general signs of

intoxication; and (3) most people who drink did not become aggressive.

A-5252-18
37
 Given that all of the experts agreed that Doody was struck, stabbed, and

slashed while seated, and Brick was only able to conclude that Doody's

intoxication put him "at increased risk for a variety of injuries due to state of

intoxication," we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in precluding

Brick from offering speculation that Doody was the initial aggressor because of

his BAC. We therefore reject defendant's contentions that the trial court erred

in precluding Brick's testimony and in denying his motion for a new trial on this

ground.

IV.

We turn next to defendant's contention the trial court erred in precluding

Detective Scott Eelman from testifying for the defense as an expert witness in

accordance with his September 13, 2018 report. In that report, Eelman opined

that defendant and Doody engaged in a "big fight" in which defendant struck

Doody with a golf club, Doody subsequently tripped over the coffee table, fell

on the ceramic lamp causing lacerations to his neck, and then tumbled into the

recliner.

In November 2018, the State moved to preclude the testimony of Eelman

based on his report, arguing that Eelman did not have sufficient expertise in

bloodstain analysis and crime scene reconstruction. The State also argued that

A-5252-18
38
Eelman's opinions were speculative and founded on inadmissible hearsay

evidence.

Defense counsel did not file opposition papers. Counsel instead wrote to

the court advising that he would not be opposing the State's motion to bar

Eelman's testimony. However, counsel reserved the right to reopen the issue of

the admissibility of Eelman's testimony if he was unsuccessful in barring the

testimony of Detective John Garkowski, whom counsel claimed had identical

credentials to Eelman. The trial court thereupon granted the State's pretrial

motion to bar Eelman's testimony.

On January 17, 2019, the trial court denied defendant's motion to bar

Garkowski's testimony. Defense counsel thereafter obtained a new report from

Eelman dated February 15, 2019. Counsel then filed a motion for

reconsideration of the order excluding Eelman's testimony and seeking

permission for Eelman to testify in accordance with his new report.

In this new report, Eelman critiqued Garkowski's findings. He agreed

with Garkowski that: (1) Doody was seated while being struck in the head; (2)

Doody remained in the chair long enough for the blood flow patterns to fix; (3)

a bit of ceramic was affixed to the back of the chair by dried blood; (4) there

was lividity in the bottom of Doody's foot, and he was seated at the time lividity

set in and fixed; and (5) Doody was moved afterward. However, Eelman

A-5252-18
39
maintained that Doody also may have sustained other injuries to the head before

he was seated in the chair, and that Doody's throat laceration was caused by the

lamp instead of the knife. He also disagreed with Garkowski that it was possible

to ascertain the measurements of the blunt force weapon, that Doody was in a

defensive position, and that the handprints on the chair arms did not come from

Doody.

The trial court denied defendant's motion for reconsideration regarding

Eelman's initial report but granted defendant's motion to permit Eelman to

testify in accordance with his subsequent report. 3 The trial court rendered an

eleven-page written opinion detailing its reasoning for barring testimony based

upon Eelman's initial report. The court found the credentials of Garkowski and

Eelman "vastly different," noting that Garkowski held an associate's degree in

criminal justice and had testified as an expert in five counties in New Jersey.

Eelman, in contrast, was only a high school graduate and had never testified as

an expert outside of his local county in Pennsylvania. After reviewing and

commenting on each of Eelman's opinions, the trial court observed:

It should be noted that Eelman did not inspect or visit
the crime scene. He did not inspect or photograph the
evidence. He did not analyze blood patterns, blood

3
Defendant chose ultimately not to call Eelman to give testimony based on his
subsequent report. However, defendant did present crime scene reconstruction
testimony from Janice Johnson.
A-5252-18
40
 spatter, or anything else. He merely summarized
reports, parroted the opinions of others, and speculated
as to what occurred after saying all one could do was
speculate. He did what the jurors themselves can do
without any expert help or advice. He relied on hearsay
evidence involving [defendant's] own declarations. No
scientific methodology whatsoever appears to have
been applied to any opinions, and none of the opinions
expressed in his report were to a reasonable degree of
scientific probability.

We agree with the trial court's comprehensive and well-reasoned analysis.

Defendant has failed to establish that the trial court abused its discretion in

making these detailed findings and conclusions with respect to Eelman's initial

report. See Flagg v. Essex Cnty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002) (an abuse

of discretion occurs "when a decision is made without a rational explanation,

inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible

basis") (internal quotation marks omitted). To the contrary, the record clearly

shows the trial court properly exercised its discretion in excluding testimony

concerning Eelman's first report. Moreover, as we have noted, defendant chose

not to call Eelman to testify at trial in accordance with his second report, and

instead relied on Janice Johnson's expert testimony

V.

Defendant contends the trial court erred in permitting Detective John

Garkowski of the Burlington County Prosecutor's Office State to opine that the

A-5252-18
41
lividity on the bottom of Doody's right foot was consistent with Doody dying

with this foot on the floor. We reject that contention.

Garkowski testified as an expert in the fields of bloodstain and blood

spatter analysis and crime scene reconstruction. Prior to preparing his report,

Garkowski reviewed the police and autopsy reports, the crime scene and autopsy

photos, and personally examined a portion of the ceramic lamp, the lamp shade,

the serrated two-prong knife, the victim's shirt, and the broken golf club head.

Defendant filed a pretrial motion seeking to bar Garkowski's testimony.

At oral argument, defense counsel told the trial court he was seeking only to

preclude Garkowski from testifying as to seven of the twelve conclusions set

forth in his report. The trial court ruled that Garkowski was qualified as an

expert in bloodstain and blood-spatter analysis and crime scene reconstruction

and thus denied defendant's motion to bar his testimony in general. The court

convened an N.J.R.E. 104 hearing to determine the parameters of Garkowski's

testimony.

At that hearing, defense counsel limited his objections to only two of

Garkowski's conclusions: (1) that the lividity on Doody's right foot was

consistent with him dying while his floor was on the floor, and (2) that Doody

was in a defensive position during a portion of the impact spatter event.

Garkowski explained that his training as a crime scene investigator taught him

A-5252-18
42
to look for fixed lividity when establishing a victim's time of death, and that in

this instance an autopsy photo depicted fixed lividity on the bottom of Doody's

right foot. Garkowski explained that blood settles in the lowest parts of the body

after death, and this indicated that Doody was seated with his feet down for a

period of time. Doody's opinion also was based on the white area, or

"blanching," on the side of his right foot that indicated it was in contact with a

hard surface and thus did not become suffused with blood.

Following Garkowski's testimony, the trial court barred his defensive

position opinion but admitted his lividity opinion. The court thoroughly

explained the basis for permitting the lividity testimony, finding: (1) Garkowski

relied upon one of the autopsy photos in reaching this conclusion; (2) no special

medical training or expertise was needed to identify lividity; (3) Garkowski was

very precise in his testimony; and (4) his opinion was consistent with his other

unchallenged opinions that Doody was beaten while seated upright in the chair

and that he remained in the chair long enough for the blood flow pattern on his

head to fix.

Defendant now contends Garkowski's lividity opinion was nothing more

than a bare conclusion lacking factual support. We agree with the trial court

that Garkowski's opinion had ample factual support. We deem it significant that

both Dr. Hood, who testified for the State, and Janice Johnson, who testified for

A-5252-18
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defendant, agreed there was lividity on the bottom of Doody's right foot.

Accordingly, the trial court properly exercised its discretion with respect to

Garkowski's testimony.

VI.

Defendant contends he was denied a fair trial based upon multiple

incidents of prosecutorial misconduct during summation and that the trial court

should have granted his motions for a mistrial and a new trial on this basis.4

After carefully reviewing the record, we reject these contentions. Viewed both

individually and collectively, the prosecutor's remarks during summation afford

no basis to overturn the guilty verdicts rendered by the jury.

Before addressing each alleged incident of misconduct, we acknowledge

the general legal principles that guide our review. "[A] motion for a mistrial

should be granted only in those situations which would otherwise result in

manifest injustice." State v. DiRienzo, 53 N.J. 360, 383 (1969). The decision

to deny a motion for a mistrial is within the sound discretion of the trial judge

4
Defendant in his appeal brief alleges five incidents of prosecutorial
misconduct during summation. In his reply brief, defendant for the first time
asserts two additional incidents of prosecutorial misconduct during closing
arguments. We choose to address these additional claims, notwithstanding the
general rule that a defendant is not permitted to make new arguments in a reply
brief. See State v. Smith, 55 N.J. 476, 488 (1970) (a party is not permitted to
use a reply brief to enlarge his or her main argument).
A-5252-18
44
and will only be reversed on appeal for abuse of this discretion. State v. Winter,

96 N.J. 640, 647 (1984).

A conviction may be reversed based on prosecutorial misconduct only

where the misconduct is so egregious in the context of the trial as a whole as to

deprive the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397, 435–38

(2007). Although a single instance of prosecutorial misconduct may not be so

prejudicial as to warrant reversal, the cumulative effect of several such instances

may create such prejudice. State v. Rodriguez, 365 N.J. Super. 38, 49 (App.

Div. 2003).

When the alleged misconduct involves a particular remark, a court should

consider whether: (1) defense counsel objected in a timely and proper fashion

to the remark; (2) the remark was withdrawn promptly; and (3) the court gave

the jury a curative instruction. State v. Smith, 212 N.J. 365, 403 (2012); State

v. Zola, 112 N.J. 384, 426 (1988).

As a general proposition, if no objection is made to a prosecutor's remarks,

those remarks will not be deemed prejudicial. State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123,

323 (1987). The failure to make a timely objection indicates that defense

counsel did not believe the remarks were prejudicial within the atmosphere of

the trial. State v. Irving, 114 N.J. 427, 444 (1989). Failure to object also

deprives the trial court the opportunity to take corrective action. Ibid. When

A-5252-18
45
prosecutorial misconduct is being raised for the first time on appeal, a reviewing

court need only be concerned with whether "the remarks, if improper,

substantially prejudiced the defendant['s] fundamental right to have the jury

fairly evaluate the merits of [his or her] defense, and thus had a clear capacity

to bring about an unjust result." State v. Johnson, 31 N.J. 489, 510 (1960).

A prosecutor is expected to make a "'vigorous and forceful'" closing

argument to the jury. State v. Lazo, 209 N.J. 9, 29 (2012) (quoting State v.

Smith, 167 N.J. 158, 177 (2001)). A prosecutor may make remarks that

constitute legitimate inferences from the facts, provided he or she does not go

beyond the facts before the jury. State v. R.B., 183 N.J. 308, 330 (2005). A

prosecutor may also respond to arguments raised by defense counsel during his

or her own summation. Smith, 212 N.J. at 404; State v. Munoz, 340 N.J. Super.

204, 216 (App. Div. 2001).

A prosecutor may not, however, make arguments contrary to the material

known facts in the case, regardless of whether that information has been

presented to the jury. State v. Sexton, 311 N.J. Super. 70, 81 (App. Div. 1999).

Additionally, a prosecutor may not, through his or her remarks, shift the burden

of proof to the defense. See State v. Loftin, 146 N.J. 295, 389 (1996). Nor may

a prosecutor draw attention to a defendant's failure to testify. State v. Engel,

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249 N.J. Super. 336, 382 (App. Div. 1991) ("A prosecutor should not either in

subtle or obvious fashion draw attention to a defendant's failure to testify.").

A.

Defendant contends the prosecutor improperly shifted the burden of proof

to the defense when she commented on the absence of evidence. The particular

portions of the prosecutor's summation to which defendant objected 5 read as

follows:

Jan Johnson told you, that backpack, that was in the
chair during the event. How can we know that? How
can she say that? But what do we have? That BlueStar,
that Luminol. She called this a smear. But we know
that the victim was in this chair for six to eight hours,
and then the victim was dragged out of the chair and
placed on the floor. Isn't this evidence more consistent
with the victim being in the chair? And then when
[defendant] comes back the next day, he drags him out
of the chair and places him on the floor.

And then the backpack was put there at some point
during the cleanup. How can we know? Does it matter?
I submit, not a lot. But what is the evidence showing
you?

The prosecutor later stated:

5
Defense counsel did not object during the prosecutor's summation. Rather,
counsel moved for a mistrial following the prosecutor's summation. For
purposes of this appeal, we deem the objection to be timely. Defendant's motion
for a mistrial based on alleged prosecutorial misconduct afforded the trial court
the opportunity to issue a curative instruction if deemed necessary and
appropriate.
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47
 Those prongs [on the knife] matching up to those
marks, is that from a struggle? Or from standing over
the chair and inflicting those wounds? The drag marks
match up. Did you hear any evidence to contradict this?
John Garkowski told you the victim was beaten with a
blunt force object numerous times while seated in the
chair. Jan Johnson agreed.

In response to defense counsel's objection, the court ruled that it

understood that the prosecutor was referring to a lack of physical evidence and

that it was entirely appropriate for her to make fair comment on the evidence.

The court disagreed that defendant was prejudiced by a shifting of the burden of

proof.

When defendant renewed this argument as part of his new trial motion,

the court ruled that, when considered in context, the prosecutor did not shift the

burden of proof but was simply discussing the testimony of the two crime scene

experts and noting where they disagreed.

We agree with the trial court that the prosecutor made fair comments on

the evidence when discussing the testimony of Garkowski and Johnson. See

Loftin, 146 N.J. at 389 (noting "[a]lthough [the prosecutor's] comment could be

interpreted as shifting the burden to the defense to disprove the State's

allegation, it seems more likely to have been intended as an observation of the

strength of the State's case"). We add that the jury was properly instructed that

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the burden of proof rests on the State and never shifts to the defendant. 6 See

ibid. ("Given the trial court's comprehensive charge explaining the presumption

of innocence, that the presumption remains until the State has proven guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant 'has no burden to come forward with

one scintilla of evidence,' and that the burden is on the State 'and that burden

never, ever shifts,' we do not find that statement to have denied defendant a fair

trial.").

B.

Defendant contends the prosecutor improperly commented upon his

failure to take the stand when she argued:

There must be adequate provocation. What? What is
the provocation? We didn't hear anyone testify there
was yelling and screaming. Because there were knives
in a home where a retired man was by himself most the
time, fishing, cooking? The cats weren't even there
anymore. Who cares if there were a kitchen knife here
or there. What was the provocation? What evidence
have you heard, actual evidence of any provocation that
it actually impassioned the defendant? It seemed like

6
The trial court instructed the jury as follows:

The burden of proving each element of a charge beyond
a reasonable doubt rests upon the State and that burden
never shifts to the defendant. The defendant in a
criminal case has no obligation or duty to prove his
innocence or offer any proof relating to his innocence
. . . . The State has the burden of proving the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
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 he was angry. But how do you know that? What
evidence have you heard to demonstrate that element?

[(emphasis added).]

The trial court found that the prosecutor was pointing out no neighbors

testified they heard yelling or screaming at the time the homicide was occurring.

The court did not interpret the prosecutor's remarks as a reference to defendant's

decision not to testify.

When defendant renewed this argument as part of his new trial motion,

the court found that the prosecutor's remark "was not meant to highlight a lack

of evidence from the defendant himself, but rather from witnesses who might

have heard yelling and screaming." The court noted the prosecutor's comment

was made while she was discussing the offense of passion-provocation

manslaughter, and that testimony regarding screaming and yelling is often

proffered in passion-provocation cases. Because the State bore the burden to

disprove passion-provocation, the trial court concluded the prosecutor's remarks

were fair comment on the evidence.

We are satisfied the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found

that the prosecutor's comment pertained to the lack of testimony from neighbors

and not to defendant's election not to testify. We afford deference to the trial

court's feel for the case and in this instance, the trial court's understanding of the

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50
import of the prosecutor's argument as it was being made. We therefore

conclude the prosecutor's remarks did not improperly draw attention to

defendant's decision not to testify. Engel, 249 N.J. Super. 336 at 382.

C.

Defendant contends the prosecutor impermissibly shifted the burden of

proof when she argued to the jury:

Tampering with physical evidence; that the defendant
believed that an official proceeding was about to be
instituted. The judge will tell you we can't know what's
in a person's head. That knowledge element is often
circumstantial. But I submit to you, the actions of this
defendant between November 21st and November 25th
demonstrate nothing but the fact that he knew this was
coming. We've shown that. We can know that. It's
inherent in his behavior. This was not the behavior of
someone who, in the heat of the moment, created this
horrible accident. It was purposeful conduct. And he
purposely destroyed, concealed, or removed multiple
objects or things from 2204 Central Avenue. The light
bulb. The beer bottle. The magnets.

Where is the cellphone? Where is the victim's iPad?
We know he removed those physical things. What else
did he take? And that his purpose in destroying or
concealing them was to impair their availability in the
investigation. Again, I point to the victim's phone, the
victim's iPad. Wouldn't you like to know? You heard
that from the defense. Wouldn't you like to know what
was on the victim's phone? What was on the victim's
iPad? Me, too. It was taken from the crime scene, I
submit to you, the circumstantial evidence
overwhelmingly demonstrates, by this defendant. So

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51
 that we couldn't know. So that we couldn't see. So that
it couldn't be used against him.

[(emphasis added).]

The trial court ruled that the prosecutor's remarks were fair comment on

the evidence given that defendant was charged with tampering with evidence

and hindering apprehension or prosecution. When defendant renewed this

argument as part of his new trial motion, the court again deemed these remarks

fair comment on the evidence as they were made in the context of the evidence

tampering charge. The trial court reasoned: (1) defendant's cell phone and iPad

were missing from the scene of the crime; (2) some other items missing from

Doody's home were recovered at defendant's home; and (3) there was evidence

that defendant traveled up and down Long Beach Island on November 22, 2015,

thus giving him access to a large wildlife preserve at the southern end of the

island.

We agree with the trial court that when interpreted in context, the

prosecutor was discussing the evidence in support of the tampering charge, not

commenting on defendant's failure to testify. Nor did the prosecutor's argument

and rhetorical questions somehow shift the burden of proof. We nonetheless

note the prosecutor's remark "me too" was inappropriate to the extent she

expressed her personal desire to know what information might have been

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contained in the victim's missing cell phone and iPad. That fleeting comment,

however, affords no basis upon which to overturn defendant's convictions for

tampering or for murder. See Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 322–23 ("The prosecutor's

misconduct must be viewed in the context of [the entire fourteen-day protracted]

trial."); see also Engel, 249 N.J. Super. at 382 ("Viewing the summation as a

whole, we cannot fairly say that the prosecutor's errant remark was so egregious

as to deny defendants a fair trial.").

D.

Defendant contends the prosecutor misled the jury by improperly

commenting on the absence of evidence indicating that Doody was violent, when

in fact such evidence had been precluded from trial by the parties' mutual

consent. See Sexton, 311 N.J. Super. at 79–81 (precluding a prosecutor from

making arguments contrary to the known facts regardless of whether those facts

have been presented to the jury).

Specifically, Murray had told police and the prosecutor that sometime

between 1980 and 1985, Doody had once grabbed her arm, prompting her to

strike him. She claimed there had been no domestic violence incidents since.

During summation, the prosecutor argued:

Belligerent. What did Virginia Murray tell you she
meant when she used that word? Don't people often use
words in not precisely the same way? She said, ["]when

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53
 I told him to do something he would do the opposite.["]
That came out in her cross as well. She told you that's
what she meant. Remember her tone and her demeanor
when she testified. Was she hiding something from
you? Did she somehow fabricate an explanation three
and a half years later? Or is that what she meant? Not
that he was violent. What other testimony do we have
of that? Why did this defendant bring such a violent,
aggressive friend two [twelve-]packs of beer and a
bottle of scotch if he was so violent when he was drunk?
No. Ginny said, ["]he didn't listen to me when he was
drinking. He would do the opposite.["] When did she
give that statement. The morning after she learned her
husband's body was found. Forgive her if she didn't use
the exact, precise words. But what makes more sense
here? What is more reasonable?

[(emphasis added).]

The trial court denied defense counsel's objection, ruling that the

prosecutor's comment did not have the capacity to mislead the jury. When

defendant renewed this objection as part of his new trial motion, the trial court

acknowledged that while Murray stated her husband had once "put his hands on

her" sometime between 1980 and 1985, she maintained he had never struck her

during their marriage. The court concluded that the prosecutor's remarks were

fair comments since the parties had agreed prior to trial that there was just one

physical altercation involving Doody and his wife. The trial court further found

that even if the prosecutor's comment was inappropriate, "the slim value of Ms.

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54
Murray's other statement [regarding the 1980–1985 arm-grabbing incident]

bel[ies] any contention that defendant was deprived of a fair trial."

We believe the trial court did not abuse its discretion in assessing the

impact of the prosecutor's remark regarding the lack of evidence of Doody's

violence. We agree the prosecutor's fleeting rhetorical question, "[w]hat other

testimony do we have of that," referring to Doody's predisposition to violence

when intoxicated, did not deprive defendant of a fair trial. Cf. Ramseur, 106

N.J. at 323 (a prosecutor's misconduct must be viewed in the context of the entire

trial).

E.

Defendant next contends, for the first time on appeal, the prosecutor

improperly argued Doody sustained "more than" ten blows to the head.

Defendant now claims there is no supporting evidence that defendant sustained

more than ten blows. The record reflects Dr. Hood testified Doody suffered ten

"irregular abraded lacerations to the side of the head." However, the prosecutor

took care to tell the jurors that their recollection on this point would control. 7

The failure to object, moreover, clearly indicates to us that this comment was of

7
We add that the jury was properly instructed that statements made by the
attorneys were not to be considered as evidence. See Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 323
(that instruction obviated any lingering potential for undue prejudice).

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55
no moment. Irving, 114 N.J. at 444. We are satisfied the prosecutor's remark

lacked the capacity to produce an unjust result when viewed in the context of

the entire trial. See Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 323.

F.

The defendant's remaining two allegations of prosecutorial misconduct

during summation—not raised below and only raised for the first time in

defendant's reply brief, see supra note 4, lack sufficient merit to warrant all but

brief discussion in this opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). Defendant contends the

prosecutor committed misconduct when she argued there was another avenue of

escape for defendant to retreat before employing deadly force in self-protection.

The prosecutor remarked, "what is just off-screen from this photo? What is just

within reach of, I submit to you, this avenue of exit? A sliding glass door."

Defendant now argues, without citation to the record, this sliding door opened

to a balcony fifteen feet above the ground and thus was not a safe exit for

purposes of the duty to retreat before employing deadly force, N.J.S.A. 2C:3-

4(b)(2)(b). Even accepting for the sake of argument that defendant is correct as

to the balcony, we believe the prosecutor's remarks regarding the sliding glass

door, viewed in the context of all the evidence, did not substantially prejudice

defendant's fundamental right to have the jury fairly evaluate the merits of his

self-defense claim, and thus did not have a clear capacity to bring about an unjust

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56
result. Johnson, 31 N.J. at 510. Moreover, the trial court's charge to the jury

that statements made by the attorneys were not to be considered as evidence

obviated any potential for undue prejudice. See Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 323.

So too we reject defendant's new contention that the prosecutor

improperly argued in summation that defendant knew about Doody's "terrible"

behavior when Doody was intoxicated, yet brought him alcohol nonetheless.

Defendant argues there was no evidence at trial that defendant had any prior

knowledge as to Doody's "terrible" behavior and that the prosecutor thus

"improperly shifted blame to defendant for bringing alcohol to an individual

which he purportedly knew would become 'terrible' (i.e., violent)." Defendant

contends the prosecutor's statement was improper because defendant had no

such knowledge.

Defendant's argument fundamentally misconstrues the prosecutor's point.

The prosecutor was not suggesting that defendant knew that Doody had a history

of terrible behavior while intoxicated. Rather, the true gist of the prosecutor's

argument was that there was no evidence that Doody became physically

aggressive when drinking. We believe it was a fair argument that it was

defendant who brought alcohol to Doody's residence and that he would not have

done so if he believed it would cause Doody to become violent. It was a fair

inference that defendant knew Doody well, including his social and drinking

A-5252-18
57
habits; Doody was, after all, the best man at defendant's wedding. In these

circumstances, we reject defendant's argument that the prosecutor sought to shift

blame to defendant for bringing alcohol to someone he knew would become

violent.

Finally, with respect to the prosecutor's summation, we reject defendant's

contention that the "numerous improprieties by the prosecutor during closing

argument violated defendant's due process right to a fair trial." We further

address defendant's cumulative error argument in section X of this opinion.

VII.

Defendant next contends the motion court erred in denying his motion to

suppress evidence seized from his home and car pursuant to search warrants. 8

We derive the following facts from the affidavit in support of the search warrants

and the motion court's sixteen-page, single-spaced written opinion.

On November 25, 2015, Detective Raymond Gardner of the Ocean County

Prosecutor's Office submitted affidavits in support of an application for warrants

to search defendant's home and Jeep. Gardner's affidavit detailed the police

investigation of the homicide. That same day, a Superior Court judge issued the

warrants, authorizing police to search defendant's home and car for documents

8
The suppression motion was heard by a different judge than the one assigned
to conduct the trial.
A-5252-18
58
relating to financial transactions and cell phones and other personal

communications devices. The warrant provided that police could execute the

searches "anytime." Police executed the warrants between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00

p.m. that night.

Defendant contends: (1) the authorization permitting execution of the

search warrant for defendant's home at "anytime" violated Rule 3:5-5; (2) the

warrant for the search of defendant's home was overly broad with respect to the

authorization to seize financial documents; and (3) the affidavit submitted in

support of the warrants did not establish probable cause because it failed to show

a sufficient nexus between the crime and defendant's home and car.

Because we affirm substantially for the reasons explained in the motion

court's thorough and thoughtful written opinion, we need not readdress

defendant's arguments at length. We add the following comments. Rule 3:5-

3(a) provides in pertinent part:

An applicant for a search warrant shall appear
personally before the judge, who must take the
applicant's affidavit or testimony before issuing the
warrant. . . If the judge is satisfied that grounds for
granting the application exist or that there is probable
cause to believe they exist, the judge shall date and
issue the warrant identifying the property to be seized,
naming or describing the person or place to be searched
and specifying the hours when it may be executed . . . .

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Rule 3:5-5(a) further provides that "a search warrant . . . must be executed within

[ten] days after its issuance and within the hours fixed therein by the judge

issuing it, unless for good cause shown the warrant provides for its execution at

any time of day or night. . . ."

To be valid, a search warrant "must be based on sufficient specific

information to enable a prudent, neutral judicial officer to make an independent

determination that there is probable cause to believe that a search would yield

evidence of past or present criminal activity." State v. Keyes, 184 N.J. 541, 553

(2005). Probable cause exists where there is "a reasonable ground for belief of

guilt" based on facts of which the officers had knowledge and reasonably

trustworthy sources. State v. Marshall, 199 N.J. 602, 610 (2009) (quoting State

v. O'Neal, 190 N.J. 601, 612 (2007)). Probable cause is a "'common-sense,

practical standard' dealing with 'probabilities' and the 'practical considerations

of everyday life,'" and is generally understood to mean "'less than legal evidence

necessary to convict though more than mere naked suspicion.'" State v. Evers,

175 N.J 355, 381 (2003) (first quoting State v. Sullivan, 169 N.J. 204, 211

(2001), then State v. Mark, 46 N.J. 262, 271 (1966)). In evaluating the

sufficiency of the probable cause supporting a search warrant, we review the

four corners of the supporting affidavit and the totality of the circumstances

A-5252-18
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presented therein. Id. at 380. Hearsay alone can provide a sufficient basis for a

warrant. State v. Novembrino, 105 N.J. 95, 110 (1987).

"Once issued, '[a] search warrant is presumed to be valid, and defendant

bears the burden of demonstrating that the warrant was issued without probable

cause or that the search was otherwise unreasonable.'" State v. Chippero, 201

N.J. 14, 26 (2009) (quoting Evers, 175 N.J. at 381). A reviewing court should

"'accord substantial deference to the discretionary determination resulting in the

issuance of the [search] warrant." Sullivan, 169 N.J. at 211–12 (alteration in

original) (quoting State v. Marshall, 123 N.J. 1, 72 (1991). Accordingly, if a

reviewing court has any "[d]oubt as to the validity of the warrant," such doubt

"should ordinarily be resolved by sustaining the search." Keyes, 184 N.J. at 554

(quoting State v. Jones, 179 N.J. 377, 389 (2004)). Moreover, pursuant to Rule

3:5-7(g), "[i]n the absence of bad faith, no search or seizure made with a search

warrant shall be deemed unlawful because of technical insufficiencies or

irregularities in the warrant or in the papers or proceedings to obtain it, or in its

execution."

The motion court concluded,

With regard to the use of the "anytime language," the
court finds that nothing in the language of R[ule] 3:5-5
seems to indicate that the "good cause reason" for
permitting the warrant to be executed at "anytime"
needed to be specified in the warrant itself. The State

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61
 suggested that the "good cause" reason the warrants
needed to be executed at "anytime" in this case was
because this was a homicide investigation with no
identified motive. The court agrees with the State that
even if [this reason is insufficient], at most, the
"anytime" language would constitute a technical defect
which does not necessitate the suppression of evidence.
The court finds that pursuant to R[ule] 3:5-7[(g)],
[d]efendant . . . has failed to establish or even allude to
any bad faith on the part of Detective Gardner or [the
warrant judge]. As such, any technical insufficiencies
or irregularities in the warrants in this case, including
the "anytime" language, do not permit this court to
suppress the evidence uncovered as a result of those
warrants.

We agree with the motion court's analysis and conclusion. As the motion

court further noted, the warrants were executed between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m.

on November 25, 2015, shortly after defendant's arrest. It was reasonable to

execute the house search at the same time that defendant was taken into custody.

We also agree with the motion court that the warrants were not overbroad.

There was probable cause to believe the financial records sought in the warrant

might establish a motive for homicide. We add that in any event, no such records

were introduced at trial, rendering the exclusionary remedy superfluous.

Relatedly, there was ample probable cause to seize electronic devices that

may have had stored communications between defendant and Doody. We also

reject defendant's contention that police exceeded the scope of the warrant by

taking a wedding photograph off the wall of defendant's home. That photo

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62
confirmed that defendant and Doody were close friends. We add that defendant

at trial did not dispute that Doody served as best man at his wedding.

Finally, we reject defendant's argument the warrants lacked probable

cause because there was an insufficient nexus between the homicide at Doody's

residence on Long Beach Island and defendant's home and vehicle. The affidavit

in support of the warrant application referenced Doody's text message to his

wife stating that defendant had invited himself over. The affidavit related that

defendant visited Doody on November 21, 2015, and also included information

that defendant's Jeep was observed on Long Beach Island that day. We agree

with the motion court that it was reasonable to believe the perpetrator of the

murder could have transported evidence from the crime scene, and that such

evidence might thus be found in the perpetrator's vehicle and residence. Indeed,

having established that defendant was staying as a guest at the victim's residence

at the time of the homicide, the nexus between the crime and defendant, his

vehicle, and his residence is self-evident.

We also reject defendant's contention the probable cause was stale. As a

general proposition, the determination whether probable cause is stale depends

more on the nature of the unlawful activity alleged in the affidavit than in the

date and times specified therein. See State v. Blaurock, 143 N.J. Super. 476,

479 (App. Div. 1976). Although the homicide was an isolated incident for which

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probable cause might dwindle rapidly, ibid., the search warrants were obtained

less than forty-eight hours after Doody's body was discovered. The police and

prosecutor's office were diligent, thorough, and prompt in conducting a labor -

intensive homicide investigation that cast suspicion on defendant. That

investigation entailed forensic examination of the crime scene, identifying the

victim, speaking to the victim's wife, reviewing video footage of defendant's

vehicle going to and leaving the victim's residence, surveilling defendant at his

residence, and obtaining records for defendant's home and vehicle. While it

certainly was possible the perpetrator could have discarded or destroyed

inculpatory evidence in the time between the homicide and the issuance of the

search warrants, applying the "common sense approach" we embraced in

Blaurock, id. at 479–80, probable cause still existed to believe that evidence

relevant to the offense, including evidence of motive, would be found in

defendant's house and vehicle. The evidence sought in the warrant was not of a

type that would dissipate quickly on its own, and we do not view the possibility

that the perpetrator might discard or destroy evidence as diminishing the

probable cause to believe that defendant was involved in the brutal killing and

that evidence of the crime and its aftermath would be found in his possession.

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 VIII.

Defendant next contends the trial court erred in admitting three autopsy

photos. We disagree. In State v. Thompson, our Supreme Court explained, "[i]t

has long been the rule in this State that admissibility of photographs of the victim

of a crime rests in the discretion of the trial court, and the exercise of its

discretion will not be reversed in the absence of a palpable abuse thereof." 59

N.J. 396, 420 (1971); see also State v. Kuropchak, 221 N.J. 368, 385 (2015);

State v. Rose, 206 N.J. 141, 157 (2011). Relevant evidence may be excluded if

its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence. N.J.R.E. 403; State v. Feaster,

156 N.J. 1, 83 (1998). In this instance, the trial court carefully considered the

probative value of the autopsy photos in relation to the risk of undue prejudice

or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

Prior to Dr. Hood's testimony, the prosecutor advised the trial court there

were 187 autopsy photos. The State proposed to show only sixteen of the photos

to the jury. Defendant objected to the admission of five of those sixteen.

Specifically, defense counsel argued that either photos S-177 or S-178 should

be admitted, but not both, as they were cumulative. Counsel argued that S-183

should be excluded as it was too gruesome, and that that either S-184 or S-185

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should be admitted but not both, as they were cumulative and S-185 was

particularly gruesome.

The prosecutor maintained that the photos now at issue should be admitted

because the first two offered different views of the injuries to the left side of

Doody's head, the third depicted an injury that alone could have caused Doody's

death (i.e., the injury to his neck and larynx), and the last two offered different

views of two distinct injuries to Doody's skull.

After reviewing the photos, the trial court found that S-177 and S-178

were not cumulative even though they showed the same injury because they

provided two distinct views of the injuries to the left side of Doody's head. The

court reasoned that S-178 "gives a unique depiction of the injury to the ears, to

the left ear rather, which you cannot see in S-177." The court found that S-183,

which showed the injury to Doody's larynx, was highly relevant since the nature,

depth, and severity of that wound, and the weapon used to make it, were

contested. The court also found that S-184 and S-185, which showed the

indentations in defendant's skull and damage caused to the brain, were not

cumulative as they also were taken from two different angles and were relevant

to the issue of the nature, depth, and severity of the blunt force head injuries that

were inflicted. In view of the trial court's careful, thorough, and well-articulated

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analysis, we conclude the court properly exercised its discretion in admitting the

autopsy photos.

IX.

Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

judgment of acquittal (JOA) on the charge of murder. He also contends in a

separate point that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a new trial

because the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. We reject both

contentions.

The well-established test for challenging the sufficiency of evidence for a

defendant's conviction(s) was articulated in State v. Reyes:

The question the trial judge must determine is whether,
viewing the State's evidence in its entirety, be that
evidence direct or circumstantial, and giving the State
the benefit of all its favorable testimony as well as all
of the favorable inferences which reasonably could be
drawn therefrom, a reasonable jury could find guilt of
the charge beyond a reasonable doubt.

[50 N.J. 454, 458–59 (1967).]

See also State v. Martin, 119 N.J. 2, 8 (1990) (quoting State v. Brown, 80 N.J.

587, 592 (1979)) ("In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant

inquiry is whether 'any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'") (emphasis in original). The

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same standard applies to a motion for a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding

the verdict. State v. Kluber, 130 N.J. Super. 336, 341–42 (App. Div. 1974).

An appellate court will not reverse a trial court's decision on a motion for

a new trial "unless it clearly appears that there was a miscarriage of justice under

the law." R. 2:10-1; State v. Labrutto, 114 N.J. 187, 207 (1989). To this end,

the appellate court must make its own determinations, deferring to the trial court

only with respect to those intangible aspects of the case such as credibility,

witness demeanor, and the general "feel of the case." State v. Brown, 118 N.J.

595, 604 (1990) (quoting State v. Sims, 65 N.J. 359, 373 (1974)).

After the State rested its case, defendant moved for a JOA on the murder

charge, arguing that the State had not met its burden of proof. The trial court

denied the motion, finding that there was sufficient evidence for the case to go

to the jury, emphasizing in particular the testimony of Garkowski and Dr. Hood,

as well as the "inordinate number of injuries sustained" by Doody.

Prior to sentencing, defendant moved for a new trial, arguing: (1) there

were no witnesses to the fatal incident; (2) he and Doody were friends; (3)

Doody had a BAC of .252% and had been described as "belligerent" when drunk;

and (4) the absence of defendant's DNA on the handle of the knife "rais[ed] a

reasonable doubt as to whether or not defendant maintained control over the

subject weapon."

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 The trial court rejected these arguments, finding that defendant's decision

to bring an assortment of alcoholic beverages to Doody's house indicated that

he did not believe that Doody was belligerent. The court also found the State

had proven beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant controlled the knife and

had not acted in self-defense. The court noted that the knife was found partially

washed in the sink. The court also stressed that Doody was seated during and

after the attack, Doody sustained brutal wounds, and the knife was the second

weapon used to inflict injury.

Defendant now contends the State did not disprove his claim of self-

defense, that Garkowski was biased in favor of the prosecution, that the police

erroneously identified defendant's car a few times from traffic camera footage,

and that the absence of defendant's DNA on the knife handle was definitive proof

that defendant did not attack Doody. With the exception of the self-defense

claim, these contentions lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this

opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).

Based on our own review of the record, we agree with the trial court there

was a wealth of evidence that defendant—who did not deny killing Doody—was

the aggressor. We note in particular the expert testimony that Doody was seated

when he was beaten and then slashed across the neck; the severity of Doody's

injuries and the fact that they were inflicted successively with two different

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weapons; and the evidence that defendant sustained only minor injuries during

the violent confrontation. In view of this overwhelming evidence, a reasonable

jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had not acted in self -

defense when he killed Doody.

X.

Finally, we address defendant's contention the alleged trial errors, when

considered cumulatively, warrant a reversal of his convictions and a remand for

a new trial. In State v. Reddish, our Supreme Court acknowledged that

"although an error or series of errors might not individually amount to plain

error, in combination they can cast sufficient doubt upon the verdict to warrant

reversal." 181 N.J. 553, 615 (2004). In State v. Weaver, the Supreme Court

granted a new trial after concluding that it was "a classic case of several errors,

none of which may have independently required a reversal and new trial, but

which in combination dictate[d] a new trial." 219 N.J. 131, 162 (2014); see also

Jenewicz, 193 N.J. at 473–74 (recognizing that even when individual errors do

not amount to reversible error, their cumulative effect can require reversal if

they "prejudice the fairness of [the] defendant's trial and, therefore, cast[] doubt

on the propriety of the jury verdict that was the product of that trial" ).

In State v. Orecchio, the Court stressed that "the incidental legal errors,

which creep into the trial but do not prejudice the rights of the accused or make

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the proceedings unfair, may [not] be invoked to upset an otherwise valid

conviction." 16 N.J. 125, 129 (1954). Moreover, it is well-settled that "[a]

defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one." Marshall, 123 N.J. at

170 (quoting Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 619 (1953)).

In addition to the alleged errors we have already addressed, defendant in

his cumulative-error point heading identifies two additional issues not raised

before the trial court. We need only briefly address these two additional alleged

errors.

During her testimony, Murray made two comments indicating that

Doody—a retired New York City firefighter—suffered adverse effects from the

terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Specifically, Murray related that Doody

needed a CAT scan of his lungs because of ground glass opacity related to 9/11.

During re-direct examination, Murray related that after maintaining his sobriety

for a number of years, Doody "started drinking after 9/11." These two comments

were inadvertently elicited by the prosecutor, who had instructed Murray not to

mention Doody's service on 9/11. After Murray left the stand, defense counsel

noted that she had been instructed by the court not to speak of 9/11, and that her

testimony came "very close to [violating] the judge's instruction." Defense

counsel declined to seek a curative jury instruction but did ask that the

prosecutor avoid the topic in her closing. The prosecutor noted that her

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questions were not designed to elicit this testimony, and stated that she did not

intend to mention 9/11 in her summation. There was no further mention of 9/11

at trial.

Defendant also notes a partial statement Dr. Hood made that

decomposition of a body "can produce some ethanol as well, but not a whole lot,

so it is likely that [Doody's] blood ethanol level at the time of—." Defense

counsel's timely objection prevented Hood from completing his thought, and the

court accordingly instructed the jury to disregard that statement and focus only

on Hood's testimony that Doody's BAC was .252%.

After carefully considering all of the trial errors defendant alleges on

appeal, we conclude that defendant received a fair trial and that none of

defendant's contentions, viewed individually or collectively, cast doubt upon the

verdict. Reddish, 181 N.J. at 615. We stress that while defendant may not have

received a perfect trial, he received a fair one. Marshall, 123 N.J. at 170. We

add the State presented overwhelming evidence to disprove beyond a reasonable

doubt that defendant was justified in using deadly force in self-defense.

To the extent we have not addressed them, any remaining arguments

raised by defendant on appeal lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this

opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).

Affirmed.

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