United States v. Tekoa Glover

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-4801

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff – Appellee,

v.

TEKOA TOBIAS GLOVER,

Defendant – Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
Greenville. Timothy M. Cain, District Judge. (6:18-cr-00588-TMC-1)

Argued: May 5, 2021 Decided: August 9, 2021

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, KEENAN, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Remanded with instructions by published opinion. Chief Judge Gregory wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Keenan concurred. Judge Quattlebaum concurred in the judgment and
wrote a concurring opinion.

ARGUED: Jonathan McKey Milling, MILLING LAW FIRM, LLC, Columbia, South
Carolina, for Appellant. Ezra Addison Gantt, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Peter M. McCoy,
Jr., United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia,
South Carolina, for Appellee.
GREGORY, Chief Judge:

Tekoa Glover raises two independent claims for relief from his mandatory-minimum,

120-month sentence following his guilty plea: First, he argues that we should vacate his

conviction and remand this case for a hearing on whether the government wrongly seized

untainted assets needed to hire the counsel of his choice. Second, he argues that his counsel

should have been substituted at his plea withdrawal hearing because his attorney was laboring

under a conflict of interest. A prior decision of this Court forecloses Glover’s first claim. But

we agree with Glover that his attorney had a conflict of interest at his plea withdrawal hearing

and that substitute counsel should have represented him there. We accordingly remand this

case for a plea withdrawal hearing with new counsel.

***

Glover appeals his sentence for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 500

grams or more of a drug containing cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, methamphetamine, and

marijuana; and conspiracy to conduct financial and monetary transactions involving proceeds

of unlawful activity. 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)–(D); 21 U.S.C. § 846; 18 U.S.C.

§ 1957. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Glover pleaded guilty to two of five counts in a third

superseding indictment before being sentenced.

When he was first facing charges, and long before he pleaded guilty, Glover attempted

to hire an attorney in Atlanta to represent him. Glover’s friends and family sent the attorney

tens of thousands of dollars as an advance for his services. But instead of using the funds to

prepare Glover’s defense (or returning them), the attorney sent them to the Drug Enforcement

Administration. The attorney apparently believed the funds were drug proceeds. The

2
government subsequently seized the funds under 21 U.S.C. §§ 881(a)(6) (subjecting to seizure

and forfeiture funds traceable to drug proceeds).

Immediately and persistently, Glover began filing pro se motions arguing that the funds

were not tainted; that he could only hire counsel with the seized funds; and that he was entitled

to counsel of his choosing if he could afford it. See J.A. 29–32; 34; 39; 61. During this period,

Glover’s relationship with his first appointed lawyer deteriorated, and the district court

assigned him new appointed counsel, Hank Ehlies. Both Glover and Ehlies requested a

hearing pursuant to United States v. Farmer, 274 F.3d 800 (4th Cir. 2001), on the subject of

the seized funds. Thereafter, the government filed a response titled “Possible Farmer Hearing

Concerning Seizure of Assets,” which expressly noted that “a hearing pursuant to United

States v. Farmer . . . might be necessary in order to confirm the propriety of any seizures in

this case.” J.A. 140.

Instead of setting such a hearing, the district court held a hearing five months after

Glover’s first Farmer request focused in relevant part on Glover’s frequent pro se motions and

whether Glover wanted to continue to be represented by counsel or represent himself—

something Glover persistently declined to do. The district court stated that it was “not going

to get into” the Farmer issue and would not appoint new counsel. J.A. 161. For his part,

Glover continued to contend that the funds were inappropriately seized and that the seizure

was interfering with his right to counsel, but the Court made clear that it would not address the

issue unless Glover chose to represent himself. Glover responded:

To me, it feels like my lawyer is not working for me. . . . I am still pushing
to the point that I want to be represented by counsel of choice, and the only
way we can get to that aspect of the case is [to] have a hearing about the

3
 money. I think that without that, I am still forced to keep Mr. Ehlies because
I am not prepared, I am not knowledgeable enough [about] the system to be
coming in court fighting against everybody.

J.A. 166–67.

Glover pleaded guilty three days later. J.A. 174. He had an extensive Rule 11

colloquy that included the following exchange:

Q. Are you satisfied with the services of your attorney?
A. Yes.
Q. Have you had enough time to meet with your lawyer and to discuss your
case?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Has your attorney advised you of your rights and explained the court
process to you?
A. Yes.
Q. Has your attorney explained the possible consequences that may take
place as a result of this proceeding?
A. Yes.
Q. Have you told your attorney everything that you want to tell him?
A. Yes.
Q: Has your attorney done everything that you have asked him to do?
A. Pretty much.
Q. Is there anything that you would like for your attorney to do for you at
this time before we proceed any further with your case?
A. No, sir.
Q. Do you authorize and request your attorney to speak on your behalf
today?
A. Yes, sir.

J.A. 179–80.

The court accepted Glover’s plea pursuant to a plea agreement. Relevant to this appeal,

that agreement included the following language: “The Defendant . . . waives the right to

contest either the conviction or the sentence in any direct appeal or other post-conviction

action, including any proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. This waiver does not apply to

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel[.]” J.A. 220.

4
 After the plea hearing but before sentencing, Glover filed a pro se motion requesting to

withdraw his plea. Such requests are contemplated by the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure, though a district court need only grant them if they are filed for a “fair and just

reason.” See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(b) (“A defendant may withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo

contendere . . . after the court accepts the plea, but before it imposes sentence[,] if . . . the

defendant can show a fair and just reason for requesting the withdrawal.”). Glover’s motion

contained numerous allegations of misconduct by Ehlies. Glover asserted (among other

things) that his counsel told him to take the plea because refusing would “upset” and “offend”

the judge and result in him receiving a life sentence. J.A. 230, 231. Glover also alleged that

Ehlies indicated his defense would be severely hamstrung if he chose not to take the plea.

Specifically, Glover alleged that Ehlies said he had not prepared for a suppression hearing that

was scheduled to take place the day after the change-of-plea hearing, and that Glover would

not be able to receive a continuance for Ehlies to prepare for the hearing if Glover decided not

to take the plea. J.A. 231. Prior to sentencing, the court scheduled a hearing on Glover’s plea

withdrawal motion and other matters.

There, Glover requested new counsel and asserted that Ehlies had a conflict of interest

in representing him in the hearing given his allegations. The district court declined to appoint

new counsel, instead determining that Glover could either proceed pro se (which he again

declined to do) or be represented by Ehlies. The district court stated:

[A] request for change in counsel cannot be considered justifiable if it
proceeds from a transparent plot to bring about delay. . . . [W]e have been
over this numerous times, the Defendant is on his third lawyer. I have told
him he is free to hire anybody he wants to hire, he has indicated to me that
he does not want to represent himself. . . .

5
 The motion to relieve Mr. Ehiles and appoint substitute counsel is
denied. And again, although I am repeating myself, there is no hybrid
representation in this case.

J.A. 308.

Ehlies subsequently told the district court that his client’s Rule 11 colloquy was

appropriate and that a plea withdrawal hearing was not in Glover’s best interest. He said that

he had “considered that and his request, and I have looked through Rule 11, it is perfectly well

done, and it is not in his best interest, and that is why I did not endorse or file such a motion.”

J.A. 309.1 Ehlies went on to inform the district court that he could say more in a hearing under

28 U.S.C. § 2255; that there were reasons that he believed the plea agreement was very

favorable to his client; that those reasons were related at least in part to fact development in

the case; and that he was not “surprised” that his client had agreed to the plea deal. J.A. 317–

18.

The district court concluded that Glover’s statements about Ehlies were not credible;

that Glover’s statements in the Rule 11 colloquy were credible; and that it would not grant

Glover’s pro se motion to withdraw the plea. J.A. 322–29. This appeal followed.

I.

Glover first argues that his conviction should be vacated and this case remanded for the

Farmer hearing that he requested so many times below. “[T]he Sixth Amendment guarantees

1
As the government notes in its brief, the calculated Guideline range for Glover’s
offenses was 292 to 365 months. J.A. 425. The 120-month sentence he received in
accordance with his plea is accordingly much shorter than what he would have faced at
trial.
6
a defendant the right to be represented by an otherwise qualified attorney whom that defendant

can afford to hire.” Luis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1083, 1090 (2018) (plurality op.); see also

id. at 1096 (Alito, J., concurring) (agreeing that “a pretrial freeze of untainted assets violates a

criminal defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel of choice”). When a defendant

sufficiently alleges that the government may have wrongly seized assets needed to hire counsel

of choice, due process requires a hearing where the defendant may prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that the seized assets are untainted. Farmer, 274 F.3d at 805.

The government contends that the district court lacked jurisdiction to hold a Farmer

hearing in this case because the funds were seized civilly, not criminally. Compare 21 U.S.C.

§ 881 (civil forfeiture) to 21 U.S.C. § 853 (criminal forfeiture). We think the appropriate venue

for the jurisdictional argument would have been the Farmer hearing itself, and in any event do

not agree that the distinction will create a jurisdictional prohibition to the court’s power to hold

the hearing. The hearing is the means by which the district court may determine whether a

potential Sixth Amendment problem is infecting an ongoing criminal proceeding and

determine appropriate next steps. A criminal defendant’s request for such a hearing bears little

resemblance to a key case the government relies upon, Ibarra v. United States, 120 F.3d 472,

475 (4th Cir. 1997), where this Court held that a district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction

to entertain a plaintiff’s civil lawsuit seeking return of administratively-seized assets. In short,

setting aside whether we could remand this particular case for a Farmer hearing at this stage

(now that the administrative seizure has been completed), we are inclined to agree with Glover

that the district court ought to have timely set and conducted a Farmer hearing below. The

7
government also recognized the likely need for a hearing in the proceedings before the district

court. See, e.g., J.A. 140.

However, we are constrained to deny Glover relief on this claim. 2 We have no doubt

that Glover’s counsel on appeal argues otherwise in good faith. But in United States v.

Moussaoui, 591 F.3d 263, 279 (4th Cir. 2010), this Court rejected the defendant’s attempt to

withdraw his plea post-sentencing based on the alleged deprivation of access to counsel of

choice, among other claims. The factual circumstances in Moussaoui were quite different than

the circumstances here. But this Court did not deny the defendant’s claim on the merits. Id.

Instead, we held that “[w]hen a defendant pleads guilty, he waives all nonjurisdictional defects

in the proceedings conducted prior to entry of the plea” and “has no non-jurisdictional ground

upon which to attack that judgment except the inadequacy of the plea [under Rule 11].” Id.

In addition to Rule 11 problems, ineffective assistance of counsel claims regarding an

attorney’s pre-plea conduct are also cognizable on appeal post-plea. See, e.g., Hill v. Lockhart,

474 U.S. 52, 56–57 (1985); Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 364 (2010). Like choice-of-

counsel claims, ineffective assistance claims allege Sixth Amendment violations and implicate

a defendant’s decision to plead guilty. See Hill, 474 U.S. at 56–57. For this reason, two of our

sister circuits have held that choice-of-counsel claims essentially challenge the voluntariness

of a plea, and therefore are not forfeited when a defendant enters a guilty plea. See United

States v. Smith, 618 F.3d 657, 663 (7th Cir. 2010) (counsel of choice claims are not waived by

a guilty plea); United States v. Sanchez Guerrero, 546 F.3d 328, 332 (5th Cir. 2008) (same).

For this reason, we decline to address whether Glover’s appellate waiver bars his
2

Farmer claim.
8
Though different, claims regarding the right to proceed pro se have been treated similarly: In

United States v. Hernandez, the Ninth Circuit held that claims related to a district court’s

treatment of pre-plea requests to proceed pro se could be addressed on appeal post-plea. 203

F.3d 614, 626–27 (9th Cir. 2010) (abrogated on other grounds by Indiana v. Edwards, 554

U.S. 164 (2008)).

After pleading guilty, the defendant in Moussaoui raised a choice-of-counsel claim (not

a Farmer claim) and a claim regarding his ability to “effectively proceed pro se.” 591 F.3d at

279. This Court considered the claims together and decided neither claim on the merits.

Without addressing the Seventh Circuit’s approach in Smith or the Fifth Circuit’s in Sanchez

Guerrero—both choice-of-counsel cases—Moussaoui rejected the Ninth Circuit’s approach

in Hernandez and implied that the same considerations apply to post-plea arguments regarding

a defendant’s ability to proceed pro se as to a defendant’s request for counsel of choice. See

591 F.3d at 279–80 & n.12.

Whether it may be appropriate for the en banc Court to revisit this aspect of Moussaoui,

or whether Moussaoui might not apply to the circumstances of this case, are questions that no

party has raised or argued. (Indeed, neither the government nor Glover cited Moussaoui, nor

filed a letter with this Court under the Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) on this

subject, though it was raised at oral argument and appears to restrict a panel of this Court from

granting Glover relief on one of the two claims he presents in this appeal.) We will not do so

on our own. We therefore proceed to Glover’s other claim for relief.

9
 II.

Glover next argues that his attorney was impaired by a conflict of interest at his plea

withdrawal hearing. As the government notes, this claim implicates whether Glover’s

counsel was constitutionally effective. Gov’t Br. 23; Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335,

349–50 (1980) (holding that an actual conflict of interest renders counsel ineffective). This

Court reserves ineffective assistance of counsel claims for resolution on collateral appeal

unless counsel’s ineffectiveness conclusively appears on the face of the record. See, e.g.,

United States v. Richardson, 195 F.3d 192, 198 (4th Cir. 1999). For the reasons discussed

below, Ehlies’ performance at the plea withdrawal hearing meets that standard.

Defendants have the right to counsel at all critical stages of a criminal proceeding.

See, e.g., Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 80 (2004). This includes plea hearings, id., and

naturally includes plea withdrawal hearings, too. Our sister circuits agree. See United

States v. Sanchez-Barreto, 93 F.3d 17, 20 (1st Cir. 1996); United States v. Garrett, 90 F.3d

210, 212 (7th Cir. 1996); United States v. White, 659 F.2d 231, 233 (D.C. Cir. 1981);

United States v. Crowley, 529 F.2d 1066, 1069 (3d Cir. 1976).

To prevail, defendants claiming ineffective assistance must prove that their

attorney’s conduct was both deficient and prejudicial. But in cases where an attorney has

an actual conflict of interest, prejudice is presumed if the defendant “demonstrates that

counsel ‘actively represented conflicting interests’ and that ‘an actual conflict of interest

adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.’” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

692 (1984) (quoting Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 350, 348); see also Garza, 139 S. Ct. at 744 (“[N]o

10
showing of prejudice is necessary ‘if the accused is denied counsel at a critical stage of his

trial’” (quoting United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 (1984)).

Cuyler dealt with an actual conflict created by multiple representation. See 446 U.S.

at 350. But conflicts also arise when a lawyer must choose between representing a client’s

interests and implicating herself in her own serious misconduct. Lawyers “cannot

reasonably be expected to make” arguments advancing a client’s claim that, in essence,

“denigrate their own performance.” Christeson v. Roper, 574 U.S. 373, 378 (2015). A

“‘significant conflict of interest”’ arises when an attorney’s ‘interest in avoiding damage

to [his] own reputation’ is at odds with his client’s ‘strongest argument—i.e., that his

attorneys had abandoned him.’” Id. (quoting Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 285–86 &

n. 8 (2012)). When a defendant files a pro se motion to withdraw her plea based on alleged

misconduct by her attorney, it puts her attorney in exactly this position. Sanchez-Barreto,

93 F.3d at 20–21 (remanding for a new plea withdrawal hearing where the defendant

“plainly alleged facts amounting to malpractice, if found to be true”); United States v.

Ellison, 798 F.2d 1102, 1107 (7th Cir. 1986) (same); cf. Wilson v. Mintzes, 761 F.2d 275,

286 (6th Cir. 1985) (reversing where “counsel’s loyalty to his own interests rather than

those of his client adversely affected his performance . . . as well as his tactical conduct of

the case”).

In this case, Glover’s pro se motion to withdraw his plea rested on allegations that

his lawyer inappropriately coerced him into taking it. Specifically, Glover alleges that his

attorney foreclosed his most obvious strategic move if he failed to take the plea—a

suppression hearing—and told Glover that such a path was unavailable because counsel

11
had not prepared for such a hearing and would not be able to get a continuance. Glover

alleges that he directly told counsel that counsel was “selling him out by not giving him

any chance at a suppression motion, thereby leaving Defendant with no option but to plea,”

and Ehlies replied that “life isn’t fair.” J.A. 231. Glover wrote that his “plea was the result

of coercion” and alleged that counsel “failed to investigate the case fully”; “failed to

subpoena witnesses for the suppression hearing”; “forced [him] into the plea within 72

hours”; “told him to agree to the judge when asked questions about the plea”; and stated

that Glover should take the plea because his failure to do so would “make [Ehlies] look

bad and upset the judge.” See J.A. 230, 232.

At the plea withdrawal hearing, and on the record, Ehlies argued against Glover’s

motion to withdraw. He defended the Rule 11 colloquy, contended that Glover’s motion

was not in his best interest, and explicitly stated that he did not “endorse” his client’s

motion. J.A. 309. Ehlies even went so far as to imply that Glover’s decision to plead guilty

was based in part on fact development and that Ehlies could discuss it more if Glover

waived attorney-client privilege concerns by filing a petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

Ehlies’ arguments at the plea withdrawal hearing made his conflict evident. A

defendant is entitled to counsel “whose undivided loyalties lie with his client.” United

States v. Jeffers, 520 F.2d 1256, 1263 (7th Cir. 1975). But Glover’s allegations made that

obligation difficult for Ehlies to meet. If true, Ehlies’ alleged conduct went well beyond

differences in strategy between an attorney and his client; it would amount to malpractice.

See Sanchez-Barreto, 93 F.3d at 22 (noting the “clarity and specificity” of the malpractice

allegations in the defendant’s pro se plea-withdrawal motion); Ellison, 798 F.2d at 1107

12
(noting that “if the allegations in defendant’s [pro se plea-withdrawal motion] were true,

[the attorney’s] actions would be tantamount to malpractice”).

And the record includes more than allegations of attorney misconduct. It contains

specific in-court statements by Glover’s attorney against his client’s motion and in favor

of counsel’s representation in the case. Like in Sanchez-Barreto, Glover’s counsel

essentially “extolled the benefits of the plea agreement, [and] stated that there were no

errors in the earlier Rule 11 plea colloquy conducted by the district court[] nor bases in law

for [his client’s] pro se plea-withdrawal motion.” 93 F.3d at 21. Just as here, the

defendant’s counsel also contended “that [his client] was better off with the plea bargain,

given the unlikelihood that he could prevail at trial.” Id. In other words, Glover’s counsel

made statements that were “not merely neutral on the withdrawal issue,” but “in substance

. . . argued against [his client].” United States v. Joslin, 434 F.2d 526, 529 (D.C. Cir. 1970).

Ehlies stated that he “did not endorse . . . [Glover’s] motion,” contended that Glover’s Rule

11 colloquy was “perfectly well done,” and functionally suggested that his client pleaded

guilty because he was guilty and could not win at trial. By effectively “testifying against

his client,” Glover’s counsel “acted as both counselor and witness for the prosecution.

These roles are inherently inconsistent.” Ellison, 798 F.2d at 1107. And as our sister

circuits concluded in Sanchez-Barreto, Ellison, and Joslin, this conflict requires that we

remand this case for Glover to receive a new plea withdrawal hearing.

At oral argument, the government agreed that Glover’s claims of attorney

misconduct raised a conflict, noting: “A conflict did arise whenever he accused his counsel

of coercing him into pleading guilty, but that does not mean that he actually coerced him

13
into pleading guilty.” Oral Argument at 44:23-44:39. The government’s focus on this

distinction matters very much to determining, on remand, whether Glover’s accusations

are true. 3 But the distinction is not relevant to whether this Court is required to remand

this case for a new plea withdrawal hearing where the record establishes that Glover was

left functionally without counsel at this critical stage of his criminal proceeding.

The government is concerned that a ruling in favor of Glover here could turn this

case into an Ouroboros on remand, with Glover in each plea withdrawal hearing refusing

to proceed pro se while alleging misconduct on the part of his counsel. Considering the

circumscribed issues that substitute counsel will face in a plea withdrawal hearing, we think

such a gambit on Glover’s part would fail. Should Glover decide to go forward with the

plea withdrawal hearing, his new attorney will investigate the claims; present what she

finds, as well as an argument supporting her client’s motion, to the district court; and leave

to the district court the decision whether Glover is entitled to withdraw his plea based on

the evidence presented. Should Glover and his new counsel disagree with regard to

counsel’s reasoned strategy, or should Glover level speculative accusations against his new

counsel, those differences alone are insufficient to create a conflict of interest like that we

have identified here. Cf. United States v. Soldevila-Lopez, 17 F.3d 480, 487 (1st Cir. 1994)

(noting that speculative or bare allegations of a conflict of interest are insufficient to

support a claim of ineffective assistance).

3
To be clear, nothing in this opinion should be construed to imply that Glover’s
plea withdrawal motion should succeed or that his allegations of misconduct are true.
14
 We recognize that the district court dealt with a difficult situation involving many

pro se filings by Glover and repeated conflict between Glover and court-appointed

counsel—indeed, counsel who ultimately obtained a good result for his client. But in this

case, the arguments made by counsel were, in fact, contrary to his client’s intent and interest

in filing the pro se plea withdrawal motion. They also were, in fact, in favor of counsel’s

own representation in the case and contrary to Glover’s accusations of counsel’s

misconduct. Once Glover raised clear and concrete claims alleging with specificity that

his attorney was acting against his interest, and certainly after Glover’s counsel presented

argument against granting Glover’s motion at the plea withdrawal hearing, a conflict of

interest was plain. At that point, conflict-free counsel was required. “From the very

beginning, our state and national constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on

procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial

tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be

realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to

assist him.” Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344 (1963).

Accordingly, we remand this case for a new plea withdrawal hearing, and direct that

conflict-free counsel represent Glover. 4

REMANDED with INSTRUCTIONS.

4
This Court takes note of Glover’s pro se July 1, 2021 letter providing this Court
with a notice of supplemental authority pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 28(j). Because this
opinion resolves this appeal, Glover’s pending motion for pro se oral argument is dismissed
as moot.
15
QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:

I agree that, under the circumstances of this case, a remand for a new plea

withdrawal hearing with conflict-free counsel is necessary. While I concur in the judgment

reached by the majority, I get there by a slightly different path.

First, I agree with the majority that Glover’s claim that he was entitled to a Farmer 1

hearing is barred by his guilty plea. United States v. Moussaoui squarely rejected the

argument that structural errors are exempt from the waiver of all nonjurisdictional errors

that accompanies a guilty plea. 591 F.3d 263, 279–80 (4th Cir. 2010). I would make a hard

stop at that point. To me, whether—but for the waiver—Glover was entitled to such a

hearing is not at all clear. 2 More importantly, in light of Glover’s guilty plea, any

discussion of that issue is dicta.

Second, I have a slightly different view of Glover’s conflict-free counsel claim. The

majority begins its analysis by stating that “this claim implicates whether Glover’s counsel

was constitutionally effective.” Maj. Op. at 10. Then, after reciting the elements of a

Strickland claim, the majority concludes that we should depart from our well-established

1
United States v. Farmer, 274 F.3d 800 (4th Cir. 2001).
2
Glover repeatedly stated that the funds at issue were paid by his family and friends,
and he expressly disclaimed any ownership in the funds. See J.A. 41 (“Petitioner contends
that none of the money was ‘his’ money, but money given by law abiding citizens for his
defense.”). The Supreme Court has held that “[a] defendant has no Sixth Amendment right
to spend another person’s money for services rendered by an attorney, even if those funds
are the only way that that defendant will be able to retain the attorney of his choice.” Caplin
& Drysdale v. United States, Chartered, 491 U.S. 617, 626 (1989). Perhaps, despite that
clear statement by the Supreme Court, Glover was still entitled to a Farmer hearing. Or
maybe not.
16
case law declining to reach ineffectiveness challenges on direct appeal because “counsel’s

ineffectiveness conclusively appears on the face of the record.” Id. While I agree that the

proper analysis of Glover’s claim implicates the Sixth Amendment right to the effective

assistance of counsel, I analyze the issue differently.

We have repeatedly held that “[a] claim of ineffective assistance of counsel should

be raised by [a habeas corpus] motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in the district court and not

on direct appeal, unless it conclusively appears from the record that defense counsel did

not provide effective representation.” United States v. Richardson, 195 F.3d 192, 198 (4th

Cir. 1999) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). This is not one of

those rare situations. In fact, the claim advanced by Glover is not a standard ineffective

assistance of counsel claim. Even Glover says as much. See Reply Brief of Appellant at 10

(“It isn’t that Glover’s counsel was ineffective; he had no counsel despite repeated requests

for representation.”). Instead, Glover is raising a preserved challenge to the district court’s

failure to appoint conflict-free counsel for his plea withdrawal hearing.

I have no problem concurring with the majority that this issue can be addressed on

direct appeal. But it is not because the record establishes ineffective assistance of counsel.

It is because Glover’s allegations, if true, are sufficiently detailed to establish a conflict of

interest. While we have never addressed the precise issue presented here, the First Circuit

has. In United States v. Segarra-Rivera, it held the type of claim Glover makes, “unlike an

ineffectiveness claim, is not routinely relegated to collateral review.” 473 F.3d 381, 385

(1st Cir. 2007). That makes sense, as Glover is not directly seeking a judicial determination

that his counsel was constitutionally ineffective. Rather, he is claiming that he was deprived

17
of counsel at a critical stage of the proceedings to which the rights attendant to the Sixth

Amendment attach.

The proper focus, therefore, should be whether Glover’s allegations in his pro se

motion were sufficient to require the appointment of conflict-free counsel. In that regard, I

disagree with the majority’s conclusion that “[counsel’s] performance at the plea

withdrawal hearing,” Maj. Op. at 10, conclusively constitutes ineffective assistance of

counsel. What counsel said or did at the plea withdrawal hearing, to me, is not the primary

issue based on the claim Glover advances. The Sixth Amendment conflict of interest arose

when Glover alleged, in detail, that counsel coerced him into pleading guilty. As the First

Circuit held in Segarra-Rivera, “[i]n such a situation, an inevitable tension arises between

advancing the client’s interests and preserving the attorney’s reputation (and, perhaps, his

livelihood).” 473 F.3d at 386. Indeed, “[t]hat tension is enough to sow the seeds for an

actual conflict of interest.” 3 Id.

Several other observations on Glover’s second claim. Glover created a difficult

situation for both the district court and his counsel. From the outset, Glover expressed

constant dissatisfaction with his court-appointed attorneys and the manner in which they

were litigating his case. He submitted a barrage of pro se filings, ranging from letters to the

3
Illustrating this tension, Glover’s allegations put counsel in a catch-22. Unless he
actually coerced Glover, he could not concede that the allegations were true. And he
likewise could not provide any detail as to their falsity because doing so would have
revealed privileged conversations. But because of that predicament, counsel could not
prosecute the motion and Glover was effectively left to fend for himself on his plea
withdrawal motion—a point in the proceedings that even the government concedes is
critical enough to require conflict-free counsel.

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district court to discovery motions to motions to relieve counsel. By my count, he filed

more than forty motions—most of which were lengthy and substantive. For that reason,

the government’s argument that today’s opinion could lead to further manipulation of the

criminal process has some appeal. But I agree with the majority’s closing remarks designed

to thwart that type of abusive behavior. And regardless, the Sixth Amendment right to

conflict-free counsel applies to all defendants—including those who are unsympathetic and

manipulative. Thus, at the end of the day, Glover’s detailed—even if so far

unsubstantiated—allegations of coercion require a new plea withdrawal hearing with his

third court-appointed lawyer.

But the scope of the hearing on remand should not be endless. Instead, it should be

limited to the discrete inquiry of whether Glover can meet the standard for withdrawal of

his plea. It is not an opportunity for him to air his every grievance against his prior counsel.

Moreover, the district court—as it did below—should be able to take reasonable steps to

maintain an orderly proceeding, such as prohibiting hybrid representation and precluding

Glover from submitting pro se filings while represented by counsel.

Finally, I, like the First Circuit in Segarra-Rivera, would “add a caveat” to today’s

holding. 473 F.3d at 385. “Not every bare allegation of a disagreement between lawyer and

client is enough to trigger a right to new counsel. An even smaller subset of such

disagreements will (even arguably) amount to an actual conflict of interest.” Id. (citations

omitted). Indeed, a mere disagreement, standing alone, is insufficient, as a defendant must

“provide[] enough indicia of actual conflict of interest to make the claim colorable.” Id.

And as the majority outlines, Glover has done so here by offering specific allegations that

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all would agree, if true, constitute an actual conflict. Thus, having met that preliminary

burden, the district court’s failure to appoint conflict-free counsel deprived Glover of his

right to the effective assistance of counsel—an error that requires a remand. 4

4
My concurrence with the majority should not be construed as expressing an
opinion one way or the other as to the merits of Glover’s motion to withdraw his guilty
plea. I take no position on the merit of Glover’s allegations.
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