P.R.S. VS. R.S. (FV-09-1847-19, HUDSON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (RECORD IMPOUNDED)

RECORD IMPOUNDED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0131-19

P.R.S.,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

R.S.,

Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________

Argued June 3, 2021 – Decided August 10, 2021

Before Judges Accurso and Enright.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
Docket No. FV-09-1847-19.

Thomas Sidoti argued the cause for appellant.

Adam C. Brown argued the cause for respondent
(Freeman Law Center LLC, attorneys; Adam C. Brown,
on the brief).

PER CURIAM
 Defendant R.S.1 appeals from a May 21, 2019 final restraining order (FRO)

entered in favor of plaintiff P.R.S. under the Prevention of Domestic Violence

Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. He also challenges the August 21, 2019

denial of his motion to reconsider the entry of the FRO. We affirm.

The parties were married in 2006 and have a son who was born in 2015.

Plaintiff testified that on the morning of March 22, 2019, she arranged for the

parties' nanny to watch their son so plaintiff could meet with a domestic violence

victim's advocate at the courthouse. While she was out of the parties' apartment,

defendant called and spoke to the parties' nanny. Around 1:40 p.m. that

afternoon, plaintiff returned home, relieved the nanny, and was eating lunch

when she saw defendant walk in the door.

According to plaintiff's testimony, defendant was angry and loudly asked

her why she had the nanny in their home without informing him. Plaintiff asked

defendant to discuss the issue later because their son was present in the apartment

at the time. She testified that he "continued to yell" and when she asked him to

"reduce [his] volume," he "hit [her] very hard on [her] face" causing her eardrum

to "start[] ringing." She grabbed her phone and told defendant she was calling

1
As required by Rule 1:38-3(d)(10), we use initials to protect the privacy of the
parties and the confidentiality of these proceedings.

A-0131-19
2
9-1-1. Unbeknownst to defendant, plaintiff recorded defendant slapping her , so

the judge permitted the audio recording of the incident to be played during her

testimony.

Plaintiff also testified that when she told defendant she was calling 9-1-1,

he grabbed her phone from her and retreated to a bedroom. She asked for her

phone back and defendant refused. Plaintiff stated she tried to physically retrieve

her phone from defendant, but he fended off her attempts and then removed the

battery from her phone.

Plaintiff called out for help, but no one responded. She also took a picture

of her left cheek with her son's Kindle tablet. After spotting defendant's phone

on the dining room table, she picked it up, retrieved her son and went down to

the concierge in her building to call 9-1-1. When the police arrived, she told

them what happened and defendant was arrested. Several days later, plaintiff

secured a temporary restraining order (TRO) against defendant, alleging he

committed the predicate acts of assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a)(1) and harassment,

N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4. Plaintiff testified that before she obtained the TRO, the police

A-0131-19
3
charged defendant with simple assault, so he was not allowed to return to the

parties' apartment or have any contact with her.2

In addition to recounting the March 22 incident, plaintiff testified she

endured "verbal, emotional and physical abuse" throughout the marriage. She

described incidents when defendant purportedly slapped her or threatened to do

so. She also testified he called her "an infertile bitch" before their son was born

and made other comments that upset her. She stated defendant's "temper has

escalated over the years" to the point where she was "constantly in . . . fear of

being thrown out of the house . . . of being hurt," and she testified she feared for

her life.

Defendant recalled the March 22 incident somewhat differently than

plaintiff, but admitted the parties physically fought that day. He stated that after

he spoke with the parties' nanny on the morning of the incident, he went home

around two o'clock that afternoon and asked plaintiff why she gave the child

candy, cookies and ice cream. He testified she ignored him, so he repeated his

question and plaintiff again ignored him before retreating to the kitchen.

According to defendant, as he followed plaintiff into the kitchen , he reiterated

2
No copy of a criminal complaint lodged against defendant was submitted by
either party.
A-0131-19
4
his concerns about their son. He stated she told him to "shut [his] mouth up" and

stepped toward him waving her finger inches from his face. He testified, "So I

take my hand and I go to move her hand, and it hits her face." He added, "But it

was like trying to move her hand, it wasn't like a slap or a hit." Defendant also

testified plaintiff told him she was calling 9-1-1 and when she picked up her

phone, he could "see on her hand she's like putting 9-1-1," so he took "the phone

from her hand."

Additionally, defendant testified plaintiff jumped on him, hit him, pulled

his shirt and scratched him as he held onto her phone. He tried to "escape her

grasp." Defendant stated that after plaintiff yelled for help, his son came into the

room and the parties stopped physically fighting. Defendant asked plaintiff not

to call the police and then "took the phone battery out." He explained he removed

the battery from plaintiff's phone because he "didn't want her jumping on [him]

again for the phone." According to defendant, plaintiff then walked past him and

into the bathroom to check her cheek in the mirror, took a picture of her cheek

with their son's "Fire tablet," grabbed his phone and left the apartment with their

son.

On cross-examination, defendant denied plaintiff's allegations of prior

domestic abuse, but admitted telling his wife once that she should "leave the

A-0131-19
5
house." He testified, "I have not hit her. I don't slap people. I don't slap anyone.

So, slapping my wife is out of the question." Defendant also admitted to the

court that he did not want a divorce, a sentiment repeated by defendant's attorney

during his closing argument.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court stated "credibility is always

an issue that needs to be determined. And the truth is, I have problems with the

credibility of both of you." The judge explained that he had "a problem" with

defendant's testimony that he "went to knock [plaintiff's] finger away" from his

face and in doing so, slapped plaintiff. The judge rhetorically asked, "How do

you do that? How do you do that? You're telling me that you're trying to hit her

finger and you hit her face . . . . So, I have a problem with that right there." The

judge also stated, "I have a problem with you taking the phone. It's not your

business to be taking the phone. You can't do it. Taking the battery out."

The judge also questioned portions of plaintiff's testimony, highlighting

her statement on cross-examination that she could not recall ripping buttons from

defendant's shirt in her attempt to get her phone back. The judge further pointed

to her testimony about being unable to remember scratching defendant's hand

and drawing blood during the altercation. The judge stated, "I would think those

are things you would recall. You could say I did it in self defense . . . . Telling

A-0131-19
6
me you don't recall cuts away from the credibility that plaintiff has." The judge

also determined both parties "had agendas" and concluded:

But I do find based upon the testimony of the defendant
that he committed an act of assault, or at least
harassment and offensive touching. Even if it was a
mistake, it was wrong. It shouldn't have happened. So,
I find the predicate act of assault and the lesser included
harassment for the offensive touching . . . .

Did plaintiff join in this reckless act? Yes. There
clearly was a fight here.

And clearly, the defendant also received maybe even
more injuries, although not much. He got a cut on his
hand and he got his buttons ripped off his shirt.

....

Now, we hear the audio and it doesn't fit in with the
defendant's statement where you're telling her please be
quiet, or she's telling you to shut up . . . and you're
extremely agitated in that audio.

The judge also referenced plaintiff's allegations about defendant's prior

acts of domestic violence, and found that while some of defendant's comments

toward plaintiff were "terrible," they did not constitute domestic violence, and "a

lot of what has been testified to regarding prior history . . . is domestic

contretemps." Nevertheless, the judge stated that what concerned him more were

"allegations of slapping in the past." While unsure if plaintiff's allegations of

defendant slapping her before the March 22 incident were "true or not true," the

A-0131-19
7
judge concluded, "I do know on March 22nd, he hit her in the face, he slapped

her in the face. So, I find . . . by a preponderance of the evidence the predicate

act."

The judge next addressed "the need for the restraining order." He observed

plaintiff waited six days before filing for a TRO and that "it looks like she put a

whipping on him," so he was unsure "if she has any fear of" defendant. However,

the judge quickly added, "[w]hat does concern me is the . . . defendant testifying

that he doesn't want a divorce. That concerns me. . . [b]ecause it's the people

who can't let go [who] are the problems." Although he did not find plaintiff was

a "battered woman," he stated, "But I have a situation here where [plaintiff] was

struck in the face."

After taking a short break, the judge returned to the bench and continued

his findings, stating:

The second prong of the FRO analysis is [in] . . . Silver
versus Silver,3 the need for the restraining order. And
while . . . again, the credibility of both parties [was]
questionable, I do have without a doubt the predicate
act. And I have the defendant's word that he doesn't
want a divorce, and that makes me think that maybe he
hasn't let go. So even though it's a close case, I'm going
to order the final restraining order in this matter.

3
387 N.J. Super. 112 (2006).
A-0131-19
8
 The record also reflects the judge continued to have concerns about

defendant's future interactions with plaintiff, as evidenced by the following

remarks he directed at defendant:

And you have to learn at some point to let [plaintiff] go,
whether you love her or whatever it is. I know you have
a child together . . . . But you have to let her go . . . .
But right now, because I have a doubt about where you
stand with all this, I can't allow accidents to happen, I
can't allow situations to occur that may escalate. And
that's why I'm ordering [restraints]. . . .

I'm ordering you to have no contact with her of any kind.
Now you have a child together . . . .

The only thing I want to address is . . . if there's any
issues regarding the child while the father has the child,
how shall we contact mom? Can we text her[?]

Plaintiff's counsel promptly represented that plaintiff was agreeable to email

communications, so the judge permitted this form of contact. However, he again

instructed defendant as follows:

This is the only communication, is about the child. It
can't be about anything else. It can't be about the divorce
proceedings, it can't be about getting back together, it
can't be about whatever else. Okay?

If you don't like what's happening in terms of the
parenting care of the child, which I know is a legitimate
issue here, it has to be addressed to the court. Because
those are things that are going to potentially escalate and
get you in trouble. And I'm trying to avoid that. All I'm
trying to do now is de-escalate the situation . . . .

A-0131-19
9
 I want things to calm down where you . . . continue to
be the father that you want to be and that you are.

Additionally, the judge noted defendant "has a right to be the father . . . .

And [plaintiff had] the right to go on with [her] life without being bothered."

The judge also stated defendant needed to

take a step back and try to think about what happened
here . . . . And that should hopefully sober you up in
terms of your emotions to move forward from here. . . .

....

You're going to have to accept the reality of the
situation.

Defendant moved for reconsideration of the entry of the FRO. During oral

argument on August 20, 2019, defendant's attorney argued, in part, that the judge

mistakenly entered the FRO because he "placed a little too much weight on

[defendant] not wanting a divorce." Counsel further argued plaintiff did not have

any "legitimate fear" of defendant and that she used the FRO "as a sword in this

case to gain advantage in the . . . divorce proceedings." At the conclusion of

argument, the judge denied defendant's reconsideration motion in an oral

opinion, finding:

I had a problem with this case, deciding this case on May
21st. I think I put on the record that it was a close case
because one of the problems is the unreliability of both

A-0131-19
10
 parties. I didn't feel that there was a fear factor involved.
You know, the problem I had and have now with the
defendant's motion and version of events, for example,
I mean when he testified, "she made my hand hit her
face," I mean I can't accept that. That's like saying how
many times can I run my face into your fist. It's on that
level of ridiculousness that I couldn't accept his
testimony. The same thing, he took the phone away at
one point . . . . And he admitted doing that. Just, she
wants to get the phone back, he won't allow it. I mean,
these are the predicate acts that I . . . dealt with and I
found based on his own testimony. I did place a lot of
emphasis on his testimony about the divorce. Because
to me it concerned the court that he has not moved on,
despite the certifications and what he says now, that he
hadn't moved on. And while she may not have been in
fear, at least in my mind, there is still a need to prevent
further abuse from somebody who hasn't let go. And
that's what I found back then on May 21st. At this point,
despite the arguments made, . . . I'm not going to change
my opinion . . . .

If she's really here for protection, which is what I
believed, then she's got that protection in the restraining
order. What will happen in the divorce will play itself
out . . . . And yes, there's consequences, sir, of a final
restraining order. That's part of having a final restraining
order. The predicate acts are done . . . . So, I'm denying
. . . the motion for reconsideration.

[(Emphasis added).]

On August 21, 2019, the judge entered an order formally denying

defendant's reconsideration motion.

A-0131-19
11
 On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred by entering an FRO

without finding it was necessary to protect plaintiff from future acts of domestic

violence and without weighing the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29.

Additionally, he contends the trial court failed to provide sufficient findings of

fact and conclusions of law to support its decision. We disagree.

Our scope of review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare,

154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). We owe substantial deference to the Family Part's

findings of fact because of its special expertise in family matters. Id. at 413.

Deference is especially appropriate in bench trials when the evidence is "largely

testimonial and involves questions of credibility." Id. at 412. A trial judge who

observes witnesses and listens to their testimony is in the best position to "make

first-hand credibility judgments about the witnesses who appear on the stand."

N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008). We will not

disturb a trial court's factual findings unless "they are so manifestly unsupported

by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence

as to offend the interests of justice." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412 (quoting Rova

Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs. Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). However,

we do not accord such deference to legal conclusions and review such

conclusions de novo. Thieme v. Aucoin-Thieme, 227 N.J. 269, 283 (2016).

A-0131-19
12
 The purpose of the PDVA is to "assure the victims of domestic violence

the maximum protection from abuse the law can provide." G.M. v. C.V., 453

N.J. Super. 1, 12 (App. Div. 2018) (quoting State v. Brown, 394 N.J. Super. 492,

504 (App. Div. 2007)); see also N.J.S.A. 2C:25-18. Consequently, "[o]ur law is

particularly solicitous of victims of domestic violence," J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J.

458, 473 (2011) (quoting State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J. 564, 584 (1997)), and courts

will "liberally construe[] [the PDVA] to achieve its salutary purposes," Cesare,

154 N.J. at 400.

To determine whether the entry of an FRO is appropriate, the court must

first "determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the

credible evidence, that one or more of the predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A.

2C:25-19[(a)] has occurred." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. If the court finds

the defendant committed a predicate act of domestic violence, then the second

inquiry "is whether the court should enter a restraining order that provides

protection for the victim." Id. at 126. While the second inquiry "is most

often perfunctory and self-evident, the guiding standard is whether a restraining

order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-

29[(a)](1) to -29[(a)](6), to protect the victim from an immediate danger or to

prevent further abuse." Id. at 127; see also J.D., 207 N.J. at 475-76.

A-0131-19
13
 Here, the evidence produced at the final hearing, including the audio

recording and the parties' testimony, amply supported the trial judge's finding

that plaintiff established defendant committed the predicate acts of assault and

harassment by a preponderance of evidence. Although defendant attempted to

downplay his role in the incident by testifying, "So I take my hand and I go to

move her hand, and it hits her face," plaintiff testified defendant slapped her hard

enough to cause her eardrum to "ring." Thus, we perceive no basis to second-

guess the judge's finding that defendant committed "the predicate act of assault,"4

which he deemed to be a "reckless act," and "the lesser included [predicate act

of] harassment for the offensive touching,"5 notwithstanding the judge's

professed concerns about each party's credibility.

4
"A person is guilty of assault if he: (1) Attempts to cause or purposely,
knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another[.]" N.J.S.A. 2C:12-
1(a)(1). N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1(a) defines: "bodily injury" as "physical pain, illness
or any impairment of physical condition[.]"
5
N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4 provides, in part, that a person commits a petty disorderly
persons offense if, with purpose to harass another, he [or she]:

....

(b) Subjects another to striking, kicking, shoving, or
other offensive touching, or threatens to do so; or

A-0131-19
14
 Lastly, we are not persuaded by defendant's argument that the trial judge

erred by entering an FRO without finding it was necessary to protect plaintiff

from future acts of domestic violence and without weighing the factors set forth

in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29,6 as required by the second Silver prong. See Silver, 387

N.J. Super. at 127. As this court recently reaffirmed, "[w]hen the predicate act

is an offense that inherently involves the use of physical force and violence, the

decision to issue an FRO 'is most often perfunctory and self-evident.'" A.M.C.

(c) Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or
of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or
seriously annoy such other person.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4.]
6
Pursuant to Silver, a trial court is to consider, but is not limited to the following
factors:

(1) The previous history of domestic violence between
the plaintiff and defendant, including threats,
harassment and physical abuse;
(2) The existence of immediate danger to person or
property;
(3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff and
defendant;
(4) The best interests of the victim and any child;
(5) In determining custody and parenting time the
protection of the victim’s safety; and
(6) The existence of a verifiable order of protection from
another jurisdiction.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29.]
A-0131-19
15
v. P.B. 447 N.J. Super. 402, 417 (App. Div. 2016), (quoting Silver, 387 N.J.

Super. at 127). Here, defendant's conduct in slapping his wife's face was

unmistakably violent, so we are satisfied that although the trial court did not refer

to each of the statutory factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29 when entering the

FRO, and it would have been better practice to do so, the record supports the

issuance of the order.

Moreover, when reading the record as a whole, it is evident the judge did

consider the need to prevent further abuse toward the plaintiff, and that he

touched on many of the applicable statutory factors referenced in Silver. For

example, in August 2019 when reconsidering his decision, the judge found "there

is still a need to prevent further abuse from somebody who hasn't let go. And

that's what I found back then on May 21st." The judge also explained at the final

hearing that "it's the people who can't let go [who] are the problems." He added

that he believed plaintiff sought an FRO for protection and that "she's got that

protection in the restraining order." Additionally, although the judge was unable

to discern if plaintiff's testimony that defendant had slapped her on prior

occasions was true, he expressed concern about her "allegations of slapping in

the past" as well as the fact defendant did not want a divorce and had not "moved

on." The judge concluded defendant not only slapped his wife but dissembled

A-0131-19
16
about it in his testimony by suggesting "she made my hand hit her face," leading

the judge to remark, "It's on that level of ridiculousness that I couldn't accept his

testimony." Defendant's refusal to acknowledge and take responsibility for his

violent act increased the likelihood of it occurring again, thereby underscoring

the judge's finding that plaintiff was in need of the protection an FRO provides.

Therefore, the judge determined he could not "allow accidents to happen" and

could not "allow situations to occur that may escalate." Further, because the

parties have a child in common and defendant was afforded parenting time, the

judge emphasized to defendant that his communications with plaintiff had to be

limited to emails and " only. . . about the child." The judge reinforced this point,

telling defendant his communications "can't be about the divorce proceedings,

. . . can't be about getting back together."

In sum, having reviewed the record in its totality, we find no basis to

disturb the judge's credibility determinations and are persuaded his factual

findings are supported by substantial credible evidence. See Cesare, 154 N.J. at

411-12. All other points raised by defendant lack sufficient merit to warrant

discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

Affirmed.

A-0131-19
17