Wallace v. Evans

Talmadge, J.

(dissenting) — The majority condones extremely dilatory conduct in bringing a case to trial, and strips our trial courts of their inherent authority to dismiss a case for want of prosecution. In an era when strong case management is needed in our civil justice system, the majority opinion offers yet another opportunity for the tactics of delay in resolving civil disputes. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.

*581The respondents Wallace sued the petitioners Evans on August 17, 1987, in King County Superior Court. The issue was joined when the Evanses filed an answer on February 4, 1988. The Wallaces thereafter did not note the case for trial until late 1995, and then only in response to the Evanses’ motion to dismiss under CR 41(b)(1). The trial court denied the motion to dismiss, "having concluded it has no authority under Snohomish v. Thorp to dismiss if the case is noted before the hearing of the dismissal motion.” Order on Civil Mot., Tbl. B to App. to Br. of Pet’r.

CR 41(b)6 provides a defendant in a civil case may move for dismissal if a plaintiff fails to prosecute its case. If, however, the case is noted for trial before the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the action may not be dismissed under CR 41(b)(1). In construing CR 41(b)(1), this Court in Snohomish County v. Thorp Meats, 110 Wn.2d 163, 750 P.2d 1251 (1988), indicated the noting of a case for trial forecloses the granting of a motion to dismiss under CR 41(b)(1), because the rule was designed to encourage resolution of cases on their merits. We expressed a concern that dismissal of a case for failure to prosecute was excessively punitive. Thorp Meats, 110 Wn.2d at 168.

In Thorp Meats, Snohomish County filed suit on August 11, 1980 for an injunction against Thorp Meats, requiring removal of fill dirt, and later amended its complaint to join an additional defendant. The defendants never answered, and the County moved for default over a year later. Both defendants then filed answers, and the County *582struck its default motion. The County did nothing further on the case until the court clerk sent notification on July 26, 1983, it would dismiss the case in 30 days pursuant to CR 41(b)(2), providing for dismissal on clerk’s motion. In response, the County then filed a note for trial setting on August 8, 1983. One of the defendants, now roused, filed a motion for dismissal under CR 41. The County obtained a trial setting from the court administrator, but later that day, on hearing of the motion for dismissal, the trial court dismissed the case, basing its decision on a court’s inherent powers.

We reversed the trial court, stating:

We conclude that the final sentence of CR 41(b)(1) means precisely what it says, a case shall not be dismissed for want of prosecution if it is noted for trial before the hearing on the motion to dismiss. The rule as it has read since 1967 thus limits the power of the trial court to dismiss for failure to prosecute after the issue is joined and the case noted for trial.

Thorp Meats, 110 Wn.2d at 168-69. Immediately thereafter, however, the Court went on to say:

This interpretation does not destroy a trial court’s inherent authority to manage its calendar. Where dilatoriness of a type not described by CR 41(b)(1) is involved, a trial court’s inherent discretion to dismiss an action for want of prosecution remains.

Thorp Meats, 110 Wn.2d at 169.

Thorp Meats should be limited, based on the history of CR 41(b) and public policy grounds. Like CR 41(b)(1), its predecessor, Rules of Pleading, Practice and Procedure (RPPP) 41.04W, provided in part: "Any civil action shall be dismissed, without prejudice, for want of prosecution whenever the plaintiff, counter-claimant, cross-claimant, or third-party plaintiff neglects to note the action for trial or hearing within one year after any issue of law or fact has been joined, . . .” Yellam v. Woerner, 77 Wn.2d 604, 606, 464 P.2d 947 (1970); Friese v. Adams, 44 Wn.2d 305, 305-06, 267 P.2d 107 (1954) (quoting similar language from *583RPPP 41.04W’s predecessor, RPPP 3); see also RPPP III, 193 Wash. 40-a (1938); RPPP 3, 18 Wn.2d 32-a (1944); RPPP 3, 34A Wn.2d 69 (1951); RPPP 41.04W, 54 Wn.2d lvii (1960). Interpreting this former rule, we held, "[t]he rule permitted no discretion. If the conditions of the rule were met, dismissal was mandatory.” Yellam, 77 Wn.2d at 606. Thus, any case was subject to a nondiscretionary motion for dismissal if the plaintiff had not noted it for trial within one year after the issues had been joined.

The present version of CR 41(b)(1) replaced RPPP 41.04W and went into effect on July 1, 1967. Yellam, 77 Wn.2d at 606-07. The significant change from prior versions of the rule is the provision precluding dismissal if the plaintiff manages to obtain a trial date before a motion for dismissal can be heard. The evident intent of the new rule was to prevent the harsh result of dismissal for failure to note a case for trial within one year. Now, if a plaintiff lets a case languish without noting it for trial within a year, the case is still subject to dismissal on motion by the defendant, but the plaintiff can avoid dismissal by obtaining a trial date before the dismissal hearing.

The new rule did not contemplate the present situation where the parties and the court have allowed cases to loiter in court files for years without resolution. Thorp Meats involved 18 months of delay, whereas the present case lay dormant for more than six years.

Public policy grounds also support a narrower interpretation of Thorp Meats and restoration of the court’s inherent power to dismiss for dilatory conduct. First, the authority of courts to dismiss cases is fundamental to their control of court dockets. In Thorp Meats, we indicated trial courts may retain discretion to dismiss cases for want of prosecution where "dilatoriness of a type not described by CR 41(b)(1) is involved.” Thorp Meats, 110 Wn.2d at 169. The majority, however, appears to foreclose dismissal of any case for dilatory conduct, no matter how dilatory the conduct, if a note for trial is filed. Majority op. at 578. That goes too far.

*584In analyzing FRCP 41(b) and the inherent power of the federal courts to dismiss an action for want of prosecution, the United States Supreme Court in Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 629-31, 82 S. Ct. 1386, 8 L. Ed. 2d 734, rehearing denied, 371 U.S. 873, 83 S. Ct. 115, 9 L. Ed. 2d 112 (1962) stated:

The authority of a federal trial court to dismiss a plaintiffs action with prejudice because of his failure to prosecute cannot be seriously doubted. The power to invoke this sanction is necessary in order to prevent undue delays in the disposition of pending cases and to avoid congestion in the calendars of the District Courts. The power is of ancient origin, having its roots in judgments of nonsuit and non prosequitur entered at common law, e.g., 3 Blackstone, Commentaries (1768), 295-296, and dismissals for want of prosecution of bills in equity, e.g., id., at 451. It has been expressly recognized in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b).
The authority of a court to dismiss sua sponte for lack of prosecution has generally been considered an "inherent power,” governed not by rule or statute but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.

The United States Supreme Court in Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 2132-33, 115 L. Ed. 2d 27, rehearing denied, 501 U.S. 1269, 112 S. Ct. 12, 115 L. Ed. 2d 1097 (1991), stated:

It has long been understood that "[cjertain implied powers must necessarily result to our Courts of justice from the nature of their institution,” powers "which cannot be dispensed with in a Court, because they are necessary to the exercise of all others.”
. . . [the court] may act sua sponte to dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute [.]
... As we recognized in Roadway Express, [Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 100 S. Ct. 2455, 65 L. Ed. 2d 488 (1980)] outright dismissal of a lawsuit, which we had upheld in Link, is a particularly severe sanction, yet is within the court’s discretion.

(Citations omitted.)

*585This case is a good example of the kind of case in which the inherent power of a trial court to dismiss for dilatory conduct should be exercised. The events precipitating this case occurred more than a decade ago, and the case has languished in our court system for nearly that long.7 As the Evanses here aptly point out, the Wallaces would be barred by the statute of limitation from initiating this contract action now (the six-year statute applies). Many of the policy reasons for statutes of limitation, such as the prevention of stale evidence, repose, and the desirability of prompt resolution of disputes, should apply also to cases like this in which a trial court considers the propriety of dismissal for want of prosecution after years of inactivity. The Evanses here argue they cannot fairly defend themselves because numerous persons whose testimony is necessary have died, retired, or moved away. The document key to the dispute was executed in December 1983. Finding witnesses now who can testify with accuracy about the meaning of the document will be difficult.

A second public policy reason for a narrower view of CR 41(b) is its potential for abuse. The majority here fails to recognize the possibility litigants may abuse CR 41(b)(1) by repeatedly noting cases for trial and then striking trial dates. The dissent in Thorp Meats suggests as much in lamenting "[ujnder the majority’s analysis, a plaintiff can always avoid a dismissal under CR 41(b)(1) simply by noting a case for trial.” Thorp Meats, 110 Wn. 2d at 170 (Good-loe, J., dissenting).

In the final analysis, the majority determines trial courts do not have inherent authority to dismiss cases for want of prosecution and dilatory tactics by parties, argu*586ably the most powerful tool trial courts do have to manage their calendars. I simply do not believe we have precluded dismissal of cases demonstrating prejudicial dilatoriness by the adoption of an inflexible court rule.

CONCLUSION

The present civil case has been languishing in the court system for nearly a decade. There is no excuse for this case taking so long to come to trial. This is precisely the type of case that should be dismissed for want of prosecution. We should not condone the delay of counsel in the handling of cases. Our civil justice system is not run for the benefit of attorneys, but is designed to swiftly and fairly resolve citizens’ disputes. Actions in defiance of common sense, like inexcusable delay, diminish respect for-the ability of that system to resolve disputes and dispense justice. Under the majority’s interpretation of CR 41(b)(1), trial courts must always give the parties yet another chance to bring a case to trial when they have inexcusably refused or neglected to do so over a prolonged period of time. There is little wonder citizens are upset with our justice system when a civil matter takes a decade to resolve.

A dismissal for want of prosecution under CR 41(b) should be granted even when the opposing party notes the case for trial before the motion to dismiss is heard when the dilatoriness of the prosecuting party is prejudicial to the opposing party and unexcused. I would reverse the trial court and dismiss the case for want of prosecution.

Johnson, J., concurs with Talmadge, J.

CR 41(b) reads as follows:

"(b) Involuntary Dismissal; Effect. For failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or to comply with these rules or any order of the court, a defendant may move for dismissal of an action or of any claim against him.

"(1) Want of Prosecution on Motion of Party. Any civil action shall be dismissed, without prejudice, for want of prosecution whenever the plaintiff, counterclaimant, cross claimant, or third party plaintiff neglects to note the action for trial or hearing within 1 year after any issue of law or fact has been joined, unless the failure to bring the same on for trial or hearing was caused by the party who makes the motion to dismiss. Such motion to dismiss shall come on for hearing only after 10 days’ notice to the adverse party. If the case is noted for trial before the hearing on the motion, the action shall not be dismissed.”

Through some apparent miscue in the system, a clerk’s motion to dismiss for want of prosecution under CR 41(b)(2) was not filed during the six-year hiatus in this case. CR 41(b)(2) requires the clerk of the court to take action compelling either further prosecution of the case or dismissal where no action of record has occurred for 12 months. Pursuant to such clerk’s motions, dismissal is mandatory. Vaughn v. Chung, 119 Wn.2d 273, 281, 830 P.2d 668 (1992).

Where the court finds a stale claim before it, the clerk having failed to appropriately act under CR 41(b)(2), and where egregious delay in prosecuting the case seriously hampers the ability to defend, the court retains its inherent powers to correct the anomaly by dismissing the case.