The opinion of the court was delivered by
Allyn, J.This action was brought by appellant in the district court of Kittitas county to recover possession of seventy-five tons of hay of the value of $500; the plaintiff *560claiming to be tbe owner of tbe soil, and, by virtue of tbis, of tbe bay. It appears that prior to 1888 tbe land upon wbicb tbis crop was grown bad been contracted by tbe Northern Pacific Eailroad Company to one Wilcox, who sold it to one Amlin. Tbe latter, in 1888, conveyed it to appellant (plaintiff). Tbe land was seeded to grass, fenced and otherwise improved. In May, 1885, appellee broke down a portion of the fence, entered upon tbe land, and took possession — presumably on a claim of preemption, although there is no evidence as to such claim. Appellant now sues for tbe bay cut in 1887, or its value, as stated. In tbe court below, upon tbe close of plaintiff’s case, a motion being made for a nonsuit, tbe same was granted, and from tbis and tbe overruling of a motion for a new trial plaintiff appeals. It is urged by tbe appellee that tbis is, in fact, a trial of title to tbe land, and that tbis question cannot be considered in an action of replevin. Also, that the appellant was within tbe prohibition of tbe act of Congress forbidding tbe fencing of public lands, or preventing settlement thereon. 23 U. S. St. at Large, Feb. 25, 1885, p. 32L Tbe contention of appellee that tbe title to realty should not be tried in a replevin suit is correct in tbe abstract; but tbe title may certainly be looked into to determine tbe rights of theparties, and incidentally tried in a transitory action when necessary to establish tbe title to personal property severed from the realty. Wells, Rep., §§ 79, 80. See, also, Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513 — an action in replevin, in which tbe title to realty is practically determined — a case so like the one at bar that it will be referred to later in extenso.
In relation to the contention of appellee, viz., reliance upon tbe act of congress above referred to, our attention is called to a late decision from tbe department of tbe interior, dated October 2, 1888, reported in Copp’s Land Owner, vol. 15, No. 15 (Stoddard v. Neigel), tbe syllabus-of .which is: “A settlement made without violence, within. *561the unlawful and unauthorized inclosure of another, is valid,” etc. The facts of that case would appear sufficient to sustain the conclusions arrived at; but it will not do to say broadly that parties may judge for themselves as to the lawful or unlawful inclosure of others, and enter such, with or without violence, and acquire rights. The announcement of such a principle as this is sufficient to refute itself. It is shocking to the moral sense, and would encourage trespass and violence, leading to the gravest of crimes. As suggested, the facts of that case may have justified the decision which was arrived at, but such a rule, announced for general application, cannot now, and never will, be followed. In any event, it is merely a ruling of the interior department, and is no precedent to control our judgment here. As is well known from the circular of April 5,1885, the entry, countenanced by bona fide settlers upon unlawfully inclosed lands, was where large areas of public and unoccupied lands had been inclosed without a shadow of claim or right by stockmen; and to place such persons and such cases outside of the general rule was necessary, right, and proper. They were no more entitled to protection than any other offender against the law. To invoke the act of 1885 as a license to opposing claimants, preemptors, and the like, of a law unto themselves, that either may break down the inclosure of the other and lawfully enter, is to use a rule made for desperate cases, requiring desperate remedy, and in itself exceptional; to overturn the law; to bring chaos instead of social order; to make the court a useless formality, and the law an object of contempt. This question has been passed upon in 96 U. S. 513-520, by Justice Millek, in Atherton v. Fowler, a case of replevin for hay cut under circumstances quite similar to this. The question of title was there looked into, as here, and the results of the cases are alike generally, as they are in the facts. The learned judge, whose reputation is not limited by the boundaries of our own country, says, *562¡i. 516: “ It is not to be presumed that congress intended, in the remote regions where these settlements are made, to invite forcible invasion of the premises of another in order to confer the gratuitous right of preference of purchase on the invaders. In the parts of the country where these pre-emptions are usually made, the protection of the law to rights of person and property is generally but imperfect under the best of circumstances. It cannot, therefore, be believed, without the strongest evidence, that congress has extended a standing invitation to the strong, the daring, and the unscrupulous to dispossess by force the weak and the timid from actual improvements on the public land, in order that the intentional trespasser may secure by these means the preferred right to buy the land of the government.”
In the case at bar appellant was in peaceable possession by purchase from the holder of a certificate from the railroad company. He and his grantors had for some years plowed and seeded it to grass, inclosed it with a fence, and made other improvements thereon. To allow such an occupation and possession to be disturbed by one who breaks down a fence, and violently seizes it, we cannot consent to. In the case in 96 U. S., from which we have just quoted, the learned judge, under almost exactly parallel facts, says: “Unless some reason is shown, these were the per-' sons (those who had settled on it, improved and cultivated it) entitled to make preemption, and no one else. But suppose they were not. Does the policy of the preemption law authorize a stranger to thrust these men out of their houses, seize their improvements, and settle exactly where they were settled, and by these acts acquire the initiatory right of preemption ? The generosity by which congress gave the settler the right of preemption was not intended to give him the benefit of another man’s labor, and authorize him to turn that man and his family out of their home. It did not propose to give its bounty to set*563tlements obtained by violence at the expense of others. The right to make a settlement was to be exercised on unsettled land; to make improvements on unimproved land. To erect a dwelling-house did not mean to seize some other man’s dwelling. It had reference to vacant land, to unimproved land; and it would have shocked the moral sense of the men who passed these laws, if they had supposed that they had extended an invitation to the pioneer population to acquire inchoate rights to the public lands by trespass, by violence, by robbery, by acts leading to homicides, and other crimes of less moral turpitude.” We quoted largely from Justice Miller, as that ease is a clear precedent for this, and also because it is based on a similar state of facts. The powerful and convincing reasoning of the learned justice, breathing as it does a just indignation against outrage and oppression, thoroughly commends itself to us, and, as concluded in that case, so in this. It follows that the defendant could not have made any lawful entry on the land where the hay was cut. No law exists which gave him any right to such entry. He was a naked trespasser, making an unwarranted entry upon the inclosure of another; an inclosure and occupation of years, upon which time, labor, and money had been expended. In such wrongful attempt to seize the fruits of another man’s labors there could be no bona fide claim of right whatever. The action of the court below in granting a nonsuit to the defendant was error, and the judgment must therefore be reversed.
Buree, C. J., and Langeord, J., concur.