The opinion of the court was delivered by
Scott, J.This action was brought to recover the sum of $20,000 and interest upon an alleged guaranty claimed to have been executed by the plaintiff, for the firm of Harrington & Smith, to the London, Paris & American Bank, Limited, of San Francisco. Issue was joined and a trial had which resulted in a verdict for defendants. Plaintiff moved to set aside the verdict, and the court granted the motion, holding that the evidence in support of the defendants’ affirmative defense was insufficient to sustain a verdict thereon, and that the verdict was against the evidence, and the defendants have appealed therefrom.
In settling the facts the defendants waived all benefit of the áffirmátive defenses pleaded,' and bring, t"he case here solely upon the question as to whether the plaintiff had introduced evidence - sufficient to entitle "him to recover; and as this involves a consideration of the pleadings to some extent, the parts material to this controversy will be set forth in substance:
■' The plaintiff’s amended complaint,- after alleging the existence of a co-pártnérship relation between W. A. Harrington and Andrew Smith at all times therein mentioned,-prior to January, 1892,. and that after, the death of Smith the defendants Hanford and MacCul-sky .were duly appointed administrators of the • co-partnership estate alleged in paragraph . three,, the execution of the written guaranty at the request of Harrington & Smith, and set forth a copy of it. Defendant Harrington answered separately from the administrators, but the answers are identical. They *199denied the allegations contained in paragraph three of the complaint by alleging want of sufficient knowledge or information to form a belief, and pleaded- by way of an affirmative defense that said guaranty was executed in pursuance of a fraudulent conspiracy to defraud the firm of Harrington & Smith.
. It is contended by appellants that the court .erred in setting aside the verdict on the ground that there was no proof that either Harrington or Smith requested the execution of said guaranty, or knowingly accepted its benefits. The respondent first contends that he had a right to treat the answers a,s admitting that the guaranty had been executed at the request of the firm of Harrington & Smith; it being contended that the answers in denying the allegations of paragraph three and then setting up by way-of an affirmative defense that the guaranty was executed in pursuance of a fraudulent scheme between the plaintiff and Smith to defraud Harrington & Smith, or Harrington through the firm of Harrington & Smith, were so inconsistent that they could not stand under our code system of pleading, and that the respondent could elect to rely upon the answers as admitting the facts now controverted.
In the case of Seattle National Bank v. Carter, 13 Wash. 281 (43 Pac. 331), this court considered the question of inconsistent defenses at length and held in substance that a defendant could not deny a fact of which he must have knowledge, in one part of an answer, and then in an affirmative defense admit that same .fact, and still claim the benefit of the denial; that in a verified answer a party could not assume radically false positions. But in this case neither Harrington nor the administrates of the copartnership may have known anything of the execution of *200this guaranty, or the acceptance of any benefit under it, and they might well deny the allegations of the complaint relating thereto by alleging want of knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief, and then plead by way of an affirmative defense that if it was executed it was done in pursuance of a conspiracy to defraud the firm. There is no element of bad faith in such defenses, much less of perjury, and good faith is all that is required.
It is iiext contended by the respondent that there was enough in the proof to show that the guaranty had been executed at the request of Smith in behalf of the firm, and if Smith requested it that was sufficient to bind the firm unless the defense of fraud was proven. The examination of this question has given the court some trouble, and we are free to say that we are not entirely satisfied with the conclusion we have reached, but it must be borne in mind that the setting aside of a verdict is more or less a discretionary matter, and the action of the court in so doing should not be reversed unless it is clearly made to appear that the discretion has been abused. In this case the proofs are not all here, but the court has certified, as is authorized under the practice, that all of the proof introduced which was material to the plaintiff’s case is contained in the record. There is no direct allegation in the record that there was no proof that the guaranty was executed at the request of Harrington or Smith, or that the firm knowingly accepted its benefits, nor is there any direct competent proof that it was so executed. It appears that Harrington was attending to the firm’s business at Seattle, while Smith was looking after its interests in San Francisco. The record recites that “the transactions with the bank were had in the firm name of Harrington & Smith through *201Andrew Smith,” but it recites that the bank received the guaranty from the plaintiff. It also contains the allegation that, “other testimony tending to support the affirmative issues pleaded by the defendants was introduced by the defense,” and it is next to impossible that proof oí that nature could have been introduced without showing Smith’s knowledge of the guaranty, but the record contains none of it that was competent. This much additional appears: After making proof of the signature of the plaintiff thereto, the written guaranty was offered in evidence. Upon this instrument also appeared the name of Andrew Smith as a witness, but no proof was made of his signature. The defendants objected to its admission on the grounds “that the same was incompetent, and that no proper foundation had been laid therefor, and that the same had not been properly authenticated to entitle it to admission in evidence.” The court overruled these objections and admitted it in evidence. No specific objection was made that the signature of Andrew Smith had not been proven, although it was within the scope of the grounds stated. This was not sufficient, especially in a case like this which attacks the discretion exercised by the court. Appellants contend that Smith’s name thereto was not regarded as a part of the instrument, and that no reliance was placed thereon by the plaintiff; also, that the court expressly held, during the course of the trial, that the. fact that Smith’s name appeared thereon was immaterial and that it was no part of the instrument. But it is sufficient to say that this does not appear by the record. The document was admitted in evidence generally; no limitation excluding Smith’s name from consideration was placed thereon. The record does *202not show that anything was said with reference to it in any way.
The fact that there was no proof of this signature may have been overlooked and not specifically called to the court’s attention. Evidently the court thought it was necessary to prove that the guaranty had been executed at the request of Harrington & Smith, or that the firm had knowingly accepted its benefits, because a charge to that effect was given to the. jury, and proof to.that end must have b.een made in some way, or the action of the court in setting aside the verdict on the grounds specified, viz., that there was not sufficient proof of the affirmative defenses, and that the plaintiff had proved enough to entitle him to recover, was utterly inconsistent with the charge.
Now, conceding that the guaranty was erroneously admitted in evidence, it was in evidence, without limitation, and the jury were bound to consider it for what it purported to show. The error in admitting it was one of law, and the jury could neither rectify, nor override it for they were bound to accept the law as laid down by the trial judge. If the jury were bound to consider this document as some proof of all it purported to show, the court was, in considering the evidence upon the motion for a new trial,, entitled to treat it likewise, and we are of the opinion, under all of the circumstances, that the court must have so treated it, and that the specific point, that there was no proof of Smith’s signature, had not been called to his attention, and we will not presume that it was in this instance from the .general objection that was made to its admission, as, by affirming the judgment rendered, the cause simply stands for a re-trial, while by reversing it the plaintiff might be barred of all remedy. We are influenced to some extent in so hold*203ing by the fact that the granting of a new trial is largely vested in the discretion of the lower court, and we are not entirely satisfied that the appellants have made out a sufficient case to show that it was wrongly exercised.
We have not overlooked appellants’ further contention that there was no' proof that the indebtedness was due when paid by the plaintiff under the guaranty, but-we do not regard - this contention as being as well sustained as the one discussed, and are of the opinion that there is enough to show prima facie that the debt was due when paid, from the general trend of the proof sent up.
Affirmed.
Dunbar, Anders and Gordon, JJ., concur. Hoyt, C. J.', dissents.