The opinion of the court was delivered by
Gordon, J.The defendant appeals from the judgment, of the superior court for Whitman county. The information upon which he was tried and convicted is as follows:
“ Comes now John W.. Mathews, prosecuting attorney and county attorney for the county of Whitman, state of Washington, the court being in session and the grand jury of said county not being in session, and by* this his information accuses Archie McGilvery of the crime of attempting to commit incest with one Carrie Barnett, committed as follows, to-wit: That the said Archie McGilvery a ad *245Carrie Barnett in the county of Whitman, in the state of Washington, on the 9th day of November, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, then and there being, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully, feloniously and incestuously attempt to carnally know each other by then and there being in bed together, she the said Carrie Barnett, then and there lying and being on her back and he the said Archie McGilvery then and there lying and being on top of her the said Carrie Barnett, and they the said Archie McGilvery and Carrie Barnett, while so lying and being, did then and there have their sexual organs placed together for the aforesaid purpose of carnally knowing each other, she the said Carrie Barnett, then and there being the daughter of one Nancy E. McGilvery, she the said Nancy McGilvery then and there being the wife of him the said Archie McGilvery, she the said Carrie Barnett then and there being the wife’s daughter of him the said Archie McGilvery, the said Archie McGilvery then and there having knowledge of the relationship existing between the said Archie McGilvery and the said Carrie Barnett; the said Archie McGilvery and the said Carrie Barnett, then and there being within the degrees of affinity in which marriages are prohibited by the laws of the state of Washington.”
The first ground of alleged error is that the trial court was without jurisdiction, for the reason that no preliminary examination of the defendant was had to ascertain whether there was probable cause to believe him guilty of the offense. This point was ruled against defendant’s contention in State v. Williams, 13 Wash. 335 (43 Pac. 15); but we have been urgently requested to reconsider the question, and have done so. Section 6802, Ballinger’s Code (2 Hill’s Code, § 1204), provides that
“all public offenses may be prosecuted in the superior court by information in the following cases:
“ 1. Whenever any person is iu custody or on bail on charge of felony or misdemeanor, and the court is in session, and the grand jury is not in session, or has been discharged;
*246“ 2. Whenever an indictment presented by a grand jury has been quashed, and the jury returning the same is not in session, or has been discharged;
“ 3. When a cause has been appealed to the supreme court, and reversed on account of any defect in the indictment;
“ 4. Whenever a public offense has been committed, and the party charged with the offense is not already under indictment therefor, and the court is in session, and the grand jury is not in session, or has been discharged;
“ 5. Whenever the court is in session, or not in session, and any person has been committed by any committing magistrate for any felony or misdemeanor not within the exclusive jurisdiction of a justice’s peace court.”
The information in the present ease alleges that the court was in session and the grand jury not in session, at the time when it was filed, and it is not contended that the defendant was then under indictment; therefore the case would seem to fall under subdivision 4 of § 6802, supra. But counsel argue that the prosecuting officer cannot officially know that “a public offense has been committed,” unless there has been a preliminary determination of the fact made by some authorized person, or some court of inquiry having power to inquire concerning the accusation; also, that the words of subd. 4, viz., “and the party charged with the offense,” are sufficient to indicate that a “charge” or “accusation” must be made prior to the filing of the information. And counsel, with much ability, have argued that to give prosecuting officers authority to cause the arrest of a citizen, and to put him on trial before a jury before such an officer is required to exhibit to the accused any evidence in support of the allegations upon which the charge is based, would be conferring a power dangerous to individual liberty, and subject to great abuse. But we think that experience has demonstrated that such apprehensions are not well founded; and it is not believed that prosecuting attorneys are less to be trusted with the *247responsibility of instituting criminal proceedings than police magistrates or justices of the peace. The painstaking, conscientious prosecutor will never institute a criminal charge unless he possesses what is believed to be sufficient competent evidence to establish the guilt of the party accused. It is not doubted that a grand jury might find an indictment where no preliminary examination of the person indicted has been had, and the indictment might well be, and frequently is, obtained without the knowledge of the defendant. The fact, however, never has been considered sufficient to prevent a trial upon the indictment. The question, and the whole question, is essentially one of procedure merely. The constitution of this state, § 25, art. 1, provides that “offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indictment may be prosecuted by information or by indictment, as shall be prescribed by law.” Under this provision, the question of procedure is left to the legislature; and, if it can be ascertained that the procedure which was adopted in this case has legislative sanction, it is idle for the courts to concern themselves with the question of policy involved in the legislation. Referring, then, to the question of whether an information can be legally filed against a person who is not under indictment or in custody, or on bail, when the court is in session, and the grand jury of the county is not in session, it seems to us that subd. 4 of § 6802, supra, contemplates that it may be, and cannot apply to any other state of facts. Unless we so interpret it, the subdivision is meaningless. If we construe that subdivision to mean that a preliminary examination of the accused must precede the filing of the information, we have the condition contemplated by subd. 1 of the same section; and subd. 4 becomes superfluous. This view is further strengthened by a consideration of 'subd. 5 of the section, which provides: “When a person has been com*248mitted by a magistrate.for any felony or misdemeanor,” etc., whether the court is in session or not at the time it is filed. Counsel is in error in supposing that this court held in State v. Anderson, 5 Wash. 350 (31 Pac. 969), that, before an information could be filed, both the fact that there was no grand jury in session, and also the further fact that the defendant had had a preliminary examination, must be shown to exist. The syllabus to the opinion in that case does not correctly indicate what was decided upon that point, the reporter there having used the copulative “and,” instead of the disjunctive “or,” in referring to the two conditions to which the statute relates. We conclude that the point made by the counsel against the filing of the information was not well taken.
2. The next contention is that the information does not charge a public offense, and that the defendant’s demurrer should have been sustained. In support of this assignment it is urged—Pirst, That the information does not directly and with certainty charge a purpose or intent to carnally know each other. Second, That the information is bad because it does not allege that the attempt charged failed in commission because of some inability of the actors to carry out their purpose, or because they were prevented or intercepted in the perpetration thereof. In other words, it is urged that the information should negative the presumption that the actors ceased of their own volition. And, third, that the information is bad because it does not allege knowledge on the part of Carrie Barnett of the relationship between herself and the defendant. Coming to the consideration of these objections, in the order in which they are stated, it may, in general, be conceded that an attempt to constitute a crime contains two elements—an evil intention, and a simultaneous resulting act, which, if fully performed, would constitute a substantive crime. We think that, while an intent to carnally *249know each other is not directly averred in the present information, it is the necessary and irresistible inference to be derived from the language that is employed; and, if such be the fact, it meets the requirements of the law in regard to criminal pleading. It charges that they did, at a certain time and place, “wilfully . . . attempt carnally to know each other,” and that the acts then described and set forth-in the information were “for the said purpose of carnally knowing each other.” We think that a person of ordinary understanding would have no difficulty in discovering from the language of this information that it charged the actors with intending to carnally know each other. Section 6840, Bal. Code (2 Hill’s Code, § 1234).
3. We think there is little merit in the contention that the information should negative the presumption that the actors did not cease of their own volition or will before consummating the act of sexual commerce. In State v. Decker, 36 Kan. 717 (14 Pac. 283), an information was held sufficient which did not in terms allege that the defendant failed in the perpetration of the principal offense, or that he was prevented or intercepted in its perpetration. Hnder our statute, § 7436, Bal. Code (Penal Code, § 302), a conviction might lawfully be had for an attempt upon proof at the trial, “that the crime intended or attempted was perpetrated by such person in pursuance of such attempt.” And, aside from the statute, the rule is well sustained by authority that where a party proceeds far enough in the perpetration of a crime as to clearly indicate his intention, coupled with an attempt to carry it into effect, and thereafter desists or fails to consummate the crime, he may be found guilty of the attempt. Where the elements of an attempt have existed, the subsequent abandonment cannot avail the defendant. 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d ed.), p. 269; Wharton, Criminal Law (9th ed.), *250§ 187; 1 Bishop, New Criminal Law, § 732; Lewis v. State, 35 Ala. 380.
4. The third and last objection to the sufficiency of the information is that it does not allege that Carrie Barnett had knowledge of the relationship existing between herself and the defendant. The information does allege that defendant had knowledge of the relationship, and this is sufficient, under our statute, without alleging that the female also had that knowledge. Section 7229, Bal. Code (Laws 1895, p. 371, § 2). The case of Baumer v. State, 49 Ind. 544 (19 Am. Rep. 691), cited and relied upon by the defendant, was based upon a statute which, in this respect, is different from our own.
5. We do not think it was error to sustain the state’s objection to the question propounded by defendant’s counsel to the witness, Guy Barnett. The witness, upon his direct examination, had testified to the marriage between his mother and the defendant; and, upon cross-examination, defendant’s counsel attempted to show a previous marriage between the mother and father of the witness. The objection was sustained, upon the ground that it was not proper cross-examination. And, in a strict sense, the ruling was right. Defendant might have made the witness his own, and examined him in his own defense.
6. It appears that the wife of the defendant was permitted to be present in court during the trial, and this is assigned as error. She was not called as a witness; in fact, the court had refused to permit her name to be indorsed on the information as a witness on behalf of the state; and it is urged by the defendant’s counsel that, inasmuch as she was not a competent witness, it was error to permit the attention of the jury to be directed to her. We think there is no force in the objection. It does not appear that she made any demonstration, or was guilty of any improper conduct; and, conceding that she was not a com*251petent witness, she was, nevertheless, an interested person, and entitled, with the permission of the eonrt, to be present during the course of the trial, and the court’s refusal to exclude her constituted no proper ground for exception.
7. The next claim of error is, that the crime of incest requires the mutual consent of both parties; and it is further urged, that the evidence at the trial was insufficient to show that the female consented. Upon this branch of the case, it must be conceded that her testimony was somewhat equivocal. But the court charged the jury:
“ In the third place, it is alleged in the information, and the law requires it to be alleged in the information, and proven by the testimony introduced upon behalf of the state, that where a person is charged with either incest or an attempt to commit incest, that both parties consented to it. How, if you are not satisfied as reasonable men, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Carrie Barnett consented to this transaction, then you must resolve that doubt in favor of the defendant and acquit him.”
Whether this instruction embodies the correct rule of law, is a question we do not here determine. It certainly was as favorable as the defendant was entitled to; and the objection of the state’s counsel that it was an erroneous instruction, and prejudicial to the state’s case, cannot be considered upon this appeal. The instruction, even if wrongfully given, was binding and conclusive upon the jury. Pepperall v. City Parle Transit Co., 15 Wash. 176 (45 Pac. 743).
In determining the consent or non-consent of Carrie Barnett, the jury were not confined or restricted to a consideration of her testimony alone. They had a right to consider the surrounding circumstances; the fact that there was no outcry or demonstration made by her; that the transaction occurred at a time and place where other members of the family were within easy call. These and many other circumstances, not necessary to be detailed *252here, were sufficient to have warranted the jury in finding that the act was with her consent, regardless of her own testimony upon the subject.
8. Lastly, it is urged that the verdict is contrary to the evidence. The contention is, that there is no sufficient evidence of a legal marriage between the defendant and. the mother of Carrie Barnett. The record in this case shows that evidence was received at the trial, without any objection made thereto, that a marriage ceremony was performed in a Methodist church at Lewiston, Idaho, by the minister who officiated at such church; that it was in the presence of witnesses, and that the ceremony concluded by his pronouncing them—the defendant and the mother of Carrie Barnett—man. and wife after they had, in response to the minister’s questions, accepted each other as such; that, following this ceremony, they continued to live and cohabit together as man and wife. And evidence was also given of the defendant’s admissions that he sustained the relation of husband to the mother of Carrie Barnett. In the lower court, portions of the statutes of Idaho on the subject of marriage were introduced, from which, among other things, it appears that persons desiring to marry in that state are required to procure a license with certificate attached (Session Laws of Idaho, 1895, p. 166) ; and the certificate is required to be returned by the minister or officer performing the marriage to the office issuing the same, and the return recorded. It is contended by the defendant that the evidence is insufficient, in that no record of the' marriage is shown. The evidence we have referred to was all received without objection, and we think it was sufficient to establish a legal marriage. Section 2429 of the Rev. Stat. of Idaho, 1887, is as follows:
“ Marriage must be solemnized, authenticated, and recorded as provided in this chapter, but non-compliance *253with its provisions does not invalidate any lawful marriage
The proof of- the performance of a marriage ceremony by an officer authorized to perform it raises a presumption in favor of its legality. People v. Schoonmaker, 75 N. W. (Mich.) 489. “The testimony of a witness present at the marriage, is ordinarily admissible and adequate proof, unless the law requires official evidence.” Wharton, Criminal Evidence (9th ed.), § 173. See, also, Miles v. United States, 103 U. S. 304; Nance v. State, 17 Tex. App. 389; State v. Schaumhurst, 34 Iowa, 547; 3 Rice, Evidence, § 529.
We have, in this case, the undisputed evidence that a ■ marriage ceremony was performed in a church by a minister who, under the law, was authorized to perform such ceremony, and that the ceremony was followed by the cohabitation of the parties. All that appears to be lacking is, that no previous license was procured, and that no subsequent return of the marriage was made. We think that, under § 2429, supra, a failure to procure the license does not render the marriage illegal; and, certainly, the failure of the minister to make a return would not. The objection that the proof of marriage in this case was secondary, is made in this court for the first time. As already noticed, the evidence was received without objection; and, such being the case, it cannot now be urged that the best evidence was not required at the trial.
We think the defendant had a fair and impartial trial; and a careful examination of the record fails to disclose that any reversible error was committed.
Affirmed.
Dusbae, Aedees and Reavis, J J., concur.