Tbis is an appeal from a judgment denying appellant’s application for an order discharging bim from custody, and remanding bim to tbe custody of the chief of police. Tbe appellant was arrested October 15, 1903, upon a warrant duly issued by tbe justice’s court on a complaint charging appellant with violating ordinance Eo. A1114, as amended, of tbe ordinances of tbe city of Spokane. Tbis ordinance, as passed January 7, 1902, was as follows:
“Ordinance Eo. A1114. An ordinance to establish tbe hours to constitute a day’s work on all municipal construction, or such work done by contract or sub-contract, *452and providing for the wages to be paid laborers employed in doing the same, and providing penalties for its violation.
“The City of Spokane does ordain as follows:
“§ 1. Hereafter eight hours in any calendar day shall constitute a day’s work on any work done for the city of Spokane, subject to the conditions hereinafter provided.
“§ 2. Hereafter all laborers employed on municipal work, which is being done by contract or sub-contract, as in this ordinance specified, shall receive and be paid the sum of not less than two ($2.00) dollars for a calendar day’s work of eight hours, which sum of two ($2.00) dollars shall he the minimum price paid to all day laborers hereafter employed to do the work hereinhelow specified.
“§ 3. All work done by contract or sub-contract on any building or improvements, or work on roads, bridges, streets, alleys, or buildings for the city of Spokane shall he done under the provisions of this ordinance : Provided, that in cases of extraordinary emergency, such as danger to life or property, the hours for' work may he extended; but in such case the rate of pay for time employed in excess of eight hours of each calendar day shall be one and one-half times the rate of pay allowed for the same amount of time during eight hour’s service. And for this purpose this ordinance is made a part of all contracts, sub-contracts or agreements for work done for the city of Spokane.
Ҥ 4. Any contractor, subcontractor or agent of contractor, foreman or employer, who shall violate the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the city jail for a period not less than ten days nor more than ninety days, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court.
“§ 5. This ordinance shall take effect and he in force ten days after its passage.’’
The complaint charged that, on the 12th day of October, 1903, tlie petitioner, James C. Broad, in violation of said ordinance Ho. A1114, as amended, “did then and there *453unlawfully and wilfully permit one ALartin Devereux to work and labor more than eight hours in one calendar day upon the Fourth Ward sewer system in the city of Spokane, Washington, which said work was being done upon said sewer for the city of Spokane, Washington, by said James C. Broad, under contract with the city of Spokane, Washington.” A warrant for the arrest of petitioner was duly issued, and petitioner arrested. A writ of habeas corpus having been sued out, the respondent chief of police made return, setting up the complaint and warrant, and stating that, under and by virtue of said warrant, he held the petitioner in custody to appear and answer to said charge before the court. The petitioner duly excepted to the sufficiency of this return, upon the ground that the ordinance of the city of Spokane, under which the petitioner -was held, was in conflict with the constitution of the United States, with the constitution and laws of the state of Washington, and was unreasonable. The court overruled the petitioner’s exception to the sufficiency of the return, denied the petition, and ordered the petitioner remanded to the custody of the chief of police. From such order this appeal is taken.
The appellant makes several assignments of error, but they are all embraced in the proposition that the ordinance was in violation of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, which provides that, “no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law or deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the lawof § 3, art. 1, of the constitution of the state of Washington, which provides that, “no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due pro*454cess of law;” of § 7, art. 1 of the state constitution, which provides that no person shall be disturbed in his private affairs or his home invaded without authority of law; of § 12, art-. 1, which provides that no law shall be passed granting to any citizen, class of citizens, or corporation other than municipal, privileges or immunities which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens or corporations; of §§ 5 and 9, art. 7, which provide, respectively, that “no tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law; and every law imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same to which only it shall be applied;” and “the legislature may vest the corporate authorities of cities, towns and villages with power to make local improvements by special assessment, or by special taxation of property benefited. For all corporate purposes, all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to assess and collect taxes, and such taxes shall be uniform in respect to persons and property within the jurisdiction of the body levying the sam'e;” of § 7, art. 8, which provides that “no county, city, town or other municipal corporation shall hereafter give any money or property, or loan its money or credit, to or in aid of any individual, association, company or corporation, except for the necessary support of the poor and infirm, or become directly or indirectly the owner of any stock in, or bonds of, any association, company or corporation;” of § 4683, Bal. Code, with reference to jurisdiction of justices of the peace in criminal prosecutions; and of chapter 44, of the laws of 1903, with relation to public work to be performed in working days of eight hours each.
The principal contention of the appellant is that the ordinance is in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States, and of similar provisions of the state constitution. It is earnestly con*455tended, and such is undoubtedly the general statement of the law by the reported cases, that the right to contract-labor is a valuable right, and that any law that takes that right away is obnoxious to the constitutional provision prohibiting the taking of property without due process of law. These elementary propositions have been so often discussed that it is not necessary to again enter into their discussion here.
It is earnestly insisted by the appellant that this question has been decided by this court in the case of Seattle v. Smyth, 22 Wash. 327, 60 Pac. 1120, 19 Am. St. 939, and that, unless that case is directly overruled, the judgment in this must be reversed. It is true that this court, in the case above mentioned, did hold that a city ordinance which makes it unlawful for any contractor upon any of the public works of a city to require or permit any day laborer or mechanic to work more than eight hours in any one calendar day, is unconstitutional, on the ground that it interferes with the right of persons to contract with reference to their services, where such services are neither unlawful nor against public policy. This was a brief per curiam opinion. It was stated therein that we had not been cited to a single case wherein the constitutionality of such ordinances had been sustained, and a recurrence to the briefs in that case sustains this statement in the opinion. In fact, the brief of appellant did not discuss this question at all, but it appears .that the court helow sustained a demurrer to the complaint, on the ground that the ordinance was an enlargement upon the powers granted by the city charter to regulate the hours of labor of persons laboring upon public contract work of the city; and this was the only question that was discussed in appellant’s brief. The unconstitutionality of the ordinance was briefly men*456tioned in respondent’s brief, and some cases cited, notably the case of In re Morgan, 26 Colo. 415, 58 Pae. 1071, upon which the court seems to have based its decision. The Colorado case, however, has since been overruled, in principle, by this court in State v. Buchanan, 29 Wash. 602, 70 Pac. 52.
The Colorado case is the radical type of cases holding such laws unconstitutional, and it held that laws of this character, even where they were made with reference to the health of the workmen employed, were in conflict with the constitution, and that, in the absence of a constitutional provision authorizing the legislature to single out workmen in underground mines and smelters, and restrict them as to the number of hours they shall work, such a law is unconstitutional as being class legislation; that it was not a valid exercise of police power to protect the public health, since the health of the miner alone, and not of the public at large, is its object. This case is in direct conflict with Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 18 Sup. Ct. 383, where the provision in the Utah statute providing that the period of employment of workmen in all underground mines or workings shall be eight hours per day, except in cases of emergency, etc., was sustained as not being inimical to the provisions of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, by abridging the privileges or immunities of its citizens or depriving them of their property, or denying to them the equal protection of the laws.
In the case at bar, the ordinance which was violated was substantially identical with the act of the legislature, Laws 1899, p. 163, which provides:
“§ 1. Hereafter eight hours in any calendar day shall constitute a day’s work on any work done for the state or any county or municipality within the state subject to conditions hereinafter provided.
*457Ҥ 2. All work done by contract or sub-contract on any building or improvements or works on roads, bridges, streets, alleys or buildings for the state or any county or municipality within the state, shall be done under the provisions of this act; Provided, That in cases of extraordinary emergency such as danger to life or property, 'the hours for work may be extended, but in such case the rate of pay for time employed in excess of eight hoiirs of each calendar day, shall be one and one-half times the rate of pay allowed for the same amount of time during eight hours5 service. And for this purpose this act is made a part of all contracts, sub-contracts or agreements for work done for the state or any county or municipality within the state.
Ҥ 3. Any contractor, sub-contractor, or agent of contractor or sub-contractor, foreman or employer who shall violate the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, or with imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less than ten days nor more than ninety days, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court."
In this case it is stipulated that the contract for the municipal work, under which it was charged that the petitioner had permitted one of his employees to work for more than eight hours in one calendar day, contained the following provision:
“It is further agreed that the laws of the state fixing the hours constituting a day’s work, approved March 18, 1899, and ordinance Ho. A1114, passed January 7, 1902, shall be a part of this contract.”
It is insisted by the respondent that it would be unconscionable to allow the contractor, after having entered into this contract and based his bid upon the provisions of the ordinance with reference to the number of hours that laborers under the contract should be allowed to work, to *458appropriate to himself the benefits accruing from a violation of his own contract; and there seems to be some justice in this criticism, although in an action of this character it may not be a pertinent argument.
But, whatever may be said of the correctness of Seattle v. Smyth, supra, at the time it was rendered — and it may be conceded, we think, that a majority of the tribunals before which this question has been brought have pronounced such laws unconstitutional — yet the supreme court of the United States, in the recent case of Atkin v. Kansas, 191 U. S. 207, 24 Sup. Ct. 124, 48 L. Ed. 148, decided May 1, 1903, have passed, with no' uncertain sound, upon the identical question which is presented in this case, and have held the law to be valid. An examination of the Kansas statute, upon which the defendant Atkin was indicted, shows it to be, in substance, the same as our statute and the ordinance in question. The complaint charged that Atkin contracted with the municipal corporation of Kansas Oity to do labor on a certain boulevard, and, having hired one George Reese to shovel and remove dirt in execution of the work, did knowingly, wilfully, and unlawfully permit and require him to labor ten hours upon said work, there being no extraordinary emergency arising in time of war, nor any necessity for him. to labor more than eight hours for the protection of property or of human life, the statute providing that employees should not work more than eight hours a day. And, as showing that there was no element of the health of the citizens involved in this case, it was stipulated that the labor performed by Reese was healthful outdoor work, not dangerous, hazardous, or in any way injurious to life, limb, or health, and could be performed for a period of ten hours during each working day of the week without injury from so doing, and that the labor he was employed *459to perform, and did perform, was in no respect or manner more dangerous to the health, or hazardous to life or limb or to the general welfare, of the said George Eeese, or other persons doing such work, than the labor performed by persons doing the same kind of, or character of, work as the employees of contractors having contracts to do the same kind of work for private persons, firms, or corporations or as the servants of private persons, firms, or corporations. It was further stipulated that the work of shoveling and removing dirt for the construction of a pavement was, in all respects, the same whether the pavement be constructed for a city or other municipality, or for a private person, firm, or corporation. But the decision was based upon an entirely new theory of the law, namely, that it was a public work on which the contractor was engaged, and with reference to which he contracted; that the state, or the municipalities, through delegated powers from the state, had a right to do their work in any manner in which they saw fit, and that they had the same right to compel those with whom they contracted to perform the public work in the same manner, and that there was no question of violation of private right involved. In the discussion of the case, it is said:
“Whether a similar statute applied to laborers or employees in purely private work would be constitutional is a question of very large import, which we have no occasion now to determine or even to consider. Assuming that the statute has application only to labor or work performed by or on behalf of the state, or by or on behalf of a municipal corporation, the defendant contends that it is in conflict with the 14th Amendment. He insists that the Amendment guarantees to him the right to pursue any lawful calling, and to enter into all contracts that are proper, necessary, or essential to the prosecution *460of such calling; and that the statute of Kansas unreasonably interferes with the exercise of that right.”
And, after quoting the argument of counsel, the court says:
“These questions — indeed the entire argument of defendant’s counsel — seem to attach too little consequence to the relation existing between a state and its municipal corporations. Such corporations are the creatures — mere political subdivisions — of the state, for the purpose of exercising a part of its powers. They may exert only such powers as are expressly granted to them, or such as may be necessarily implied from those granted. What they lawfully do of a public character is done under the sanction of the state. They are, in every essential sense, only auxiliaries of the state for the purposes of local government. They may be created, or, having been created, their powers may be restricted or enlarged or altogether withdrawn at the will of the legislature; the authority of the legislature when restricting or withdrawing such pov7ers, being subject only to the fundamental condition that the collective and individual rights of the people of the municipality shall not thereby be destroyed. . . . The improvement of the boulevard in question was a work of which the state, if it had deemed it proper to do so, could have taken immediate charge by its own agents; for it is one of the functions of government to provide public highways for the convenience and comfort of the people. Instead of undertaking that work directly, the state invested one of its governmental agencies with power to care for it. Whether done by the state directly or by one of its instrumentalities, the work was of a public, not private character. . . . whatever may have been the motives controlling' the enactment of the statute in question, we can imagine no possible ground to dispute the power of the state to declare that no one undertaking work for it or for one of its municipal agencies should permit or require an employee on such work to labor in excess of eight hours each day, and to inflict punishment upon those who are embraced by such regu*461lations and yet disregard them. It cannot he deemed a part of the liberty of any contractor that he be allowed to do double work in any mode he may choose to adopt, without regard to the wishes of the state. On the contrary, it belongs to the state, as the guardian and trustee for its people, and having control of its affairs, to prescribe the conditions upon which it will permit public work to he done on its behalf, or on behalf of its municipalities. lío court has authority to review its action in that respect. Regulations on this subject suggest only considerations of public policy. And with such considerations the courts have no concern. If it be contended to be the right of every one to dispose of his labor upon such, terms as he deems best, — as undoubtedly it is, — and that to make it a criminal offense for a contractor for public work to permit or require his employee to perform labor upon that work in excess of eight hours each day is in derogation of the liberty both of employees and employer, it is sufficient to answer that no employee is entitled, of absolute■ right and as a part of his liberty, to perform labor for the state; and no contractor for public work can excuse a violation of his agreement with the state by doing that which the statute under which he proceeds distinctly and lawfully forbids him to do.”
It is a notable fact, in this connection, that the alleged constitutional right of the laborer to contract his labor at any price which seems to him desirable is not in this, or any other reported case, a claim urged by -the laborer, but the earnest contention in his behalf is made by the contractors who are reaping the benefits of the violation of that contract in paying the laborer a less remuneration than he is entitled to under the statue. Hut, inasmuch as this is a ease which is susceptible of being appealed to the supremo court of the United States, inasmuch as that tribunál has passed squarely upon the questions involved in this case in favor of sustaining the judgment herein, this court feels it its duty to yield *462allegiance to the doctrine announced by the supreme court of the United States.
There seems to us to be no virtue in any of the other contentions made by the appellant. The title to the act is sufficient; the ordinance was made under the authority of the law; and, not being obnoxious to any constitutional provision, either of the United States or of the state, the judgment will be sustained.
Fullerton, O. J., and Anders, Mount, and Hadley, JJ., concur.