This proceeding was instituted by relator, the Nicomen Boom Company, in whom the right of booming logs in the North river in Pacific county, Washington, has been adjudged by this court to be. The parties are not strangers to this court; consequently a rehearsal of the differences arising between them in their efforts to have determined the prior rights of boomage under the state law in North river is not now necessary. Reference to the cases of Nicomen Boom Co. v. North Shore Boom etc. Co., 40 Wash. 315, 82 Pac., 412; North Shore Boom etc. Co. v. Nicomen Boom Co., 52 Wash. 564, 101 Pac. 48, and State ex rel. North Shore Boom etc. Co. v. Nicomen Boom Co., 53 Wash. 499, 102 Pac. 394, will be sufficient.
From the judgment of this court, entered on the 6th day of December, 1905, the respondent, North Shore Boom & Driving Company, prosecuted an appeal to the supreme court of the United States. To secure its rights pending the appeal, it obtained an order fixing a supersedeas in the sum of $10,000. This order was made on the 17th day of January, 1906. The North Shore Boom Company has operated its booms in defiance of the rights of the relator. On the 13th day of March, 1907, the North Shore Boom Company, conceiving that its appeal might not be effectual in that it might be determined that an appeal would not lie from the judgment of this court, or if the supreme court of the United States should hold that its attempted removal of the case to the Federal court was in fact a proceeding by writ of review in that it asked for a review of the judgment of the superior court rather than of this court, sued out a writ of review, upon which a supersedeas was fixed in the sum of $20,000. Thereafter, the first appeal or writ (whichever it may be called is not now material) was dismissed in the supreme court of the United States upon motion of the respondent, the North Shore Boom Company. The last proceeding went to final hearing, and was determined on the 23d day of February, 1909. The court refused to consider the merits of the *4controversy, and dismissed the writ for the want of jurisdiction, holding that no Federal question was involved. North Shore Boom & Driving Co. v. Nicomen Boom Co., 212 U. S. 406, 29 Sup. Ct. 355, 53 L. Ed. 574.
Pending these attempts to review the judgment .of the state courts, respondent proceeded with its booming operations in the North river. Acting upon the assumption that the first attempt to appeal was ineffectual for any purpose and that the second attempted review was insufficient to confer jurisdiction on the Federal courts or to warrant á supersedeas, relator instituted this proceeding, setting up the facts in detail as we have briefly outlined them, and praying for an order adjudging respondent guilty of contempt; that its officers and stockholders be fined in the sum of $300 each, and imprisoned for a period of six months, and that it recover the sum of $27,000, alleged to be the damages sustained by reason of the unwarranted interruption of its booming privileges. ' Respondents, upon rule to show cause, set up the two supersedeas orders and the proceedings in the Federal court in justification of its conduct. After trial, the court found that the respondent had not been guilty of contempt, the real basis for this finding being that respondent, The North Shore Boom Company, was operating under a supersedeas issued by this court.
Respondents have moved to dismiss the appeal, upon the ground that no appeal lies from an order purging a respondent in contempt proceedings. This rule would no doubt prevail in all cases where a party was cited to answer to a charge of contumacy affecting the dignity and ordinary processes of the court, and will be now followed by us in so far as the attempt to impose a fine and imprisonment on respondents is concerned. But the law of this state goes further than the rules of the common law governing contempts, and in cases of this kind permits the award of damages resulting to the private interest affected by the order of the court which has been disregarded and set at naught. It is a quasi civil action *5and, when so regarded, either party aggrieved has the right of appeal. It is even expressly provided in the chapter on contempts and their punishments, Bal. Code, § 5811 (P. C. § 1480), that an appeal will lie “in like manner and with like effect as from judgment in an action.” The distinction as well as the rule governing this class of cases is well stated in the case of Morgan’s Sons, Co. v. Gibson, 122 Fed. 420, 423:
“It is a well-known fact, to which allusion has twice been made in decisions of this court (In re Reese, 47 C. C. A. 87, 90, 107 Fed. 942, 945; In re Nevitt, 54 C. C. A. 622, 117 Fed. 488, 458), that contempts of court are of two lands— those that are prosecuted to punish persons for showing disrespect to the courts, either by offensive conduct in their presence or by setting their authority at defiance, in the prosecution of which the entire public is immediately interested because the welfare of the courts is concerned; and those contempt proceedings that are inaugurated at the instance of some private litigant or litigants to compel obedience to an order or decree made in the case for the protection of their individual rights. In the latter class of cases the public at large is not directly interested. The proceeding does not partake of the character of a public prosecution at the instance of the state, as for a crime committed in setting the authority of its courts at defiance, but the proceeding is rather of a civil or remedial nature, for the benefit of a particular individual or individuals whose rights cannot be otherwise preserved. The distinction between the two kinds of contempt has been recognized in other cases. People etc. v. Diedrich, 141 Ill. 669, 670, 30 N. E. 1038, and cases cited. The case in hand is obviously a contempt proceeding of a civil and remedial nature as distinguished from one of a public or criminal character. The public had no special concern in the question whether the appellee had used words on his labels which violated the injunction, but the appellant was deeply interested in that question, since, if the charge was true, it affected a property right which he had succeeded in establishing. Moreover, if that right was being invaded by the appellee, notwithstanding the decree, the court which entered the decree could with no greater propriety refuse relief when the fact was called to its attention by the appellant, than it could withhold an execution to collect a judgment which it *6liad rendered. We are of opinion, therefore, that the final action of a court in such a case as the one at bar, whether it be an order discharging the rule to show cause or one imposing a fine tantamount to the injury that has been sustained by the complaining party, is subject to review, and that in equity cases like the one at hand, where the object is to enforce the provisions of a final decree and compel obedience thereto, the remedy is by such an appeal as was taken.”
See, also Vilter Mfg. Co. v. Humphrey, 132 Wis. 587, 112 N. W. 1095, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.) 591; State ex rel. Denham v. Superior Court, 28 Wash. 590, 68 Pac. 1051.
The decision of the supreme court of the United States in the principal case has, with one exception which we shall hereafter notice, disposed of the other grounds relied on to dismiss the appeal. The motion is denied.
One of the grounds urged on the motion to dismiss really goes to the merits of the case and will be so treated. It is stated by counsel as follows:
“The judgment for the disobedience of which the contempt proceedings were instituted is a void judgment, and was entered by the court below in excess of its jurisdiction, and the respondents were not bound to obey it.”
We do not think this position tenable. Although the judgment entered by the lower court, upon remand of the case decided in 40 Wash. 315, 82 Pac. 412 (Nicomen Boom Co. v. North Shore Boom etc. Co.), went, in the opinion of respondents, further than the law and facts warranted (it has since been held otherwise), and included boundaries beyond the true limit of relator’s property, the judgment would not be for that reason void. Jurisdiction is to be determined by reference to the subject-matter of a proposed or pending action. In the principal case the subject-matter was not to determine the boundaries between the areas claimed by the parties, but to find out which of them was entitled to booming privileges in North river under the state law. The statute (Laws 1890, p. 470 et seq.) provides that a company may be organized, and having complied with certain statutory requirements, *7shall have the first right of booming logs in the stream over which it seeks to assert its jurisdiction. The legislature has seen fit to give to these companies a quasi public character. Boom companies are in effect common carriers, and to encourage them as a necessary adjunct to a leading industry upon which the welfare and prosperity of a large part of our population depends, has declared that the first in time shall be first in right. So long, then, as this question is before the court, it is within its jurisdiction, and its judgment cannot be collaterally questioned or disregarded because the court may have made an error in fixing the boundaries of the boom grounds.
Much of the briefs and time in oral argument was taken up with a discussion of the nature of the first proceeding to remove the principal case from the state to the Federal court. On the one hand it is contended that it was an attempt to appeal where no appeal is contemplated or permitted in law or by the practice in the Federal courts, and for that reason absolutely void; while, on the other hand, it is insisted that the admitted writ of review which was subsequently sued out was sued out solely in the interest of prudence and caution, to avoid the question occurring as to the finality of the judgment of this court; that the first writ or appeal was dismissed voluntarily; that no motion was directed to it by relator; that the effect of the proceedings and the relations of the parties were in no way changed; and that the latter writ, being of admitted worth, it had a right under its supersedeas bond to operate its boom, and thus, acting in good faith, it and its officers and attorneys are not guilty of contempt.
It will thus be seen that, with the disposition of these preliminary questions, the only question for us to decide is whether respondent, having prosecuted its cause in good faith in the Federal courts, in a case which, according to the judgment of the supreme court of the United States involved no Federal question, and was therefore dismissed for want of jurisdiction by that court, will subject relator to the penal*8ties of the chapter of our civil code devoted to contempts and their punishments. We have already said that, were the state the party complaining, the holding of the trial court that there was no malice or wilful intent to interfere with the orderly execution of the process of that court would not be disturbed; but considering our statute in the light in which we have already discussed it, an altogether different question is presented. That the relator has been deprived of a valuable property right ever since the rendition of judgment in the principal case cannot be denied. It has suffered a wrong and is entitled to its remedy. In the absence of the statute, it would of course be relegated to an action for damages or an action upon the supersedeas bonds. But it would seem that the statute (Bal. Code, § 5807; P. C. § 1476), by its very terms gives the relator its choice of remedies.
“If any loss or injury to a party in an action, suit, or proceeding, prejudicial to his rights therein, have been caused by the contempt, the court or judicial officer, in addition to the punishment imposed for the contempt, may give judgment that the party aggrieved recover of the defendant a sum of money sufficient to indemnify him, and to satisfy his costs and disbursements, which judgment, and the acceptance of the amount thereof, is a bar to any action, suit, or proceeding by the aggrieved party for such loss or injury.”
If, therefore, in lieu of the ordinary action, relator desires to and is willing to take its damages in this proceeding, respondent can have no ground for complaint. It is liable in any event. Its appeal and writs were ineffectual and have been either abandoned or dismissed for want of jurisdiction. In such cases there can be no room for the contention that the judgment was superseded. Jabine v. Oates, 115 Fed. 861; Verden v. Colemam, 22 How. 192, 16 L. Ed. 336; Saltmarsh v. Tuthill, 12 How. 387, 13 L. Ed. 1034; Sage v. Central R. Co., 93 U. S. 412, 23 L. Ed. 933.
The only question that might occur in this connection is the meaning of the word “may,” as used in § 5807, which we have quoted. The authorities in which this word has been *9construed are so numerous that time and space would be consumed unnecessarily by a recapitulation of them. Primarily, the word should be taken in its ordinary meaning, and be regarded as permissive only. But, after all, its meaning is to be determined in each case from the apparent intent of the statute in which it is employed; so that, in all remedial •statutes or whenever the rights of the public or of third persons depend on the exercise of the power of a court or public ■officer, or the performance of a duty, and a claim de jure that the power may be exercised exists, it should be construed to mean “shall.” The authorities upon this subject are collected in Words and Phrases, vol. 5, pp. 4420-4447. Reference may, however, be made to a few that seem to us to bear ■directly upon the instant case.
In Rock Island County Supervisors v. United States, 71 U. S. 435, 18 L. Ed. 419, the supreme court of the United States said:
“The conclusion to be deduced from the authorities is that where power is given to public officers, in the language of the act before us, or in equivalent language — whenever the public interest or individual rights call for its exercise — the language used, though permissive in form, is in fact peremptory. What they are empowered to do for a third person the law requires shall be done. The power is given, not for their benefit, but for his. It is placed with the depositary to meet the demands of right, and to prevent a failure of justice. It is given as a remedy to those entitled to invoke its aid, and who would otherwise be remediless. In all such ■cases it is held that the intent of the legislature, which is the test, was not to devolve a mere discretion, but to impose ‘a positive and absolute duty.’ ”
See, also, Mason v. Fearson, 50 U. S. 248, 13 L. Ed. 125; People ex rel. Conway v. Supervisors, 68 N. Y. 114.
In Brainerd v. De Graef, 29 Misc. Rep. 560, 61 N. Y. Supp. 953, it was held that a statute providing that the court “may” award costs against administrators for unreasonably resisting or neglecting the payment of claims against the estate, was mandatory. It has been frequently held that *10statutes providing that under certain contingencies a court “may” adjudge costs in the event of recovery are imperative. Carter v. Barnum, 24 Misc. Rep. 220, 53 N. Y. Supp. 539; Crake v. Powell, 10 Ency. Law & Eq. 329; Macdougall v. Paterson, 11 C. B. 755; Grantham v. Thrall, 31 How. Prac. 464; Lansing v. Easton, 7 Paige (Ch.) 364.
A similar statute in Wisconsin employs the word “shall” instead of “may.” In a case — Emerson v. Huss, 127 Wis. 215, 106 N. W. 518 — the court drew a distinction between criminal and civil contempts, holding that the latter possessed all the characteristics and incidents of a civil action. In Lorick v. Motley, 69 S. C. 567, 48 S. E. 614, the court said:
“All contempt proceedings grow out of the duty of the individual to obey the orders of the court and the court’s duty to maintain its dignity and authority; but the maintenance of the court’s dignity and authority is not itself the ultimate purpose to be attained. This is rather a means to the practical end, that litigants who submit their personal and property rights to a tribunal established by law may have their rights as adjudicated by that tribunal protected and enforced by its power. When the contempt does not directly affect any particular individual, the penalty is inflicted for the benefit of the state at large. When, on the other hand, property of an individual is taken or destroyed in contempt of the court’s order, those interested have a right to ask of the court its restoration or payment of its value at the hands of the offender, and the court requires such restoration or payment of its value as part of the punishment. In each instance the ultimate purpose is the protection of adjudicated right.”
The statutes of Utah are in form as is our own. It was held in Davidson v. Munsey, 29 Utah 181, 80 Pac. 743, that the court had power to enter a judgment for ascertained damages as indemnity for the actual loss or injury caused by the misconduct of the other party. So in Snow v. Snow, 13 Utah 15, 43 Pac. 620, the distinction between criminal and civil contempts is pointed out, the latter being given the-character of a civil action.
*11In the case at bar the statute is manifestly remedial, and intended to promote justice without unnecessary delay and without resort to vexatious litigation. The damages to which respondents must respond in some action being possible of exact determination from the evidence, it was the duty of the court to act upon the demand of the relator, enter a finding of contempt under § 5807, supra, and assess the damages. The trial court made the following finding:
“That said Nicomen Boom Company would have made a profit of forty cents per thousand feet, board measure, on all of the said logs which were caught, boomed and rafted by the said North Shore Boom and Driving Company as heretofore found, if said Nicomen Boom Company had caught, boomed and rafted said logs, to wit: said 42,165,453 feet, board measure.”
The evidence is conflicting as to the amount of profit which would have been made by relator had its work been uninterrupted, and we therefore adopt the findings of the trial judge. Although respondents proceeded in perfect good faith and are not therefore guilty of any act criminal in its nature warranting fine or imprisonment, they are technically guilty of contempt under the statute, which is intended for the advantage and benefit of the opposite party, and are answerable to the extent of the loss sustained.
The case will be reversed, and remanded with instructions to enter judgment in accord with this opinion.
Rudkin, C. J., Mount, Dunbar, Crow, and Gose, JJ., concur.
Fullerton, J., dissents.
Parker and Morris, JJ., took no part.