The first of these cases was heard by Department One, in November, 1913, and an opinion filed December 13, 1913; 76 Wash. 636, 136 Pac. 1160. A rehearing has been granted, and the case reheard by the court En Banc. The second case involves the same question. Accordingly the cases have been consolidated and heard together. The facts will not be restated, except as we find it necessary to refer to them.
As stated in the department opinion, the single question presented' by both cases is whether the statute in question is repugnant to the commerce clause of the Federal constitution. The statute, which will be found in Laws 1907, p. 79; Rem. & Bal. Code, §§ 9161 to 9168 (P. C. 433 §§73-87), imposes a privilege tax of five per cent upon the gross receipts of express companies for business done within this state. In reaching our conclusion, we may accept certain principles as established: (1) Subject to constitutional limitations, a state has the power to regulate the doing of local business within its borders. Pullman Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 56. (2) A state may not exert its concededly lawful powers in such a manner as to impose a direct burden on interstate commerce. (3) A state has the right to tax property although it is used in interstate commerce. United States Express Co. v. Minnesota, 223 U. S. 335. (4) No state has the right to lay a tax on interstate commerce in any form, whether by way of duties laid on the transportation of the subjects of that commerce, or on the receipts derived from that transportation, or on the occupation or business of carrying it on, *311as such taxation is a burden on that commerce and amounts to regulation of it. Lyng v. Michigan, 135 U. S. 161. (5) When the business sought to be taxed is wholly within the state and said business is but a mere incident to interstate business, such fact furnishes no obstacle to the valid taxation by the state of the business which is entirely local. So long as regulation as to license or taxation does not refer to, and is not imposed upon, the business which is interstate, there is no interference with interstate commerce. Osborne v. Florida, 164 U. S. 650. It might further be asserted that, conceding the right of the state to require a company engaged in both interstate and intrastate commerce to pay a privilege tax upon its purely intrastate or local business, the state could not, in the exercise of such right, impose a burden upon the interstate commerce of such company as a condition to its right to do a local business. As was said in United States Express Co. v. Minnesota, supra, the difficulty in applying these principles to any given case is to distinguish between legitimate attempts to exert the taxing power of the state and those laws which, though in the guise of taxation, impose real burdens upon interstate commerce as such.
Referring now to the act, we will set out those sections which are material to this inquiry:
“Sec. 1. Any person or persons, joint stock association or corporation, wherever organized or incorporated, engaged in the business of conveying to, from or through this state, or any part thereof, money, packages, gold, silver plate or any articles by express service as distinguished from the ordinary freight lines of transportation of merchandise and property in this state, shall be deemed to be an express company.” Rem. & Bal. Code, § 9161 (P. C. 433 § 73).
“Sec. 2. Every express company, as defined in section one hereof, doing business in this state, shall annually, between the first and thirtieth day of April, after passage of this act, under oath of the person constituting such company, if a person, or under oath of the president, treasurer, superintendent or chief officer in this state, of such association or corporation, if an association or corporation, make and file *312with the state board of tax commissioners a statement, in such form as the board may prescribe, containing the following facts:' . . . 6th. The entire receipts (including all sums earned or charged, whether actually received or not), for business done within this state, including its proportion of gross receipts for business done by such company within this state in connection with other companies.” Rem. & Bal. Code, § 9162 (P. C. 433 § 75).
“Sec. 3. The state board of tax commissioners shall proceed to ascertain and determine, on or before the first Mon-day in July, the entire gross receipts of each of said express companies for business done within the state of Washington for the year next preceding the first day of April, and the amount so ascertained shall, in such instances, be held and deemed to be the gross receipts of such express company for business done within the state of Washington for the year under consideration.” Rem. & Bal. Code, § 9163 (P. C. 433 §77).
“Sec. 4. The board may adjourn from time to time until the business before it is finally disposed of. In case of failure or refusal of any express company to make the statement required by law, or furnish the board any information requested by it, the board shall inform itself as best it may on the matters necessary to be known in order to discharge its duty. And at any time after the meeting of the board on the first Monday in June, and before the gross receipts of any express company for business done within the state of Washington are determined, any person, company or corporation interested shall have the right, on written application, to appear before the board and be heard in the matter of such determination. After the determination of the amount of the gross receipts of any express company for business done in the state of Washington and before the certification of the state board of tax commissioners of such amount, the board may, on the application of any person, company or corporation interested, or on its own motion, review and correct its findings, in such manner as may seem to it to be just and proper.” Rem. & Bal. Code, § 9164 (P. C. 433 § 79).
“Sec. 7. The state board of tax commissioners shall on the first Monday in August, annually, enter the amount of gross receipts of express companies doing business in this state, for the year then next preceding the first day of April, *313as determined as provided for in section three of this act in a book provided for that purpose. It shall be the duty of the state treasurer, annually, to collect from each such express company, doing business in this state, a sum in the nature of an excise or privilege tax, to be computed by taking five per centum of the amount fixed by the state board of tax commissioners as the gross receipts of such express company for business done within the state of Washington for the year next preceding the first day of April, as determined and certified by the state board of tax commissioners: Provided, Nothing contained in this act shall exempt or relieve any express company from the assessment and taxation of their tangible property in the manner authorized and provided by law. All taxes collected under the provisions of this act shall be credited to the state general fund. . . .” Rem. & Bal. Code, § 9167 (P. C. 433 § 85).
We cannot find that this statute is repugnant to any of these principles. Its whole import, as we read it, is to impose a tax on local business “done within the state of Washington.” Commerce that is confined and limited to “business done within the state of Washington” has within it no shade or element of interstate commerce. Neither is there any attempt in the imposition of this tax on local business to impose any burden or condition upon the right of the express companies to do an interstate business within this state. The phrase “gross receipts of such express company for business done within the state of Washington,” to which the tax is alone applicable, is an expression of the legislative intent to limit this tax to business wholly within this state; that is, business begun and ended within this state. Business begun within this state and ended within another state, or begun in another state and ended within this state, or transacted partly within this state and partly within another state, which would be one way of defining interstate commerce, is not business done within this state, and a tax confined to the gross receipts of the business done within this state is a tax upon intrastate and not upon interstate commerce. Upon this point, the case of Pacific Express Co. v. Seibert, 142 U. S. 339 (not cited *314in the original briefs and hence not referred to in the department opinion) is so instructive that we refer to it at length. The act there reviewed, upon a contention that it was invalid as imposing a burden upon interstate commerce, is so similar to our act that, so far as their essential features are concerned, they may be said to be the same. The act is set forth in full in the opinion. It provides, in short, that every express company doing business within the state of Missouri shall annually deliver to the state auditor a statement showing the entire receipts from business done within the state, and shall pay into the treasury of the state the sum of two dollars on each one hundred dollars of such receipts. The act was attacked on various grounds, among them the one here raised. In deciding this point the court said:
“Was the business of this express company in the state of Missouri, on the receipts from which the tax in question was assessed under this act, interstate commerce? The allegation of the bill is very positive that in the prosecution of its business as an express company the complainant is engaged, in part, in the transportation of goods and other property between the states of Nebraska, Kansas, Texas and other states of the Union and the state of Missouri; and also in the business of carrying goods between different points within the limits of the state of Missouri. The question on this point, therefore, is narrowed down to the single inquiry, whether the tax complained of in any way bears upon or touches the interstate traffic of the company, or whether, on the other hand, it is confined to its intra-state business. We think a proper construction of the statute confines the tax which it creates to the intra-state business, and in no way relates to the interstate business of the company. The act in question, after defining in its first section what shall constitute an express company or what shall be deemed to be such in the sense of the act, requires such express company to file with the state auditor an annual report ‘showing the entire receipts for business done within this state of each agent of such company doing business in this state,’ etc., and further provides that the amount which any express company pays ‘to the railroads or steamboats within this state for the transportation of their freight within this state’ may be deducted from the gross re*315ceipts of the company on such business; and the act also requires the company making a statement of its receipts to include, as such, all sums earned or charged ‘for the business done within this state,’ etc. It is manifest that these provisions of the statute, so far from imposing a tax upon the receipts derived from the transportation of goods between other states and the state of Missouri, expressly limit the tax to receipts for the sums earned and charged for the business done within the state. This positive and oft-repeated limitation to business done within the state, that is, business begun and ended within the state, evidently intended to exclude, and the language employed certainly does exclude, the idea that the tax is to be imposed upon the interstate business of the company. ‘Business done within this state’ cannot be made to mean business done between that state and other states. We, therefore, concur in the view of the court below that it was not the legislative intention, in the enactment of this statute, to impinge upon interstate commerce, or to interfere with it in any way whatever; and that the statute, when fairly construed, does not in any manner interfere with interstate commerce.”
We confess our inability to distinguish the Seibert case from the one before us, and inasmuch as it is a decision upon a Federal question, it is decisive of these appeals. See, also, the same case, 44 Fed. 310.
The latest decision of the supreme court of the United States dealing with a like question is Ohio River W. R. Co. v. Dittey, 232 U. S. 576, and subsequent to the argument herein. The state of Ohio passed an act requiring each railroad doing business within that state to file a statement setting forth its entire gross earnings derived from business done within that state, excluding therefrom all earnings derived wholly from interstate business, and providing that such gross earnings should be charged with an excise tax of four per cent for the privilege of carrying on its intrastate business. It was insisted, on attacking the act, that, as applied to railroads, it was a burden upon interstate commerce, this contention being raised upon the provision of the act for ascertaining the earnings of the railroads “from whatever source *316derived, for business done within this state, excluding therefrom all earnings derived wholly from interstate business,” the argument being that this has the effect of imposing a tax with respect to the gross receipts from foreign commerce because such commerce is not expressly excepted. This contention was overruled, the court holding that the intent of the act was plain, to measure the tax only upon earnings from intrastate business, and on this view the act was sustained. The language of the Ohio act, in “excluding therefrom all earnings derived wholly from interstate business” is no clearer enunciation of the intent of the act to subject intrastate business to the payment of the tax than is the language of our act in measuring the tax upon “business done within the state of Washington,” since interstate commerce is in no sense business done within the state of Washington. Nor can it be classified as such. The two expressions convey an identical meaning—to limit the operation of each act to purely local business, and to exclude from its operation any and all business that could be included within any definition of interstate commerce.
The respondents, while citing a number of other cases, relied principally upon Pullman Co. v. Adams, 189 U. S. 420, and Allen v. Pullman’s Palace Car Co., 191 U. S. 171, as sustaining their contention that the tax created by this statute imposed a burden upon interstate commerce; and since these cases were cited by the department as sustaining the conclusion reached by it, we have given them careful consideration, and such consideration leads us to now say we can find nothing in either of those cases which would render these taxes invalid. The Adams case may best be referred to as read by the court itself in Western Union Tel. Co. v. Kansas ex rel. Attorney General, 216 U. S. 1:
“As to Pullman Co. v. Adams, 189 U. S. 420, 429, we perceive nothing in the judgment in that case that conflicts with what is herein said. That case involved the validity of a tax of a certain amount imposed by Mississippi on each *317sleeping and palace car company carrying passengers ‘from one point to another ‘within the state,’ and so many cents per mile ‘for each mile of railroad track over which the company runs its cars in this state.’ It was contended that this tax was an interference with commerce among the states. It is stated in the opinion that the sleeping cars of the Pullman Company, an Illinois corporation, ‘were carried hy various railroad companies, and all of them were carried into the state from another state, or out of the state to another state or both. But such cars in their passage also carried passengers from point to point within the state, and a specific fare was collected by the servants of the Pullman Company.’ It was contended by the company that the state constitution made it a common carrier, and, in effect, compelled it to assume the burden of carrying local passengers, although its receipts from purely local business were less than the expenses incurred in carrying it on. But the state supreme court held that view of the state constitution to be fallacious. And this court said: ‘If the clause of the state constitution referred to were held to impose the obligation supposed and to be valid, we assume, without discussion, that the tax would be invalid. For then it would seem to be true that the state constitution and the statute combined would impose a burden on commerce between the states analogous to that which was held bad in Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U. S. 47. On the other hand if the Pullman Company, whether called a common carrier or not, had the right to choose between what points it would carry, and therefore to give up the carriage of passengers from one point to another within the state, the case is governed by Osborne v. Florida, 164 U. S. 650. The company cannot complain of being taxed for the privilege of doing a local business which it is free to renounce. Both parties agree that the tax is a privilege tax. As the validity of the tax is thus bound up with the effect of the section of the state constitution, we think that the Pullman Company was entitled to know how it stood under the latter, and that a judgment against it could not be justified by reasoning which leaves that point obscure. We are somewhat embarrassed in dealing with the case, because we are not quite certain whether we rightly interpret the intimations upon the subject in the judgment under review. If the constitution of Mississippi should be read as imposing an obligation to take *318local passengers, the question for us might be which, if not both, the clause of the constitution or the tax act is invalid. But we assume that the opinion of the supreme court of Mississippi intends to meet the difficulty frankly, and when it says that the argument against the tax drawn from the above interpretation of the constitution is fallacious, we take it as meaning that no such interpretation will be attempted in the future, and we take it so the more readily that we can see no ground for a different view. If we are right in our understanding the judgment of the supreme court was correct for the reason sufficiently stated above.’ So that what was actually decided in the Adams case was that the company was under no obligation to take local passengers, but if it chose to do that kind of business the privilege for doing it could be taxed by the state.”
See, also, this same case (Pullman Co. v. Adams), 78 Miss. 814, 30 South. 757, 84 Am. St. 647. In the Allen case, it was held that, while the state may not impose a tax which is in any way a burden upon interstate commerce, it may impose a privilege tax upon a corporation engaged in interstate commerce, for carrying on that part of its business which is wholly within the taxing state, and which tax does not affect its interstate business or its right to carry it on in that state. Two statutes were involved. The first required each sleeping car company doing business in the state of Tennessee to pay an annual tax of $500 on each of its cars for the privilege of doing business in that state. The act as interpreted by the court applied to cars running through the state as well as those whose operation was wholly intrastate, and the privilege tax was to be paid upon all cars, regardless of whether they were used in interstate traffic or that which was wholly within the borders of the state. For this reason, taxes exacted under this act were held void as an attempt to impose a burden upon interstate commerce. The second act provided that each sleeping car company doing business within the state “for one or more passengers taken up at one point in this state and delivered at another point in this state and transported wholly within the state, per annum *319$3,000.” This act was sustained as applying to intrastate business, and the Adams case was followed to the effect that the Pullman Company could not complain at being taxed for the privilege of doing a local business which it was free to renounce, since it could continue its interstate business, declining local business, and thus escape the attempt to tax it upon business wholly within the state.
Other cases relied upon by the respondent are Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U. S. 47; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Kansas ex rel. Attorney General, 216 U. S. 1; Galveston, H. & S. A. R. Co. v. Texas, 210 U. S. 217; United States Express Co. v. Minnesota, 223 U. S. 335; Oklahoma v. Wells Fargo & Co., 223 U. S. 298. The Kentucky case involved an act providing that no agent of a foreign express company should carry on business in that state without first obtaining a license from the state, and that, preliminary thereto, he should satisfy the auditor of the state that the company he represented was possessed of an actual capital of at least $150,000. Failing these requirements, he was subject to a fine. The court held the provisions of this act relating to license and capital stock imposed conditions on interstate commerce and were clearly a burden and restriction upon such commerce, and hence could not be sustained, adding:
“But taxes or license fees in good faith imposed exclusively on express business carried on wholly within the state would be open to no such objection.”
In the light of what we have said as to the provision of the act of 1907 applying only to business done within this state, we take this case as an authority in support of our position rather than against it. In the Kansas case, the court reviewed a statute providing that, before any foreign corporation, even one engaged in interstate commerce, could do a local business, it should pay to the state treasurer for the benefit of the permanent school fund a charter fee of one-tenth of one per cent of its authorized capital upon the first $100,000, and a smaller percentage upon larger issues of *320capital stock. The Western Union Telegraph Company refused to pay the required fee, and the state brought a suit in one of its own courts and obtained a decree ousting the company from doing any local business. A writ of error being granted, it was held that this fee was a tax affecting both the interstate and intrastate business of the company without discrimination, and not a tax for the privilege of doing a local business in the state, and hence void as a burden upon interstate commerce. The vice of this statute, as found by the majority of the court, was that it made the doing of local business conditional upon paying a given per cent on the entire capitalization of the corporation, which manifestly would represent the value of all its business within and without the state. The opinion, however, reiterates the holding in the Kentucky case, that taxes imposed exclusively on an express business carried on wholly within the state would be open to no such objection, and the rule announced in Osborne v. Florida, 164 U. S. 650, that a tax directed against local business only under which a corporation might conduct its interstate business without paying the slightest heed to the act, was valid as against the plea that it was a burden upon interstate commerce. Four of the justices joined in a dissent, holding that the tax was valid upon the ground that a state may tax a foreign corporation seeking to do business wholly within the state, and that the right to tax foreign corporations in respect to business done wholly within the state is not taken away by the fact that they also are engaged there in commerce among the states. As we understand the majority opinion, it was not intended to depart from the above rule upon which the dissent was based, the majority holding the opinion that there was no conflict between the views they expressed and the cases upon which the dissent was grounded. So that, so far as the point here involved is concerned, both the majority and minority opinions uphold a tax imposed upon intrastate business alone.
The Texas case involved the validity of a statute imposing *321an annual tax equal to one per cent of its gross receipts on each railroad lying wholly within that state. The railroads there concerned lay wholly within Texas and connected with other lines, and a part, and in some instances much the larger part, of their gross receipts were derived from the carriage of passengers and freight coming from or destined to points without the state. For this reason, the tax was held to be a burden upon interstate commerce, so far as it was based upon or was measured by receipts derived from interstate transportation.
The Minnesota case involved a statute taxing express companies six per cent upon gross receipts for business done within the state. The action was brought by the state to recover certain items which it was claimed the express companies had omitted from their return of gross receipts, and which were properly the subject of taxation under the statute. These omitted items included, (1) receipts from business begun and ending in the state but which passed out of the state in transit; (2) receipts from shipments originating in the state but destined to points outside the state; (3) shipments originating outside the state but destined to points within the state; (4) shipments originating outside the state and destined to a point outside the state but passing through the state of Minnesota in transit. Taxes were not claimed upon shipments of express matter in the classes named where the same express company performed the transportation both within and without the state. As to the shipments in class one, it was held by the state supreme court, upon the authority of Lehigh Valley R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 145 U. S. 192, that nine per cent of the taxes claimed on this class of earnings should be deducted from the amount of recovery allowed in the court of original jurisdiction, since it was disclosed that only ninety-one per cent of the mileage was within the state of Minnesota. This view was sustained by the supreme court of the United States upon the authority of the cited *322case. As to the other classes, the supreme court of Minnesota held that it was the intention of the legislature in the statute under consideration to include the earnings from these classes within the state in the gross receipts upon which the tax was based. This construction of the statute was held to be binding upon the supreme court of the United States. The state supreme court further held that the tax was a property tax measured- by the gross earnings within the state, which was held to include the earnings of classes two, three, and four, and that the statute was part of a system long in force in Minnesota, based upon the authority of the state constitution, and was intended to afford a means of valuing the property of express companies within the state. Of this construction, the supreme court of the United States says:
“While the determination that the tax is a property tax measured by gross receipts is not binding upon this court, we are not prepared to say that this conclusion is not well founded, in view of the provisions and purposes of the law.” United States Express Co. v. Minnesota, 223 U. S. p. 346.
And the statute was sustained as falling “within that class where there has been an exercise in good faith of a legitimate taxing power, the measure of which taxation is in part the proceeds of interstate commerce, which could not in itself be taxed, and does not fall within that class of statutes uniformly condemned in this court, which show a manifest attempt to burden the conduct of interstate commerce.” The Oklahoma case involved a statute similar to that held bad in the Texas case, and for the reasons there given was held invalid.
We have entered upon this review of these cases for the reason that respondents insist they support the contention that the statute in question imposes a burden upon interstate commerce, which view seems to have been adopted by the department. As we now view these decisions, in so far as they cast light upon the problem before us, they support, rather than antagonize, our position. Additional supporting cases *323are Telegraph Co. v. Texas, 105 U. S. 460; Ratterman v. Western Union Tel. Co., 127 U. S. 411; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Alabama State Board of Assessment, 132 U. S. 472; Maine v. Grand Trunk R. Co., 142 U. S. 217; Ficklen v. Shelby County Taxing District, 145 U. S. 1; Postal Tel. Cable Co. v. Charleston, 153 U. S. 692. An examination of the Federal cases shows, as stated in Baltic Mining Co. v. Massachusetts, 231 U. S. 68, that they have been decided upon the principle that taxes of this character should be invalidated only where the necessary effect is to burden interstate commerce or tax property beyond the jurisdiction of the state.
The last contention to be noticed is that, inasmuch as the express companies have a right to come into this state for the purpose of engaging in interstate commerce, and the state is powerless under the commerce clause of the Federal constitution to annex conditions to or impose burdens upon the exercise of that right, it follows that an express company entering this state and engaging in interstate commerce is thereby made a common carrier of intrastate commerce, and is not at liberty to abandon its intrastate business, and that, therefore, the doctrine announced in Osborne v. Florida, Pullman Co. v. Adams, Allen v. Pullman’s Palace Car Co., and Western Union Tel. Co. v. Kansas ex rel. Attorney General, that foreign corporations coming into a state for the purpose of transacting an interstate business, whether called common carriers or not, had the right to choose between what points they would do business, and cannot, therefore, complain of being taxed for the privilege of doing a local business which they are free to renounce, does not apply in this state, because of our constitutional and statutory provisions. We accept the premise, but we deny the conclusion. No reason is pointed out why it follows that, because a foreign corporation has a right to engage in interstate business within this state, a right to which the state is powerless to attach conditions, such corporation is thereby made a common carrier of *324intrastate business, and is powerless to withdraw from such business. The only section of the constitution referred to is § 13, art. 12, declaring all railroad, canal and other transportation companies to be common carriers and subject to legislative control, and other sections prohibiting discrimination in privileges and transportation charges, and that part of the public service commission law of 1911 making express companies common carriers. To say that these citations support respondents’ contention is to read into them something we have not found, and which respondents have failed to point out. We therefore deny respondents’ assertion, “that in the constitution and laws of this state a company which enters for the purpose of engaging in interstate commerce is thereby made a common carrier of intrastate commerce.” It is equally fallacious if it is meant by this assertion that, as a condition for engaging in interstate commerce, the state requires the corporation to also engage in intrastate commerce. Such a plea violates a rule concerning which there is now no dispute, that the state can impose no burden upon interstate commerce nor exact any condition upon which foreign corporations may engage in such business within this state. If the constitution should be read as imposing an obligation upon corporations doing an interstate business to also engage in a local business, then, as said in the Adams case, “the question for us might be which, if not both, the clause of the constitution or the tax act, is invalid.”
Respondents make a general reference to the public service commission law of 1911 as supporting their contentions. It may be answered that no provision of that law could operate as a regulation upon interstate commerce. All that it seeks to do, and all that the state has power to do, is to impose regulations upon local business, and while the state cannot say to the foreign corporation, “We will annex certain conditions with which you must comply before you can do an interstate business in or through this state,” it can say to such corporation, “If you choose to do a business which is purely local in *325its character and which has attached to it no elements of interstate commerce, you must submit that business to the regulation and control of the laws of this state.” To go further than this, the state has not attempted, or if it has, its attempt is vain. So far as any constitutional provision is concerned, we find no essential difference between our constitution and that of the state of Mississippi referred to in the Adams case. Our constitution provides, in § 13, art. 12, that “all railroad, canal and other transportation companies are declared to be common carriers and subject to legislative control.” Section 195 of the constitution of Mississippi reads: “Express, telegraph, telephone, and sleeping car companies are declared common carriers in their respective lines of business, and subject to liability as such.” If, under this provision of the Mississippi constitution, nothing could be found compelling express companies to do a local business, we can find nothing in the language of our constitution which adds any such power. The whole theory of state control of public service corporations is based upon the doctrine, as expressed in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113, that, when one devotes his property to a public use, he grants to the public an interest in that use, and must submit to be controlled by the public for the public good to the extent of the interest he has created. “He may withdraw his grant by discontinuing the use, but so long as he maintains the use, he must submit to control.” So here the express company may withdraw its property from any local use and discontinue such use; but so long as it continues in such use, it must submit to state control and regulation.
Based on these conclusions, we overrule the department opinion, and the judgment in each case is reversed, and the cases remanded with instructions to proceed in accordance with the views here expressed.
Parker, Mount, and Fullerton, JJ., concur.