Hudson v. Hapner

Van Deren, C.J.

¶23 (dissenting) — I respectfully dissent. The majority holds that Hapner had a right to unilaterally withdraw his request for a trial de novo at any time and suggests that Hudson’s only recourse to avoid this result was to move for trial de novo within 20 days of the arbitrator’s decision. Majority at 286.

*291¶24 Once again, a rule that is supposed to reduce court congestion of civil cases, Malted Mousse, Inc. v. Steinmetz, 150 Wn.2d 518, 526, 79 P.3d 1154 (2003), and intended to encourage parties to accept an arbitrator’s decision by-penalizing unsuccessful appeals, Walji v. Candyco, Inc., 57 Wn. App. 284, 290, 787 P.2d 946 (1990), has resulted in protracted litigation. See, e.g., Wiley v. Rehak, 143 Wn.2d 339, 342-43, 20 P.3d 404 (2001); Haywood v. Aranda, 143 Wn.2d 231, 234-35, 19 P.3d 406 (2001); Nevers v. Fireside, Inc., 133 Wn.2d 804, 807-09, 947 P.2d 721 (1997); Christie-Lambert Van & Storage Co. v. McLeod, 39 Wn. App. 298, 301-02, 309, 693 P.2d 161 (1984).

I. Legislative Intent Is Not Achieved

¶25 The majority opines that its result furthers the legislative goal of decreasing court congestion and delays in civil litigation. Majority at 285-86, 288. I respectfully disagree. “When interpreting statutory language, our goal is to carry out” the legislature’s intent. Simpson Inv. Co. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 141 Wn.2d 139, 148, 3 P.3d 741 (2000). “In ascertaining this intent, the language at issue must be evaluated in the context of the entire statute.” Simpson, 141 Wn.2d at 149. We derive the legislative intent from the statute’s plain language and ordinary meaning; however, we must “ ‘avoid unlikely, absurd, or strained results.’ ” Berrocal v. Fernandez, 155 Wn.2d 585, 590, 121 P.3d 82 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Burton v. Lehman, 153 Wn.2d 416, 423, 103 P.3d 1230 (2005)).

¶26 The primary goal of the legislation authorizing mandatory arbitration in certain civil cases is to reduce court congestion, to reduce costs, and to allow civil claims to be heard without delay. See Malted Mousse, 150 Wn.2d at 526; Christie-Lambert Van, 39 Wn. App. at 302; 1 Senate Journal, 46th Leg., Reg. Sess., at 1016-17 (Wash. 1979).

The legislative history of the statute explains that the “[experience of other states indicates that [mandatory arbitration] is an effective method of reducing court congestion and also providing a fair but streamlined resolution of disputes involv*292ing small sums. Speed is gained both in setting a hearing date and actual trial time.”

Perkins Coie v. Williams, 84 Wn. App. 733, 737, 929 P.2d 1215 (1997) (alteration in original) (quoting S.B. Rep. on Substitute H.B. 425, 46th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 1979)). These goals have not been met in this case because the majority’s resolution allows Hapner to withdraw his request for a trial de novo nine years after the case was filed in October 1999, eight years after asking for a trial de novo in December 2000, and five years after receiving one in April 2003.

¶27 “ ‘A supplemental goal of the mandatory arbitration statute is to discourage meritless appeals.’ ” Wiley, 143 Wn.2d at 348, 344 (quoting Perkins Coie, 84 Wn. App. at 737-38). RCW 7.06.060 and MAR 7.3 reflect this goal because they permit the trial court to assess attorney fees against a party who fails to improve her position at a trial de novo. Wiley, 143 Wn.2d at 348. The purpose of these rules, which permit the trial court to award fees and costs when the opposing party either (1) requests a trial de novo and then does not advance his or her position in trial or (2) withdraws his or her request for a trial de novo, “is to deter such requests made solely to delay enforcement of the award.” Christie-Lambert Van, 39 Wn. App. at 302 (citing MAR 7.3, Judicial Council Comment).

¶28 The majority and Hapner rely on Thomas-Kerr v. Brown, 114 Wn. App. 554, 559 n.16, 59 P.3d 120 (2002), to allow Hapner the right under MAR 7.3 to unilaterally withdraw his request for a trial de novo after the trial court heard the case de novo and we remanded for a second trial. Majority at 284-86. But Thomas-Kerr is distinguishable. In Thomas-Kerr, Alva Thomas-Kerr and Fredrick Brown were involved in an automobile collision and following mandatory arbitration, Brown requested a trial de novo. Before the trial occurred, Brown withdrew his request for a trial de novo. Thomas-Kerr, 114 Wn. App. at 556-57. Here, however, Hapner did not withdraw his request until after the trial de *293novo, after we remanded the case for a second trial, and after additional discovery following remand.6 See Hudson v. Hapner, noted at 126 Wn. App. 1057, 2005 WL 834433, at *5, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 610, review denied, 156 Wn.2d 1008 (2006).

¶29 The majority reasons that its decision is consistent with the legislature’s goal of reducing court congestion through mandatory arbitration. Majority at 285. But the legislature’s goal of reducing court congestion through less costly arbitration clearly has not been met in a case that has been in litigation for eight years. Moreover, permitting Hapner to now withdraw his request for a trial de novo allows him to engage in two meritless appeals, the first when he requested a trial de novo and the second when he appealed the result of that trial de novo to this court. This clearly contravenes the legislature’s intent and is an absurd result that we should discourage. See Tingey v. Haisch, 159 Wn.2d 652, 669, 152 P.3d 1020 (2007). Furthermore, his request for a trial de novo has successfully delayed enforcement of the arbitration award for eight years.

¶30 The majority’s ruling encourages continued litigation by both parties merely as a defensive tactic.7 A litigant who runs the risk of an appealing party freely walking away from a request for a trial de novo after engaging in additional trial litigation for eight years is faced with a Hobson’s choice — appeal just to have an appeal in place many years later or gamble that the appealing party will be *294equitably estopped from abandoning a case after causing the other party to go through a full trial, an appeal, and discovery before and after the appeal. Malpractice worries can force both parties to appeal arbitration awards, thereby eviscerating the intent and benefit of the arbitration rule. When a party cannot rely on enforcement of the opposing party’s decision to either accept the arbitrator’s decision or live with its own decision to ask for a trial de novo and litigate over the course of eight years, MAR 7.3 becomes a way station to more litigation, prolonging finality, and providing a means of significant delay solely controlled by one party.

II. Civil Rules Should Apply

¶31 When a party requests a trial de novo, the case is transferred to the superior court’s civil docket and, necessarily, the superior court’s civil and local rules then apply. See, e.g., MAR 7.1(b); MAR 7.2(b); MAR 8.2; Wilson v. Horsley, 137 Wn.2d 500, 506, 974 P.2d 316 (1999) (“The question of what issues may be added to the trial de novo is governed by the Civil Rules.”); Sorenson v. Dahlen, 136 Wn. App. 844, 851-52, 149 P.3d 394 (2006); Stevens v. Gordon, 118 Wn. App. 43, 51, 74 P.3d 653 (2003). Moreover, a trial de novo is an appeal. See Thomas-Kerr, 114 Wn. App. at 558; 1 Senate Journal, 46th Leg., Reg. Sess., at 1017 (Wash. 1979). Therefore, I would apply the civil rules to this case.

¶32 But the majority reasons that if the legislature or the Washington Supreme Court intended that a party’s right to withdraw its request for a trial de novo exists only before trial, or only before it finishes presenting its evidence at trial, they could have used language similar to that in CR 41(a)8 or RAP 18.2.9 Majority at 284-85. Rather than allowing the withdrawal of a request for trial de novo *295following trial and appeal, the better approach is that established rules of civil procedure govern the trial de novo process. Furthermore, “[i]n the absence of an explicit statement in the statute or the legislative history” about the purposes of a statute or a rule, we may consider other statutes concerning the same subject matter in our statutory construction of the statute or rule. Christie-Lambert Van, 39 Wn. App. at 302.

¶33 Thus, I would hold that the established civil rules apply to Hapner’s late request to withdraw his request for a trial de novo. No other civil rule allows a party unilaterally to withdraw his or her case after the trial court has heard, and ruled on, the case. See CR 41(a); RAP 18.2. Thus, a logical conclusion is that the legislature and the Supreme Court intended that the civil rules concerning withdrawal of claims apply to a party’s withdrawal of the trial de novo request. The civil rules, before a case is transferred to mandatory arbitration, generally do not apply. Wiley, 143 Wn.2d at 346. Although we have recognized that the claims may not be amended under the civil rules for a trial de novo from arbitration, Wiley v. Rehak, 101 Wn. App. 198, 204, 2 P.3d 497 (2000), aff’d, 143 Wn.2d 339, 20 P.3d 404 (2001), when a case is transferred back to the trial court on a perfected trial de novo, the trial court necessarily manages the case under the *296civil rules. Thus, the trial court had the authority to deny dismissal of Hapner’s untimely request for a trial de novo.

III. Compensation For Delay Is Not Guaranteed

¶34 The majority also assumes that Hapner must compensate Hudson for any costs arising from the eight-year delay due to Hapner’s desire to have a first trial, an appeal asking for a second trial, and to engage in discovery before trial and after a successful appeal. Majority at 288-89. But because fees and costs under MAR 7.3 are discretionary, there is no guarantee that Hudson can ever be made whole. MAR 7.3. The only fair and reasonable remedy at this stage is to require that the parties remain in the forum Hapner chose in 2000.

IV. Waiver Should Apply

¶35 The majority also assumes that a full trial, an appeal asking for a second trial, and additional discovery following appeal are distinguishable from the plaintiffs’ conduct in Haywood, 143 Wn.2d 231. Majority at 288-89. In Haywood, the defendants requested a trial de novo following arbitration but failed to properly file proof of service with the trial court. After the jury rendered a verdict for substantially less than the plaintiffs were awarded by the arbitrator, the plaintiffs moved to vacate the jury verdict because the defendants failed to properly file proof of service. Haywood, 143 Wn.2d at 233-34. The trial court, this court, and the Washington State Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs waived any objection to the defendants’ failure to properly file proof of service “by not registering the objection before the trial de novo commenced.” Haywood, 143 Wn.2d at 235.

¶36 The majority opines that Hapner’s right to withdraw his request for a trial de novo is distinguishable from Haywood because it is not a defense, but rather a procedural right. Majority at 289. But the doctrine of waiver applies to procedural rules as well. See Haywood, 143 Wn.2d at 239-40. Moreover, we have consistently upheld *297that long-standing “principle that procedural rules should be interpreted to eliminate procedural traps and to allow cases to be decided on their merits.” Haywood, 143 Wn.2d at 238. I respectfully disagree with the majority and would find that, similar to Haywood, Hapner’s request to withdraw his trial de novo request now is inconsistent with his former position requesting, participating in, and appealing a trial de novo. See majority at 289.1 further disagree with the majority and do not believe that MAR 7.3 encourages a party to change his or her mind about requesting a trial de novo after trial has occurred. See majority at 289. Hapner was dilatory in seeking to withdraw his request for a trial de novo six years after his request and on the heels of a favorable appellate ruling vacating the jury’s verdict awarding Hudson substantially larger damages than had the arbitrator. And MAR 7.3 does not guarantee a remedy for Hapner’s dilatory action in the form of fees and costs. See majority at 289. Therefore, I would hold that Hapner waived his right to withdraw his request for a trial de novo here. See Haywood, 143 Wn.2d at 239.

V. Alternatively, Judicial Estoppel Should Apply

¶37 Notwithstanding that the majority’s holding creates a result incompatible with legislative intent, thereby dictating that the trial court’s ruling be affirmed, I would alternatively invoke the doctrine of judicial estoppel, an equitable doctrine that we may invoke at our discretion, to prevent Hapner from “ ‘asserting one position in a court proceeding and later seeking an advantage by taking a clearly inconsistent position.’ ” Arkison v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 160 Wn.2d 535, 538, 160 P.3d 13 (2007) (quoting BartleyWilliams v. Kendall, 134 Wn. App. 95, 98, 138 P.3d 1103 (2006)); see also New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750, 121 S. Ct. 1808, 149 L. Ed. 2d 968 (2001); Skinner v. Holgate, 141 Wn. App. 840, 847, 173 P.3d 300 (2007).

¶38 “The doctrine serves three purposes: (1) to preserve respect for judicial proceedings; (2) to bar as evidence statements by a party that would be contrary to sworn *298testimony the party gave in prior judicial proceedings; and (3) to avoid inconsistency, duplicity, and waste of time.” Skinner, 141 Wn. App. at 847. The judicial estoppel doctrine “protect[s] the integrity of the judicial process by prohibiting parties from deliberately changing positions according to the exigencies of the moment.” Skinner, 141 Wn. App. at 849.

[Although not exclusive, t]hree core factors guide a trial court’s determination of whether to apply the judicial estoppel doctrine: (1) whether “a party’s later position” is “clearly inconsistent with its earlier position”; (2) whether “judicial acceptance of an inconsistent position in a later proceeding would create the perception that either the first or the second court was misled”; and (3) “whether the party seeking to assert an inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped.”

Arkison, 160 Wn.2d at 538-39 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 750-51); see also Skinner, 141 Wn. App. at 848.

¶39 Here, Hapner’s position is clearly inconsistent with the position he maintained from 2000 until 2007. Hapner wanted a trial de novo after the arbitrator’s decision. Now, after that trial de novo and his subsequent appeal, Hapner wants to withdraw his request for a trial de novo and enforce the arbitrator’s decision. Hapner derives an unfair advantage and imposes an unfair detriment on Hudson if he is not estopped from doing so. Because Hapner objected to entry of a judgment in 2000 on the arbitration award, interest has not accrued for lack of such a judgment, and Hudson’s arbitration award is significantly diminished by the passage of time. It has now been eight years since the arbitration award. Loss of the use or interest on that money prevents Hudson from being made whole by now entering a judgment on the original amount. The lack of a full legal remedy by reversion to the 2000 award now calls for equitable relief.

*299¶40 Here, Hapner, the nonprevailing party, received the trial de novo he requested, appealed for and was granted a second trial, engaged in extensive discovery before the first trial and after his appeal, and used the eight-year post-arbitration period to eventually decide he did not want a trial de novo after all. The unfair advantage to Hapner and unfair detriment to Hudson, who can never be made whole, are obvious. Hudson lost the use of the money awarded in 2000, lost all accruable legal interest, incurred legal and expert fees and costs with no guaranty of reimbursement, and has been forced to endure discovery, trial, and two appeals. It is hard to imagine a case that more dictates judicial estoppel for abuse of the legal system, particularly under a rule designed to deter exactly Hapner’s conduct.

¶42 For all of the above reasons, I dissent and would return the case to the trial court for the second trial that we previously ordered.

Reconsideration denied October 14, 2008.

Review granted at 165 Wn.2d 1048 (2009).

The majority notes that our remand for a new trial did not result from Hapner’s trial errors. Majority at 287. But we reversed and remanded because of the trial court’s error, not because of error by either party. Hudson v. Hapner, noted at 126 Wn. App. 1057, 2005 WL 834433, at *3, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 610, review denied, 156 Wn.2d 1008 (2006).

The majority reasons that Hapner did not use the trial de novo to gamble on the outcome because we vacated the jury’s verdict and granted the relief Hapner requested on appeal. Majority at 287. But Hapner has been able to delay paying Hudson’s damages and in the process has forced her to incur more expense while he conducted extended discovery. In addition, the majority notes that if Hapner had not prevailed on appeal, he would have been “bound by the jury’s verdict from the first trial.” Majority at 287. The majority’s reasoning in fact encourages parties to appeal on the “chance” or “gamble” that we or another higher court will overturn the result of their trial de novo.

CR 41(a) provides:

(1) Mandatory. Subject to the provisions of rules 23(e) and 23.1, any action shall be dismissed by the court:
(A) By Stipulation. When all parties who have appeared so stipulate in writing; or
*295(B) By Plaintiff Before Resting. Upon motion of the plaintiff at any time before plaintiff rests at the conclusion of his opening case.
(2) Permissive. After plaintiff rests after his opening case, plaintiff may move for a voluntary dismissal without prejudice upon good cause shown and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper.

But compare Walji, 57 Wn. App. at 287 (noting a party has “a right to a voluntary nonsuit without terms until it rested its case in the trial de novo”), with Thomas-Kerr, 114 Wn. App. at 562 (noting, that while a case is under arbitrator’s review, the plaintiff may withdraw under CR 41, but after the arbitrator’s decision, the plaintiff must seek permission to withdraw).

RAP 18.2 provides:

The appellate court on motion may, in its discretion, dismiss review of a case on stipulation of all parties and, in criminal cases, the written consent of the defendant, if the motion is made before oral argument on the merits. The appellate court may, in its discretion, dismiss review of a case on the motion of a party who has filed a notice of appeal, a notice for discretionary review, or a motion for discretionary review by the Supreme Court. Costs will be awarded in a case dismissed on a motion for voluntary withdrawal of review only if the appellate court so directs at the time the motion is granted.