People v. Gallow CA2/1

Filed 8/26/21 P. v. Gallow CA2/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

THE PEOPLE, B300252

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA091853)

v.

WHITNEY GALLOW,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, Laura F. Priver, Judge. Affirmed.
John Lanahan, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant
Attorney General, Amanda V. Lopez and Nima Razfar, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
____________________________
 Defendant and appellant Whitney Gallow challenges
the trial court’s summary denial of his petition under Penal
Code1 section 1170.95 for resentencing on his murder convictions.
He argues that the trial court erred by denying his petition
without appointing counsel to represent him, and by finding
that he was the actual killer and was therefore ineligible for
resentencing. Because the record of conviction shows as a
matter of law that Gallow is ineligible, we hold that the failure
to appoint counsel was harmless error. On that basis, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
In 1994, a jury convicted Gallow of two counts of murder
(§ 187, subd. (a)), one count of attempted murder (§§ 187, 664),
and one count of robbery (§ 211). The jury found true felony-
murder (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) and multiple murder (§ 190.2,
subd. (a)(3)) special circumstance allegations as to both counts
of murder, and found that Gallow personally used a handgun
in the commission of the murders (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), but
the jury rejected an allegation that Gallow personally inflicted
great bodily injury in the commission of the attempted murder
(§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). The trial court sentenced Gallow to
two consecutive terms of life in prison without the possibility of
parole for the murders, plus an additional term of life with the
possibility of parole for attempted murder, plus 15 more years
for three firearm enhancements. In Gallow’s direct appeal, we
struck two of the firearm enhancements but otherwise affirmed
the judgment. (People v. Gallow (Sep. 20, 1996, B088383)
[nonpub. opn.].)

1 Subsequent statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2
 The following summary of the facts of the case is drawn
from our unpublished opinion in Gallow’s direct appeal: In
August 1992, Gallow asked an acquaintance, Collin McDonald,
to set up a deal for Gallow to purchase three kilograms of cocaine.
On the evening of August 11, Gallow and his friend James
Escandero went to McDonald’s house with more than $50,000
in cash, which McDonald counted. McDonald contacted his
associate Adrian Ponce and arranged for the deal to take place
the next day at McDonald’s house.
On August 12, Gallow and Escandero arrived at
McDonald’s house with a bag, which McDonald presumed
contained the money to buy the cocaine. Ponce arrived an hour
later with his friend Enrique Urzua, who was carrying a bag with
the cocaine. Ponce and Urzua entered the house while Ponce’s
girlfriend, Angela Rodriguez, remained outside in Urzua’s car.
McDonald took a kilogram package of cocaine from the
bag and showed it to Gallow and Escandero. He asked to see
the money again, but Escandero pulled his bag away and smiled.
McDonald felt uneasy and said he did not want to go through
with the deal. All the visitors drove away, but Gallow and
Escandero caught up with Ponce and Urzua and convinced them
to come back to McDonald’s house. They convinced McDonald
that he was overreacting, and McDonald allowed the others into
the house. As Gallow entered the house, he said, “Come on. Let’s
do this,” and took the bag from Escandero.
Inside the house, Escandero asked to use the restroom
and began walking in that direction. McDonald told Gallow he
wanted to see the money. Gallow reached into the bag, pulled
out a gun, and began shooting. McDonald was shot four times
but managed to escape out the front door. As he was leaving,

3
he heard “a lot” more gunshots and saw Escandero through a
window holding a gun.
Gallow and Escandero came out the front door. One of
them pursued McDonald, and the other came toward Ponce’s
girlfriend Rodriguez, who drove away. McDonald eluded his
pursuers and hid in a neighbor’s house until police arrived.
Police discovered Ponce in the family room and Urzua in
the living room of the house, both dead from close-range gunshot
wounds to the head. Ponce had been shot with a .32 caliber
weapon and Urzua with a nine millimeter Luger.
In the ambulance on the way to the hospital, McDonald
identified Gallow as the person who had shot him, though
he later told police Gallow was not present, and he did not
disclose that he had intended to sell cocaine to his assailants.
Police searched McDonald’s house and found three spent
nine millimeter shell casings that were determined to have
been fired from a Luger, as well as an empty bag matching
the description of the one that had contained the cocaine.
•••
In 2018, the Legislature enacted Senate Bill No. 1437
(2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill No. 1437), which abolished
the natural and probable consequences doctrine in cases of
murder, and limited the application of the felony-murder
doctrine. (See People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 842–843
(Gentile).) Under the new law, a conviction for felony murder
requires proof that the defendant was either the actual killer,
acted with the intent to kill, or “was a major participant in
the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to
human life.” (§ 189, subd. (e)(3).) The legislation also enacted
section 1170.95, which established a procedure for vacating

4
murder convictions for defendants who could no longer be
convicted of murder because of the changes in the law and
resentencing those who were so convicted. (Stats. 2018,
ch. 1015, § 4, pp. 6675–6677.)
Gallow filed a petition for resentencing on May 23, 2019.
The trial court did not appoint counsel to represent Gallow,
and summarily denied the petition on the ground that Gallow
actually killed both victims and was the only shooter in the case.

DISCUSSION
A. Background on Senate Bill No. 1437
Senate Bill No. 1437 includes both prospective and
retrospective provisions. Prospectively, the law amended
section 188 to provide that “[e]xcept as stated in subdivision (e)
of Section 189, in order to be convicted of murder, a principal in
a crime shall act with malice aforethought. Malice shall not be
imputed to a person based solely on his or her participation in
a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).) The effect of this amendment is
to “eliminate[ ] natural and probable consequences liability for
first and second degree murder.” (Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at
p. 849.) In addition, Senate Bill No. 1437 enacted section 189,
subdivision (e), which restricted felony-murder liability to cases
in which the defendant was the actual killer, acted with the
intent to kill, or was a major participant in the underlying felony
and acted with reckless indifference to human life. (See Gentile,
supra, at pp. 842–843.)
The retroactive component of Senate Bill No. 1437 is
codified in section 1170.95. (See Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th
at p. 853 [“the Legislature intended section 1170.95 to be
the exclusive avenue for retroactive relief under Senate Bill

5
[No.] 1437”].) This section allows a defendant “convicted
of felony murder or murder under a natural and probable
consequences theory [to] file a petition” for resentencing
under the new law. (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).) To be eligible for
resentencing, a defendant must show that he “could not be
convicted of first or second degree murder because of changes
to Section 188 or 189 made effective” as a part of Senate Bill
No. 1437. (§ 1170.95, subd. (a)(3).)
The first step for a defendant to obtain relief under
section 1170.95 is to file a declaration affirming that he is
eligible for resentencing under the new law. (See § 1170.95,
subd. (b)(1).) The trial court reviews the petition, and if
the petition is incomplete, “the court may deny the petition
without prejudice to the filing of another petition and advise
the petitioner that the matter cannot be considered without
the missing information.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (b)(2).)
If the defendant’s petition is facially sufficient, the
trial court “shall appoint counsel to represent the petitioner.”
(§ 1170.95, subd. (c).) The prosecutor must file a response within
60 days of service of the petition, and the petitioner may file
a reply. (Ibid.) At this stage, the trial court must determine
whether the petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief,
under a standard of review “analogous” to the “prima facie
inquiry in habeas corpus proceedings.” (People v. Lewis (2021)
11 Cal.5th 952, 971 (Lewis).)2 In this review, “ ‘ “the court takes

2After the parties had filed their briefs in this case,
the Supreme Court released its opinion in Lewis establishing
the procedure for courts to follow in determining whether a
defendant had made a prima facie case for resentencing under

6
petitioner’s factual allegations as true and makes a preliminary
assessment regarding whether the petitioner would be entitled
to relief if his or her factual allegations were proved. If so, the
court must issue an order to show cause.” ’ [Citations.] ‘[A] court
should not reject the petitioner’s factual allegations on credibility
grounds without first conducting an evidentiary hearing.’
[Citations.] ‘However, if the record, including the court’s own
documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the allegations made in
the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a credibility
determination adverse to the petitioner.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
As part of its review, the court may consult the record
of conviction in the case, including any prior appellate opinions,
subject to the caveat that “the probative value of an appellate
opinion is case specific, and ‘it is certainly correct that an
appellate opinion might not supply all answers.’ ” (Lewis, supra,
11 Cal.5th at p. 972.) The “trial court should not engage in
‘factfinding involving the weighing of evidence or the exercise
of discretion.’ ([People v.] Drayton [(2020)] 47 Cal.App.5th [965,]
980 . . .)” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 972) in recognition of the
fact that “the ‘prima facie bar was intentionally and correctly set
very low.’ ” (Ibid.)
If the trial court determines that the defendant has met
this burden, “the court shall issue an order to show cause.”
(§ 1170.95, subd. (c).) If the court issues an order to show cause,
it must hold a hearing within 60 days to determine whether to
vacate the murder conviction. (§ 1170.95, subd. (d)(1).) At this
final stage of the proceeding, the prosecution has the burden

section 1170.95. We allowed the parties to file supplemental
briefs to explain how, if at all, Lewis affects this case.

7
of proving “beyond a reasonable doubt[ ] that the petitioner is
ineligible for resentencing.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (d)(3).)

B. The Trial Court’s Error in Denying the Petition
without Appointing Counsel Was Harmless
Gallow is correct that the trial court erred by denying
his petition without appointing counsel to represent him. (See
Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 960−970 [trial court must appoint
counsel in all cases where a petition is facially sufficient].)
Gallow is also correct that the trial court misstated the record
when it described him as the only shooter in the case. This is not
the end of our inquiry, however. The failure to appoint counsel in
a proceeding under section 1170.95 is an error of state statutory
law only, and is not a violation of the defendant’s constitutional
rights. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 972−973.) We therefore
review for harmless error under the Watson3 standard, under
which the defendant “must . . . ‘demonstrate there is a reasonable
probability that in the absence of the error he . . . would have
obtained a more favorable result.’ ” (Id. at p. 974.) This means
he “ ‘has the burden of showing “it is reasonably probable that
if [he or she] had been afforded assistance of counsel his [or her]
petition would not have been summarily denied without an
evidentiary hearing.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
Gallow has failed to meet this burden. In order to find
the felony-murder special circumstance true, the jury must have
found that Gallow either was the actual killer, that he was not
the actual killer but acted with the intent to kill in aiding,
abetting, soliciting, or assisting in the murder, or, at a minimum,
that he was a major participant in the felony and acted with

3 People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818.

8
reckless indifference to human life.4 This is the same finding
required for a conviction of felony murder under the newly
amended section 189. (See § 189, subd. (e)(3).) He is therefore
ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law because he cannot
show that he “could not be convicted of first or second degree

4 The murders in this case postdated the approval of
Proposition 115, which amended section 190.2 to allow for
felony-murder special circumstance findings where the defendant
was a major participant in the felony and acted with reckless
indifference to human life. (See Prop. 115, § 10, as approved by
voters, Primary Elec. (June 5, 1990).) In addition to the felony-
murder special circumstance, the jury in this case also found
true a multiple-murder special circumstance. (See § 190.2,
subd. (a)(3).) Unlike a felony-murder special circumstance,
a multiple-murder special circumstance does not allow for a
finding that the defendant was a major participant who acted
with reckless indifference to human life; instead, it requires
either that the defendant was the actual killer, or that he acted
with intent to kill in aiding and abetting the murders. (People v.
Nunez and Satele (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1, 45.) This was the case
when Gallow committed the murders and when his trial took
place. (See People v. Hardy (1992) 2 Cal.4th 86, 192; People v.
Anderson (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1104, 1149–1150.) Thus, the multiple-
murder special circumstance finding would imply that the jury
found either that Gallow was the actual killer or aided and
abetted the murder. In either case, he would be ineligible for
resentencing under section 1170.95. (See §§ 1170.95, subd. (a)(2),
189, subd. (e).) We decline to rely on the multiple-murder special
circumstance finding as a separate and independent basis for
affirming the trial court’s denial of Gallow’s petition, however,
because we cannot conclude from the record that the jury was
instructed correctly as to this aspect of the multiple-murder
special circumstance.

9
murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective”
in Senate Bill No. 1437. (§ 1170.95, subd. (a)(3).)
Gallow disagrees with this conclusion. He argues that
the jury’s special circumstance finding does not preclude him
from relief under section 1170.95 because, in the years following
his conviction, the Supreme Court clarified the definition of major
participation and reckless indifference to human life in People v.
Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks) and People v. Clark (2016)
63 Cal.4th 522 (Clark). Because no court has considered whether
he was a major participant who acted with reckless indifference
under the Banks/Clark standard, he contends that the trial court
could not have found as a matter of law that he was ineligible
for resentencing.
Within the past year, more than a dozen published opinions
in the Court of Appeal have considered this question, and have
reached divergent conclusions. We have addressed the issue
ourselves three times in People v. Galvan (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th
1134, review granted October 14, 2020, S264284 (Galvan), People
v. Murillo (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 160, review granted November
18, 2020, S264978 (Murillo), and People v. Allison (2020) 55
Cal.App.5th 449 (Allison). In all three cases, we concluded
that a defendant with a pre-Banks/Clark felony-murder special
circumstance finding is ineligible for resentencing under
section 1170.95, and that the trial court did not err by summarily
denying a defendant’s petition on that basis. Our colleagues in
Division Two reached the same conclusion in People v. Nunez
(2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 78, review granted January 13, 2021,
S265918, as did Divisions One and Two of the Fourth Appellate
District, respectively, in People v. Gomez (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1,
review granted October 14, 2020, S264033, and People v. Jones

10
(2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 474, review granted January 27, 2021,
S265854, and most recently, the Fifth Appellate District, in
People v. Simmons (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 739. On the other
hand, our colleagues in Division Five of this district disagreed
and held in People v. Torres (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1168, review
granted June 24, 2020, S262011, abrogated on another ground
by Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 963−968, People v. Smith
(2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 85, review granted July 22, 2020, S262835,
and People v. York (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 250, review granted
November 18, 2020, S264954, that a pre-Banks/Clark felony-
murder special circumstance finding does not disqualify a
defendant from resentencing under section 1170.95. In People v.
Harris (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 939, review granted April 28, 2021,
S267802, a panel in Division Seven reached the same conclusion,
as did the First Appellate District in People v. Secrease (2021)
63 Cal.App.5th 231, review granted June 30, 2021, S268862,
the Sixth Appellate District in People v. Pineda (2021) 66
Cal.App.5th 792, and the Fourth Appellate District, Division
Three in People v. Gonzalez (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 420, and
Division One in People v. Arias (2021) 66 Cal.App.5th 987.
There is no need to repeat arguments that have been
thoroughly addressed in the above opinions. We stand by our
analysis in Galvan, Murillo, and Allison, and on that basis we
hold that Gallow is unable to make a prima facie case for relief
under section 1170.95. The trial court’s error in finding that
Gallow was the only shooter is irrelevant. Even if he was not
the actual killer, the felony-murder special circumstance
finding renders him ineligible for relief as a matter of law under
section 1170.95. Because Gallow has not shown that “ ‘ “it is
reasonably probable that if [he . . . ] had been afforded assistance

11
of counsel his . . . petition would not have been summarily denied
without an evidentiary hearing” ’ ” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th
at p. 974), the error in prematurely denying his petition was
harmless.
This does not leave Gallow without any means of
challenging the validity of the special circumstance finding,
however. As we noted in Galvan, a defendant with a
pre-Banks/Clark special circumstance finding may challenge
the sufficiency of the evidence for the special circumstance
by means of a habeas corpus petition. (Galvan, supra, 52
Cal.App.5th at p. 1141, review granted; In re Scoggins (2020)
9 Cal.5th 667, 673−674.)

12
 DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order denying the petition for resentencing
is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

ROTHSCHILD, P. J.
We concur:

BENDIX, J.

CRANDALL, J.*

* Judge of the San Luis Obispo County Superior Court,
assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6
of the California Constitution.

13