Filed 8/26/21 P. v. Lanway CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G058977, G059751
v. (Super. Ct. No. 19HF0840)
ANGELA MARIE LANWAY, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Julian W.
Bailey, Judge. Consolidated with a petition for writ of habeas corpus. Judgment
affirmed; petition denied.
Michaela Dalton, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Pulos, Seth
M. Friedman and Joseph C. Anagnos, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
* * *
“The crime of robbery is a continuing offense that begins from the time of
the original taking until the robber reaches a place of relative safety. It is sufficient to
support the conviction that appellant used force to prevent the guard from retaking the
property and to facilitate his escape. The crime is not divisible into a series of separate
acts. Defendant’s guilt is not to be weighed at each step of the robbery as it unfolds.”
(People v. Estes (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 23, 28 (Estes).)
Defendant Angela Marie Lanway stole some items from a Wal-Mart and
was confronted by a loss prevention officer (LPO) outside. Lanway hit the LPO with her
shopping cart and a curtain rod, scratched his arm, burned his hand with a lit cigarette,
and tried to kick him. Some of Lanway’s forceful acts occurred just before the LPO
recovered stolen merchandise from Lanway’s shopping cart; some of Lanway’s forceful
acts happened just afterwards. A jury found Lanway guilty of an “Estes robbery.”
Lanway argues any acts of force she committed after the LPO recovered the
stolen property were not part of the robbery. Based on this notion, Lanway contends the
prosecutor improperly argued the case (prosecutorial misconduct), and the trial court
committed instructional error. Lanway is mistaken. Each time Lanway used force
against the LPO she had not yet reached a point of relative safety; therefore, the robbery
was still in progress. The precise timing of each of Lanway’s forceful acts is wholly
irrelevant. (See Estes, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at p. 28.) Thus, we affirm the judgment.
I
STATEMENT OF FACTS AND THE CASE
Lanway was shopping in a Wal-Mart store. Lanway put a large, silver
insulated bag in her shopping cart and began placing various items in it. Lanway went to
the checkout area and paid for some of the items in the cart. However, Lanway did not
take the insulated silver bag out of the cart, nor did she pay for any of the items in the
silver bag, nor did she pay for the bag itself. Lanway then walked out of the front door.
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Just outside of the store an LPO approached Lanway, identified himself,
and showed his badge. Lanway ignored the LPO and kept walking while pushing her
shopping cart. As the LPO stood in front of the shopping cart, Lanway kept pushing it,
thereby hitting the LPO. Lanway claimed she “‘paid for everything’” and showed the
LPO a receipt, but it was from a different store. The LPO told Lanway she had not paid
for the items in the silver bag, but Lanway “just kept trying to push the cart, and she
started cursing at me.” The LPO grabbed the silver bag from the cart and began walking
towards the store.
As the LPO was walking away, Lanway hit him in the head with a curtain
rod (that Lanway had paid for). Lanway then let go of the curtain rod and tried to grab
the silver bag the LPO was now holding in his hand. Lanway’s hand contacted the
LPO’s arm, causing a scratch. Lanway then burned the LPO’s hand with a lit cigarette.
Lanway also tried to kick the LPO in the groin, but the LPO was able to block Lanway’s
knee with his hand. The LPO was eventually able to return to the store with the
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recovered stolen merchandise.
A Wal-Mart manager called the police. Minutes later, the police spotted
Lanway in a nearby parking lot. After Lanway physically struggled with the police, they
placed her under arrest.
A jury found Lanway guilty of second degree robbery and the court granted
five years of formal probation. Lanway filed an appeal and a related petition for writ of
habeas corpus. This court later consolidated the writ with the appeal.
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Percipient witnesses gave slightly varying accounts of the physical encounter between
Lanway and the LPO. We interpret the facts—as we must—in the light most favorable to
the judgment. (People v. Brooks (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1, 57.)
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II
DISCUSSION
Lanway claims the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing
argument and the trial court committed instructional error. Both claims are predicated on
Lanway’s notion that any violent acts she committed against the LPO after he grabbed
the silver bag did not support an Estes robbery conviction. Lanway also makes
obligatory claims of cumulative error and ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
In the remainder of this discussion, we will: A) state general principles of
law regarding the crime of robbery; B) analyze the claim of prosecutorial
misconduct; C) analyze the claim of instructional error; D) analyze the claim of
cumulative error; and E) analyze the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
A. General Principles of Law
“Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of
another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by
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means of force or fear.” (Pen. Code, § 211.)
Under the robbery statute, property is within the “immediate presence” of a
victim if, but for the perpetrator’s force or fear, the victim could have retained possession
of it. (People v. Abilez (2007) 41 Cal.4th 472, 507.) “The zone of immediate presence
includes the area ‘within which the victim could reasonably be expected to exercise some
physical control over his property.’” (People v. Webster (1991) 54 Cal.3d 411, 440.) All
on-duty employees have constructive possession of their employer’s property and are
considered victims within the meaning of the robbery statute. (People v. Bradford (2010)
187 Cal.App.4th 1345, 1349-1350.)
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All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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A defendant who does not use force or fear in the initial taking of the
property may nonetheless be guilty of robbery if he uses force or fear to retain the
property, carry it away, or to effectuate an escape. (Estes, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at pp.
27-28.) Robberies in which force or fear is not used until after the perpetrator has already
taken the loot “are commonly referred to as ‘Estes robberies.’” (Miller v. Superior Court
(2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 216, 223.)
There is no single “‘temporal point’” at which all the elements of robbery
must come together. (People v. Hodges (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 531, 539-540.) A
robbery is a continuing offense; it does not end until the perpetrator has reached a place
of relative safety. (People v. Anderson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 989, 994-996.) “[T]he crime of
robbery begins with the commission of any of the defined elements and is completed
when all of the remaining elements have been committed. It is a continuing offense that
concludes not just when all the elements have been satisfied but when the robber reaches
a place of relative safety.” (People v. Carrasco (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1059.)
“A perpetrator has reached a place of temporary safety with the property if
he or she has successfully escaped from the scene, is no longer being pursued, and has
unchallenged possession of the property.” (CALCRIM No. 1603.)
B. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Lanway contends: “The prosecution’s improper statements and tactics
[during closing argument] rendered the trial fundamentally unfair by convincing the jury
to convict for acts that could not legally form the basis for robbery, an error which
contributed to the guilty verdict.” Lanway is mistaken.
We evaluate claims of prosecutorial misconduct under well-established
standards. “A prosecutor’s conduct violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal
Constitution when it infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a
denial of due process. Conduct by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial
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fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial misconduct under state law only if it involves the
use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the trial court or
the jury.” (People v. Morales (2001) 25 Cal.4th 34, 44.)
A prosecutor may commit misconduct by misstating the law. (People v.
Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 819-820.) Because of “‘the unique function he or she
performs in representing the interests, and in exercising the sovereign power, of the
State,’” a prosecutor is held to a standard higher than that of other attorneys. (Ibid.) On
the other hand, a prosecutor may vigorously argue his or her case and “‘“is not limited to
‘Chesterfieldian politeness.’”’” (People v. Jones (1997) 15 Cal.4th 119, 175,
disapproved on another ground in People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 823.)
Generally, in order to raise an alleged error on appeal, the issue must have
first been raised in the trial court. (In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293, fn. 2.)
Specifically, a defendant forfeits a prosecutorial misconduct claim on appeal unless the
defendant objected to the alleged misconduct when it occurred, and further asked the
court to admonish the jury. (See People v. Ervine (2009) 47 Cal.4th 745, 806.)
Lanway did not object during the prosecutor’s closing argument on the
grounds that the prosecutor misstated the law, so this claim of error has been forfeited for
purposes of appeal. Nevertheless, we shall address the merits of Lanway’s claim. (See
People v. Vega (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 484, 495 [an appellate court may address a
forfeited issue to forestall a related claim of ineffective assistance of counsel].)
During closing argument, the prosecutor repeatedly reminded the jurors
about the direct testimony they had heard from the LPO and the other percipient
witnesses. The prosecutor summarized Lanway’s violent acts against the LPO,
including: “She tried to stab him in the face with a cigarette. She hit him on the back of
the head or the side of the head with a metal shower curtain rod.” The prosecutor told the
jury: “The fact that [the LPO] successfully got the property back is not a defense.” The
prosecutor also argued: “The force doesn’t have to be used at the time the theft occurs.
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The force can be used after when trying to get back the property. . . . When the theft
occurs and force is used, regardless of whether it was at the time the theft occurred, the
crime is completed.”
Here, when Lanway committed violent acts against the LPO—as accurately
summarized by the prosecutor during closing argument—Lanway had not yet reached a
point of relative safety. That is, Lanway had not “successfully escaped from the scene”
nor did she have “unchallenged possession of the property.” (See CALCRIM No. 1603.)
Therefore, the robbery was still in progress. (See Estes, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at p. 28.)
Indeed, after the LPO grabbed the silver bag from the shopping cart, Lanway escalated
her use of force against the LPO in apparent attempt to retain the bag that contained all
the merchandise she had just stolen from the Wal-Mart store.
In short, we find the prosecutor did not mislead the jury, misrepresent the
evidence, or misstate the law during her closing argument. Thus, we hold that there was
no prosecutorial misconduct.
Lanway contends: “In arguing that the elements of robbery were met, the
prosecution incorrectly told the jurors over and over that they could convict for uses of
force or fear after the LPO had regained sole possession of the property and had
abandoned his pursuit of [Lanway] by attempting to return to the store.” Again, Lanway
is mistaken about the elements of a robbery conviction.
A robbery conviction does not require the robber to maintain possession of
the stolen property during the robber’s use of force or fear. (People v. Pham (1993) 15
Cal.App.4th 61, 65-66 (Pham).) In Pham, a man saw defendant stealing items from his
car. (Id. at p. 64.) As the man approached, defendant ran away carrying a black bag.
The man gave chase and was able to grab defendant by his shirt. Defendant dropped the
bag, then began slugging the man in the head. The man’s friend arrived to help subdue
defendant, but defendant continued to struggle by “kicking, punching, biting, and
kneeing” the man and his friend. (Ibid.) A jury convicted defendant of two counts of
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robbery. (Id. at pp. 63-64.) On appeal, defendant argued there was insufficient evidence
of robbery because he threw down the bag carrying the victim’s stolen property before he
began using force. (Id. at pp. 64-65.) The Court of Appeal disagreed. (Id. at p. 69.)
The Pham court recognized that if a defendant “truly abandoned the
victim’s property before using force, then, of course he could be guilty of theft, but not of
. . . robbery.” (Pham, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 68.) However, the court noted: “Here,
the possession and asportation of the victims’ property began when defendant started to
walk away from [the man’s] car with the loot and continued throughout the time
defendant forcibly resisted the victims’ attempts to take back their property. There is no
requirement that defendant escape with the loot or that he reduce the property to his sole
possession by chasing the victims away.” (Id. at pp. 66-67.) Thus, the appellate court
upheld defendant’s robbery convictions. (Id. at p. 69.)
In this case, as in Pham, Lanway initially committed a theft, but it became a
robbery when she used force to retain the stolen property and/or to escape. And as in
Pham, there is no evidence in the record that Lanway “truly abandoned” the stolen
property before the disputed acts of force. (See Pham, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 68.)
In sum, it does not matter that some of Lanway’s violent acts occurred after the stolen
property had been removed from the shopping cart by the LPO because Lanway was still
attempting to retain the stolen property and/or escape, and therefore the robbery was still
in progress. (Id. at p. 67 [“There is no requirement that defendant escape with the loot or
that he reduce the property to his sole possession”].) Thus, the prosecutor did not commit
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error during closing argument regarding the robbery charge.
3
Lanway intermingles various other miscellaneous objections about the prosecutor’s
closing argument within her opening brief, but these points are not sufficiently developed
“under a separate heading or subheading summarizing the point.” (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).) “Failure to provide proper headings forfeits issues that may be
discussed in the brief but are not clearly identified by a heading.” (Pizarro v Reynoso
(2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 172, 179.)
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C. The Robbery Instruction
Lanway contends: “The standard jury instructions were not sufficiently
tailored to the facts of the case as to make clear that the violent acts repeatedly
emphasized by the prosecution could not form the basis for robbery” and the instructions
did not “indicate that acts of force or fear used after the victim has regained possession do
not satisfy the elements of the offense.” (Underlining omitted.) Lanway is mistaken.
We review instructional error claims under a de novo standard of review.
(People v. Fiore (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1362, 1378.) “The proper test for judging the
adequacy of instructions is to decide whether the trial court ‘fully and fairly instructed on
the applicable law . . . .’” (People v. Martin (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1107, 1111-1112.)
“The California jury instructions approved by the Judicial Council are the official
instructions for use in the state of California.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 2.1050(a).)
“A criminal defendant is entitled, on request, to instructions that pinpoint
the theory of the defense case.” (People v. Gutierrez (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1083, 1142.)
Pinpoint “instructions relate particular facts to a legal issue in the case or ‘pinpoint’ the
crux of a defendant’s case.” (People v. Saille (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1103, 1119.) “[A] trial
court may properly refuse an instruction offered by the defendant if it incorrectly states
the law, is argumentative, duplicative, or potentially confusing.” (People v. Moon (2005)
37 Cal.4th 1, 30, italics added.)
Lanway did not object to the trial court’s use of a modified version
CALCRIM No. 1600, the official instruction that explained the elements of the robbery
charge to the jury. (See People v. Morehead (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 765, 774 [“the court
properly instructed the jury under CALCRIM No. 1600 on the general principles of law
governing the robbery charges”].) Lanway also did not request a pinpoint instruction.
Thus, Lanway’s present objections to the completeness of the robbery instruction have
been forfeited on appeal. (See Ibid. [defendant “was required to request an additional or
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clarifying instruction if he believed that the instructions the court gave under CALCRIM
No. 1600 were incomplete or needed elaboration”].)
In any event, Lanway’s instructional error claim fails on its merits. Just as
in her prosecutorial misconduct claim, Lanway’s instructional error claim is based on her
failure to acknowledge that a robbery continues until the perpetrator reaches a point of
relative safety. As we stated earlier, Lanway’s Estes robbery was a continuing offense,
and it did not end when the LPO retrieved the silver bag from the shopping cart.
Indeed, the trial court would have misstated the law had it instructed the
jury (as Lanway now belatedly requests) that any “acts of force or fear used after the
victim has regained possession do not satisfy the elements of the offense.” (Underlining
omitted.) Once again, a robbery “is not divisible into a series of separate acts.
Defendant’s guilt is not to be weighed at each step of the robbery as it unfolds.” (See
Estes, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at p. 28.)
Lanway contends People v. Robins (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 413, 419
(Robins), compels a different result. We disagree. In Robins, a shoplifter dropped stolen
clothing on the ground after a physical confrontation with an LPO (defendant was an
accomplice). (Id. at pp. 416-417.) The jury convicted defendant of an attempted Estes
robbery. On appeal, defendant argued: “When someone takes clothes from a retail store
and uses force to get away, it does not matter if a store employee successfully retrieves
the property. The instant force is used, the Estes robbery is complete.” Therefore,
defendant argued “he cannot be convicted of an attempted Estes robbery because there is
no such crime.” (Id. at p. 416.) This court rejected defendant’s argument, explaining
that: “‘Under section 663, a defendant can be convicted of an attempt to commit a crime
even though the crime, in fact, was completed.’” (Id. at p. 420.)
In Robins, this court also explained in dicta: “The chronology of an Estes
robbery is that the thief will necessarily have possessed the property, however
temporarily, before using force. If the thief uses force while in possession of the
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property, the Estes robbery is complete the moment force or fear is used: there has been
a taking coupled with force. This is true even if the thief is ultimately unsuccessful in
escaping with the goods. If, on the other hand, the thief abandons the property or the
property is confiscated before using force, then there is no robbery at all. That is simply
a theft plus an assault.” (Robins, supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 419.)
Lanway argues Robins “stand[s] for the proposition that the period for
robbery ends when the property is confiscated.” But again, she is mistaken. As we
explained in Robins, if a shoplifter never uses force before the stolen property has been
confiscated, then the thief has committed no Estes robbery. But if the shoplifter does, in
fact, use force before the property has been confiscated—as Lanway did in this case—
then the defendant has, in fact, committed an Estes robbery. And as we have explained
previously, the Estes robbery continues until the robber reaches a place of relative safety,
regardless of whether the stolen property is confiscated or abandoned during the Estes
robbery. (See Estes, supra, 147 Cal.App.3d at p. 28.)
D. Cumulative Error
Lanway contends the cumulative effect of her two prior claims of error
(prosecutorial misconduct and instructional error) compels reversal of her robbery
conviction. We disagree.
“In theory, the aggregate prejudice from several different errors occurring
at trial could require reversal even if no single error was prejudicial by itself.” (In re
Reno (2012) 55 Cal.4th 428, 483.) However, the rejection of each of a defendant’s
individual claims “cannot logically be used to support a cumulative error claim [where]
we have already found there was no error to cumulate.” (Ibid.)
Here, since we have rejected each of Lanway’s individual claims of error,
there are no errors to cumulate.
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E. Ineffective Assistance
Finally, Lanway filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus arguing
ineffective assistance of trial counsel (once again, based on Lanway’s mistaken notion
regarding the elements of a robbery conviction).
But since we found no objectionable prosecutorial misconduct, and we
found no need for pinpoint instructions on the robbery charge, Lanway’s trial counsel did
not provide ineffective assistance regarding the forfeited claims. (See Strickland v.
Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-688 [“the defendant must show that counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness”].)
Thus, Lanway’s petition for writ of habeas corpus is without merit.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The consolidated petition for writ of habeas
corpus is denied.
MOORE, J.
WE CONCUR:
O’LEARY, P. J.
ZELON, J.*
*Retired Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Seven,
assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California
Constitution.
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