NUMBER 13-19-00366-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
MCALLEN HOSPITALS, L.P.;
MCALLEN HOSPITALS, L.P. D/B/A
MCALLEN MEDICAL CENTER;
MCALLEN MEDICAL CENTER;
MCALLEN HOSPITALS, L.P. D/B/A
SOUTH TEXAS HEALTH SYSTEM;
AND SOUTH TEXAS HEALTH SYSTEM, Appellants,
v.
ELOY SEPULVEDA, Appellee.
On appeal from the 389th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Longoria, Hinojosa, and Tijerina
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellants McAllen Hospitals, L.P., McAllen Hospitals, L.P. d/b/a McAllen Medical
Center, McAllen Medical Center, McAllen Hospitals, L.P. d/b/a South Texas Health
System, and South Texas Health System challenge the trial court’s award of $100,000 in
guardian ad litem fees to appellee Eloy Sepulveda. We reverse and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
On or about August 2013, Mario I. Rodriguez and Ludivina Iracheta, individually
and as next friends of Mario Isaias Rodriguez, Jr., a minor (collectively plaintiffs), added
appellants as defendants in a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging negligence in the care
and treatment of the minor after he suffered injuries in an auto-pedestrian accident. 1
Appellants answered in January 2014. In January 27, 2015, a motion to appoint guardian
ad litem was filed. The next day the motion was granted, and an order was entered
appointing appellee as the guardian ad litem for the minor. In November 2017, a Rule 11
agreement was filed with the trial court and a settlement was announced among all
parties. On January 9, 2018, the trial court held a friendly suit hearing wherein appellee
recommended approval of the settlement. Appellee also announced that he had received
$15,000 in guardian ad litem fees from defendants Hugo F. Carvajal, M.D., Texas
Inpatient Pediatrics, P.A., and Texas Pedicare, P.A., per an agreement. The trial court
approved the settlement. On January 10, 2018, appellee filed a motion to create,
establish, and fund a special needs trust for the benefit of the minor, which was granted
by order of the trial court the next day.
Appellee then filed a motion to set a hearing on his guardian ad litem fees. Appellee
1 The other named defendants in the lawsuit were Hugo F. Carvajal, M.D., Texas Inpatient
Pediatrics, P.A.; Texas Pedicare, P.A., RGV Pediatric Critical Care, P.A.; South Texas Urgent Care,
P.L.L.C. d/b/a North Central Urgent Care, and Comprehensive Urgent Care, P.A. These named defendants
are not parties to this appeal.
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later filed his application for compensation, in which he requested guardian ad litem fees
for 754 hours of work at $300 per hour, plus expenses in the amount of $2,138.03, minus
the $15,000 he already received, for a total of $213,338.03.
Over the course of multiple settings, the trial court held a lengthy evidentiary
hearing, during which appellee testified that he was appointed as guardian ad litem to the
minor in the underlying case on January 20, 2015. He explained that upon his review of
the files, he learned that the case was a complicated medical malpractice case. Appellee
began to familiarize himself with the case by reading the files and discussing the medical
portions with his brother who is a medical doctor, but he stated that he did not account
for the time he spoke with his brother in his billable hours. The case went to mediation
twice, once in Houston and once in Dallas. Appellee testified that he stayed “on top” of
the case, reviewing all the documents and files in the case from both sides.
Appellee’s self-reported time sheet, which showed 754 hours of billable time
between February 2015 and February 2018, was entered into evidence. He testified that
he bills at $300 per hour, though there are cases in which he charges more. While he was
“not asking for any type of compensation” for it, he informed the trial court that he turned
down “some pretty good cases and some good employment” because of the underlying
case. He explained that in this case, “there was a lot of material to read,” and that he was
“totally los[t]” in regard to the underlying medical malpractice case. He believed part of
his role was to gather data and evaluate the case. He agreed that his billing was done in
hour increments. Appellee testified that he had interactions with both sides of the case,
attended depositions, traveled for mediations, and read correspondence. He stated that
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he did not duplicate the work of the plaintiffs’ lawyers but that for the needs of his client,
he had to review all the documents, correspondence, and depositions in the case.
Regarding his agreed-to fee of $15,000 with the other defendants in this case,
appellee testified that he had minimal involvement in that portion of the settlement, and
the fee was agreed to by the parties. He did not keep separate hours for the other
defendants in the case, but the $15,000 he already received would be subtracted from
the total amount sought from appellants in the underlying case. Counsel for appellee
called himself as a witness and testified that he considered appellee’s billing rate of $300
per hour to be reasonable.
Counsel for appellants testified regarding the evidence presented of appellee’s
hours worked in this matter, specifically arguing that many of the billed hours were
exaggerated. In one instance, counsel testified that appellee billed three hours to review
a deposition that lasted only forty-five minutes. Counsel testified that the deposition was
not difficult and would not have required additional research to understand, and therefore
that at most, he believed appellee could have only spent one hour reviewing the
deposition. There were several other similar specific instances that appellants’ counsel
testified were exaggerated. Counsel also testified that appellee only billed in full one-hour
increments, which in many instances he believed the work done would have taken two-
tenths of an hour, or less. After directing the trial court to many of these instances in,
going page by page through appellee’s billing record, counsel for appellants stated that
he “came up with a total of 54.6 hours” as opposed to the 754 that appellee was seeking
payment for. Accordingly, counsel testified that he believed appellee was entitled to a
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maximum of $16,380 at $300 per hour, but that he also believed a more reasonable fee
would be $225 per hour.
On cross-examination, counsel for appellants testified that he did not believe that
appellee needed to read every single document and filing in the case because it was not
within his role as guardian ad litem.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court took the matter under advisement
to consider all of the testimony and evidence. The trial court subsequently entered an
order awarding appellee $100,000 in ad litem fees and $1,675.16 in expenses. This
appeal ensued.
II. GUARDIAN AD LITEM FEES
Appellants argue that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding appellee
$100,000 in guardian ad litem fees because appellee “failed to meet his burden to prove
such fees were reasonable and necessary” and because appellee had already received
$15,000 in guardian ad litem fees.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
An appellate court reviews the award of ad litem fees under an abuse of discretion
standard based on the sufficiency of the evidence that the fee was reasonable and
necessary. Land Rover U.K., Ltd., v. Hinojosa, 210 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. 2006) (per
curiam) (applying an abuse of discretion standard of review to the award of guardian ad
litem fees); see also Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. De Leon, No. 13–09–
00496–CV, 2011 WL 227669, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Jan. 20, 2011,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (same). The burden of proof falls on the ad litem to establish that his
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fees are reasonable and necessary. Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 10
(Tex. 1991); see also De Leon, 2011 WL 227669, at *3.
A guardian ad litem must be appointed to act as an officer and advisor to the court
if a party is represented by a next friend who may have an adverse interest. TEX. R. CIV.
P. 173.2, 173.4(a). When a settlement has been proposed to resolve the claim of a party
represented by a next friend, as in this case, a guardian ad litem has “the limited duty to
determine and advise the court whether the settlement is in the party’s best interest.” Id.
R. 173.4(c). “Once appointed, the guardian ad litem displaces the next friend and
becomes the personal representative of the [incapacitated person].” City of Houston v.
Woods, 138 S.W.3d 574, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (citations
omitted); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 173.4(a). “No reason exists for the guardian ad litem to
participate in the conduct of the litigation . . . or to review the discovery or litigation file
except to the limited extent that it may bear on the division of settlement proceeds.” TEX.
R. CIV. P. 173, cmt. 3. “The guardian ad litem is required to participate in the case to the
extent necessary to protect the [incapacitated person]. The guardian ad litem has
considerable latitude in determining what depositions, hearings, conferences, or other
activities are necessary to that effort.” Woods, 138 S.W.3d at 579 (citations omitted); see
also Ford Motor Co. v. Aguilar, No. 13-16-00290-CV, 2017 WL 541117, at *4 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg Feb. 9, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). But “[i]f a guardian ad litem
performs work beyond the scope of this role, such work is non-compensable.” Land
Rover, 210 S.W.3d at 607.
A guardian ad litem “may be reimbursed for reasonable and necessary expenses
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incurred and may be paid a reasonable hourly fee for necessary services performed.”
TEX. R. CIV. P. 173.6(a). A guardian ad litem may not be reimbursed for services rendered
after resolution of the conflict for which he is appointed. See Brownsville Reg’l Med. Ctr.
v. Gamez, 894 S.W.2d 753, 756–57 (Tex. 1995). In other words, although “ad litems are
entitled to be compensated for their time in preparing their ad litem reports to the court
because that falls within the scope of their duties and promotes the interest of their minor
[or incapacitated adult],” guardians ad litem are not entitled “to earn fees for post-conflict
services in pursuit of their own interests, such as drafting their fee statements, preparing
for the fee hearing and their time defending their fees at the hearing.” Goodyear Dunlop
Tires N.A., Ltd. v. Gamez, 151 S.W.3d 574, 587 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.)
(citations omitted). Finally, a guardian ad litem is not entitled to recover his appellate fees.
Id. at 592; see also De Leon, 2011 WL 227669, at *5 (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 173 and Holt
Tex., Ltd. v. Hale, 144 S.W.3d 592, 598 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.) (op. on
reh’g)) (determining “that Rule 173 only authorizes guardian ad litem fees for the
representation of a minor and not for the representation of the ad litem’s own interest”
and concluding that the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded the ad litem “fees
for any appeals related solely to the dispute over his ad litem fees”). The court may tax a
guardian ad litem’s compensation as costs of court. TEX. R. CIV. P. 173.6(c); see id. R.
131 (providing that “[t]he successful party to a suit shall recover of his adversary all costs
incurred therein, except where otherwise provided”), R. 141 (permitting a trial court, for
good cause stated on the record, to “adjudge the costs otherwise than as provided by law
or [the rules of civil procedure]”); see also Garza v. Slaughter, 331 S.W.3d 43, 45–49
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(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.).
B. Appointment of Guardian Ad Litem
Appellants first argue that appellee was improperly appointed as guardian ad litem
in the underlying medical malpractice case because there was no conflict, or apparent
conflict, between the parents and their child. Appellee responds that this argument has
not been preserved for our review because appellants “did not appeal the order
appointing [a]ppellee as guardian ad litem.”
A review of the record reveals that appellants did not object to the appointment of
a guardian ad litem. Rule 173 expressly contemplates a trial objection to the appointment
of a guardian ad litem and provides the right to seek the extraordinary remedy of
mandamus review of an order appointing a guardian ad litem. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
173.3(c), 173.7(a). Therefore, the rule clearly envisions a prompt resolution of issues
surrounding the appointment of a guardian ad litem—while the action is pending. See
Magna Donnelly Corp. v. DeLeon, 267 S.W.3d 108, 114 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008,
no pet.). Moreover, a timely and specific trial objection that provides the trial court with an
opportunity to cure the error is generally a prerequisite to presenting a complaint on
appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). Here, appellants raised their objection to the appointment
of a guardian ad litem for the first time at the hearing on appellee’s application for fees.
By failing to raise a timely objection, appellants failed to make the trial court aware of their
contention that there was no conflict, or apparent conflict, between the parents and the
minor. Accordingly, appellants have not properly preserved this issue for appeal. See
Magna Donnelly Corp., 267 S.W.3d at 114. We overrule appellant’s issue in part as it
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relates to the appointment of a guardian ad litem.
C. Guardian Ad Litem Fees
Appellants next argue that the trial court erred in awarding appellee $100,000 in
guardian ad litem fees because he did not meet his burden to prove such fees were
reasonable and necessary.
A guardian ad litem is not an attorney for the child but an officer appointed by the
court to assist in protecting the child’s interests when a conflict of interest arises between
the child and the child’s guardian or next friend. Land Rover, 210 S.W.3d at 607; Am.
Gen. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Vandewater, 907 S.W.2d 491, 493 n. 2 (Tex. 1995); see also
Jocson v. Crabb, 133 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. 2004); Garcia v. Martinez, 988 S.W.2d 219,
222 n.2 (Tex. 1999). As the personal representative of a minor, a guardian ad litem is
required to participate in the case only to the extent necessary to protect the minor’s
interest and should not duplicate the work performed by the plaintiff’s attorney. See
Jocson, 133 S.W.3d at 270–71; Vandewater, 907 S.W.2d at 493 n. 2; see also TEX. R.
CIV. P. 173.7 cmt. 3.
Specifically, the guardian ad litem may be compensated only for work related to
the evaluation of the proposed settlement and for advising the court as to the fairness of
the settlement to the minor. Byrd v. Woodruff, 891 S.W.2d 689, 707 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1994, writ denied). In reviewing a proposed settlement, the guardian ad litem’s duty
includes evaluating the damages suffered by the minor, the adequacy of the settlement,
the proposed apportionment and manner of distribution of the settlement proceeds, and
the amount of attorney’s fees charged by the plaintiff’s attorney. Id. (stating that guardian
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ad litem appropriately participated in the settlement conference, reviewed the evidence,
examined the legal issues and consulted with the minor and her parents). “It is not
necessary or appropriate for a guardian ad litem to review discovery motions and
depositions and to participate in pretrial discovery and hearings without regard to their
relevance, or irrelevance, to the potential conflict of interest regarding the settlement
proceeds.” Jocson, 196 S.W.3d at 308 (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 173.4 and Goodyear, 151
S.W.3d at 584).
Appellee specifically testified that he reviewed all documents, correspondence,
depositions, and pleadings in the underlying case to fulfill his role as guardian ad litem in
the case. He testified that it was a complex medical malpractice case that required his full
understanding to be sure the minor was getting the best possible resolution in the matter.
Review of appellee’s billing records indicates that appellee had telephone conferences,
reviewed correspondence, pleadings, medical records, and depositions, attended two
mediations, attended trial court proceedings, reviewed the settlement agreement, and
created a trust for the minor upon settlement. As testified to by appellee, he billed in full
one-hour increments for the work performed in this matter, meaning no task performed
took less than one hour of his time, even menial tasks, such as reviewing a certificate
from a court reporter. While appellee testified that it was his duty as guardian ad litem to
review everything in the case and be fully aware of all of the details of the case to protect
the minor’s interests, it was not his responsibility to do so.
[T]he responsibility of the guardian ad litem as prescribed by the rule is very
limited, and no reason exists for the guardian ad litem to participate in the
conduct of the litigation in any other way or to review the discovery or the
litigation file except to the limited extent that it may bear on the division of
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settlement proceeds. A guardian ad litem may, of course, choose to review
the file or attend proceedings when it is unnecessary, but the guardian ad
litem may not be compensated for unnecessary expenses or services.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 173.7 cmt. 3. “Because the role of guardian ad litem is limited in all but
extraordinary situations, and any risk that might result from services performed is also
limited, compensation, if any is sought, should ordinarily be limited.” Id. R. 173.7 cmt. 7.
As stated by our sister court
[I]t is not reasonable or necessary for a guardian ad litem to attend or review
every deposition, or to review and bill time for every motion and pleading
filed in a case, without regard to its relevance to the ad litem’s minor. A
guardian ad litem’s review of discovery documents and pleadings should be
guided, and constrained, by what is reasonable and necessary to prepare
for mediation and evaluate a potential settlement from his minor’s
perspective. We acknowledge that it is necessary and appropriate for a
guardian ad litem to review the live liability-related pleadings and discovery
materials related to his particular minor in order to be able to evaluate the
value of the minor’s claim and any potential settlement offer; however, as a
rule, it is not necessary or appropriate for a guardian ad litem to review all
discovery motions and depositions and to participate in all pre-trial,
discovery and sanctions hearings without regard to their relevance, or
irrelevance, to the minor’s interests.
Goodyear, 151 S.W.3d at 584 (internal citations omitted).
Activities outside the scope of the guardian ad litem’s duties are not compensable,
nor are activies that are unnecessary. See id. at 586; TEX. R. CIV. P. 173.7 cmt. 3. While
the trial court significantly reduced the amount of fees from those requested by appellee
by more than half, we note that in awarding $100,000 in guardian ad litem fees, the trial
court necessarily concluded that appellee performed 333.33 hours at his requested rate
of $300 per hour. 2 Our review of the evidence in support of the trial court’s findings is
2 We note that appellee, in his appellate brief, argues that appellants should have requested
findings of fact and conclusions of law and did not do so in this case. However, as appellants argued in
their reply brief, findings of fact and conclusions of law are not required. A party is not entitled to findings
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hampered by the lack of any explanation of the particular hours cut from the ad litem’s bill
and the reasoning behind the trial court’s reductions. In most instances, we simply cannot
reconcile the fee awarded with the ad litem’s billing statement, and thus cannot determine
whether clearly non-recoverable hours were in fact excluded or compensated.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the trial court for a determination of the guardian
ad litem fees in accordance with this opinion. See Goodyear, 151 S.W.3d at 591–92.
We sustain appellants’ issue as it relates to the award of $100,000 in guardian ad
litem fees.
III. CONCLUSION
We reverse and remand to the trial court for a determination of the guardian ad
litem fees in accordance with this opinion.
NORA L. LONGORIA
Justice
Delivered and filed on the
26th day of August, 2021.
and conclusions in every case, and when a trial court makes a discretionary decision, the trial court can,
but is not required to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Guardianship of Alford, 596 S.W.3d
352, 358–59 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2020, no pet.) (concluding that the trial court did not err in failing to
issue findings and conclusions regarding its award of ad litem fees because the award was discretionary,
and thus findings and conclusions were not required).
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