FILED
SEPTEMBER 2, 2021
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
RICHARD MANSOR and TONI ) No. 37771-7-III
MANSOR, husband and wife, )
)
Respondents, )
) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v. )
)
JABCO, INC., a Washington corporation, )
)
Appellants. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Jabco, Inc. appeals a summary judgment order issued in favor of
Toni and Richard Mansor, enjoining Jabco’s nonresidential use of its property based on a
restrictive covenant. We affirm.
FACTS
The parties own land in a subdivision subject to restrictive covenants. The
covenant applicable to this case states:
This plat is approved as a residential subdivision and no tract is to have
more than one single family residential unit. Conversion of any lot to other
than its authorized occupancy must be in accordance with authorizations
associated with separate application and procedure.
Clerk’s Paper’s (CP) at 171.
No. 37771-7-III
Mansor v. Jabco, Inc.
Despite the wording of the covenant, Jabco obtained a conditional use permit from
Stevens County allowing it to pursue commercial use of its land. The Mansors did not
contest the county’s conditional use permit. Instead, they filed an action in superior court
for declaratory judgment and for an injunction against Jabco’s nonresidential use of the
property. The Mansors claimed Jabco’s nonresidential use of its property violated the
property’s covenant. The superior court agreed and issued a summary judgment order in
the Mansors’ favor. Jabco appeals.
ANALYSIS
Jabco contends the summary judgment order should be reversed because the
wording of the covenant gave Stevens County the authority to modify the restrictive
covenant and authorize a nonresidential use of the property. Covenant interpretation
presents a legal question governed by contract interpretation rules. Wilkinson v.
Chiwawa Cmtys. Ass’n, 180 Wn.2d 241, 249, 327 P.3d 614 (2014). Our primary
objective in interpreting covenants or contracts is to discern the drafters’ intent. Id. at 250.
Intent is a factual question. But when the available evidence warrants but one conclusion,
assessing intent may be determined by this court as a matter of law, de novo. See id.
The parties spend much of their briefing debating which entity was authorized to
issue exceptions to the covenant’s restrictions. According to Jabco, Stevens County held
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Mansor v. Jabco, Inc.
this power. The Mansors counter that authorization can only be obtained from the
property owners. The covenant itself is silent on this issue. Rather than try to fill in the
gaps, we find the parties’ dispute is most easily resolved by focusing on the wording of
the covenant and the nature of the applicable restrictions and exceptions.
We turn first to the initial sentence of the covenant. This sentence identifies two
governing restrictions. The first restriction pertains to the use of the subdivision and states
that the area shall be residential. The second restriction pertains to occupancy and states
no tract within the subdivision shall have more than one family unit.
The covenant’s second sentence addresses exceptions to the restrictions. It states,
“Conversion of any lot[1] to other than its authorized occupancy must be in accordance
with authorizations associated with separate application and procedure.” CP at 171.
The wording of this exception is limited. The covenant recognizes the possibility of
exceptions to the restrictions on “occupancy.” However, there is no provision allowing
exceptions to the restrictions on use.
1
The second sentence uses the word “lot” instead of “tract,” which is used in
covenant’s first sentence. This distinction is immaterial. At the time the covenant was
written, the two terms were interchangeable. See Former RCW 58.17.020(8) (1969).
(defining “lot” to “include tracts or parcels”).
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No. 37771-7-III
Mansor v. Jabco, Inc.
Restrictions on occupancy are different from restrictions on use. Occupancy refers
to the number of people or households authorized to inhabit a piece of land. Use refers to
the purpose to which the property is directed. Covenants, like the one in this case, often
restrict both occupancy (single-family homes) and use (residential purposes). But not
always. A covenant may restrict structures to single-family occupancy, but still allow for
nonresidential land use. See Burton v. Douglas County, 65 Wn.2d 619, 622, 399 P.2d 68
(1965). Alternatively, a covenant might restrict land to residential use, but allow for
multi-family occupancy. See Mains Farm Homeowners Ass’n v. Worthington, 121 Wn.2d
810, 819, 854 P.2d 1072 (1993) (discussing permissibility of roughly a dozen nuns’
residential use of property given no single-family residential restriction in Hunter Tract
Improvement Co. v. Corp. of Catholic Bishop, 98 Wash. 112, 167 P. 100 (1917)).
The covenant here restricts both occupancy and use, but the exceptions to
restrictions apply only to occupancy. By its plain terms, the covenant allows a home
owner to obtain authorization for a nonconforming multi-family building. However,
there is no procedure for avoiding the covenant’s residential use restriction.
Because the covenant does not allow for exceptions to residential use, it does not
matter whether Stevens County, or some other entity, was authorized to issue exceptions
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Mansor v. Jabco, Inc.
to the covenant’s restrictions. Jabco’s request for relief from the residential use restriction
is simply not available under the terms of the covenant.
As an alternative argument, Jabco contends the restrictive covenant is no longer
enforceable because, under RCW 58.17.170, the terms of a subdivision plat are effective
for no longer than 10 years. We disagree. RCW 58.17.170(3)(b) relates to the length of a
property owner’s vested development rights. See Jones v. Town of Hunts Point, 166 Wn.
App. 452, 458, 272 P.3d 853 (2011) (interpreting former RCW 58.17.170 (2010)). It does
not limit the duration of private land use covenants. See id.
As recognized in the superior court’s summary judgment ruling, enforcement of
public zoning laws and private restrictive covenants are distinct processes governed by
separate rules and interests. The fact that Jabco obtained approval for nonresidential use
of its property through the county’s zoning procedures does not mean it was entitled to
disregard restrictions contemplated by private covenant. Because the covenant pertaining
to Jabco’s property prohibits nonresidential use without the possibility of exceptions, the
superior court properly issued a summary judgment order in the Mansors’ favor.
CONCLUSION
The summary judgment order is affirmed. We deny the Mansors’ request for
attorney fees under RAP 18.1 and RAP 18.9 as Jabco’s appeal is not wholly frivolous.
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No. 37771-7-111
Mansor v. Jabco, Inc.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in
the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Pennell, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
~~~'1f·l·
J41
Staab, J.
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