This action was brought by Mrs. Norris to enjoin the collection of taxes for the years 1874 and 1875, and to enjoin the collection of a judgment which the city of Waco had obtained against her for the taxes of 1873.
Pending the suit some taxes were paid by her under protest, and that fact was set up by amendment with a prayer for the recovery thereof.
It does not clearly appear whether all the taxes due at the time of filing the amendment were paid or not, but in considering the case we will regard such to be the effect of the averment.
*640The ground upon which the tax is resisted is, that the land of the appellant upon which the tax was levied, although embraced within the city limits, is rural, consisting solely of farm and pasture lands, in no way benefited by the expenditure of the money raised by the city by taxation, nor by the fact that it is within the jurisdictional limits of the city.
The petition states facts which go to show the character of the land taxed, and that it will in no way be benefited byr the expenditure of- the money raised by the city through taxation, in as strong a manner as it could well be stated, unless the contiguity of" the property to the city was denied.
An injunction was granted, which upon demurrer- was dissolved, and judgment entered dismissing the cause. From that judgment this appeal is prosecuted.
It is alleged in the petition that the property taxed is situated within the city limits as defined in the charter which was granted by a special act of the legislature, and it is also alleged that the charter authorized the assessment and collection of the taxes complained of.
It is not questioned that the taxes were levied for a proper municipal purpose; hence that question is not before us, and the sole question for our determination is, can lands situated within the limits of a municipal corporation, which are used solely for agricultural or pastoral purposes, be subjected to the same rate of municipal taxation as property which is strictly urban, and which may therefore be more directly benefited by the expenditure of money raised by such taxation ?
This question is one upon which courts distinguished for their learning have come to different conclusions, and a review of the diverse decisions in this opinion would not tend to relieve the question of its embarrassment. We will dispose of the question by applying to it those principles of law which have been thought to empower or restrain municipal corporations in the exercise of such a right.
•Under our form of government, it being departmental in character, the taxing power rests with the legislature, which, except in so far as it is restrained by limitations imposed by the federal or state constitution, is practically unlimited, unless it be by the application of the general principle that taxation is only authorized for ■ a public purpose.
In this matter, the legislature has given to the city of Waco the power and authority to levy the taxes complained of upon the prop*641erty within the city limits; hence in this respect the power of the . municipality to levy the tax is as ample as is that of the legislature, and unless the exercise of this power be in conflict with some constitutional provision, or the purpose be not a proper municipal one, which is not contended, the taxation must be held binding upon all •persons and things within the territorial limits of the municipality.
The contention is not that the tax levied was not a proper one to be levied upon that part of the city of Waco which is really urban, but that notwithstanding that it is so, the property on which the tax was levied was not properly taxable for such purpose.
The legislature has declared that it was proper to embrace the property in the city limits, and that it was proper to levy a tax upon it as upon the other land within the city, for the purpose of defraying the current expenses of the municipality, and paying the interest and principal of its bonded debt.
These were declarations which the legislature had power to make in the form of a solemn statute, having all the binding force and obligation of law, and they are to be presumed to have been made after an examination of all the facts necessary to a fair and honest determination of the question, and should be held conclusive, unless in conflict with some constitutional provision.
As to this the courts have the power to inquire, for it involves questions judicial in character; but what property shall be embraced Avithin a municipal corporation, and whether the same shall be taxed for municipal purposes, presents questions essentially political, which by the constitution are to be determined by the legislature, and an assumption by the judiciary of power to revise the action of the legislature in such respect Avould be a usurpation.
Some of the cases in which the question involved in this case has been considered seem to hold that a tax levied for municipal purposes upon lands situated as are those of the appellant, is illegal, for the reason that such taxation is not “ equal and uniform.” If by this is meant that the pecuniary benefit to be derived by every person AArho pays taxes shall be equal, there would be much force in this position, but such is not the meaning of the language.
Taxes are said, Avithin the meaning of the constitution, to be “ equal and uniform,” Avhen no person nor class of persons in the taxing district, Avhether a state, county, or other municipal corporation, is taxed at a different rate than are other persons in the same district upon the same value or the same thing, and where the objects of taxation are the same by whomsoever owned, or whatever they be.
*642Under the present and former constitution of this state, there can be but little question in this regard, in so far as an ad 'valorem tax upon property is concerned, for all property, save such as the legislature is authorized to exempt from taxation, must be taxed in pro- ■ portion to its value.
To hold that each person must receive the same benefit as another may from the expenditure of money raised by taxation would be to hold that the law required an impossibility, for, in the very nature of things, some persons will derive greater pecuniary benefit from the expenditure of money for strictly public purposes than will others. In fact, some may receive no benefit whatever, save such as results to them from the preservation of order, protection to property, and the general prosperity which results therefrom, while others may and will be directly benefited by the increased value of their property and increase to their business which results from the. expenditure of money raised by taxation, for purposes in every respect strictly public.
In this case, the appellant does not claim that her property is taxed while property of the same kind, belonging to other persons, and situated within the city limits, is not taxed; nor is it claimed that a higher rate of taxation is imposed upon her property than is imposed upon all other property within the corporate limits; but 1 the complaint is, that the appellant does not receive so great a benefit as do other persons living in different parts of the city, by the expenditure of the money raised by the tax complained of.
This may operate harshly or even unjustly upon the appellant, but the courts have no power to interfere with the exercise of discretion by the legislature, in regard to a matter exclusively confided to it by the constitution, simply because it may be unjust. If, in the opinion of the legislature, the property of the appellant was so situated, with reference to the business parts of the city, as to require its incorporation therein, it must be conclusively presumed that the legislature in its own way weighed the benefits to the appellant and to the public to be derived therefrom, and the propriety of imposing the burden complained of, and that the same was done with a view solely to the public good, and it would be a usurpation of power by the judiciary to assume the right to revise such discretion because of an inequality of benefits.
Some of the courts have felt authorized to interfere with the collection of taxes authorized by the legislature for a public purpose, in cases similar to this, upon the ground that such tax was illegal because in violation of that provision in the constitutions of *643almost all of the states which forbids the taking of private property for public use without compensation to the owner.
That the constitutional provision referred to has reference solely . to the taking of private property for public use, under the right of eminent domain, has been generally understood to be true.
“ The right of taxation, and the right of eminent domain, rest substantially upon the same foundation. Private property may be constitutionally taken for public use in two ways, that is to say, by taxation, and by right of eminent domain. These are rights which the people collectively retain over the property of individuals, to resume such portions of it as may be necessary for public use. Compensation is made when private property is taken in either way. Money is property. Taxation takes it for public use; and the taxpayer receives, or is supposed to receive, his just compensation in the protection which government affords to his life, liberty and property, and in the increase of the value of his possessions, by the use to which the government applies the money raised by the tax.” People v. Mayor of Brooklyn, 4 N. Y., 422; Cooley’s Const. Lim., 498.
■ “ Taxation operates upon a community, or upon a class of persons in a community, and by same rule of apportionment. The exercise of the right of eminent domain operates upon an individual, and without reference to the amount or value exacted from any other individual or class of individuals.” Potter’s Dwarris, 403.
The petition does not set up a state of facts which amount to a taking under the right of eminent domain, in which a direct pecuniary compensation must be made, but a case of taxation for a public purpose, in which the compensation that the legislature has deemed sufficient to authorize the burden, consists in the benefits to the appellant and her property.
That all rural property contiguous to a city is increased in value by the increased prosperity and growth of the city to which it is contiguous, is common knowledge; and whether before such property can be incorporated as a part of a city, and be subjected to its burdens, it must be necessary by extension and growth that such property be needed to accommodate those who there seek urban homes; or whether, to subserve the public welfare, it may be so incorporated and taxed when its situation is such that it may derive benefit from the expenditure of money in the city, are questions which, from their nature, are political and not judicial in character, and must be decided by the legislature, whose decision must be final in reference to the incorporation of the property, as well as to whether the benefit to result from such incorporation and conti*644guity will be sufficient to authorize the imposition of a burden upon it for a proper corporate purpose.
If an act of the legislature be unconstitutional, "the courts have the power to declare it void; but, as was well said by Justice Cooley in speaking of the right claimed by some of the courts of the states whose opinions are entitled to the highest respect, to control or modify legislation upon this subject, “ it seems difficult to harmonize them with the conceded principles governing the law of taxation. For, 1. They do not question legislation as being in excess of legislative authority, as might be done where taxes are voted for a purpose not public; but they leave the legislation to stand, and only interfere to qualify its effect on the ground that it has been adopted on improper grounds, and will operate unequally. 2. This is done on an Inquiry into the facts, and a substitution of the judicial conclusion for the legislative on a subject not at all judicial; a subject, too,—• the proper limits of city extension,— upon which persons are certain to differ widely, and where an inquiry into the facts after the judicial method of examination of witnesses is usually much less satisfactory than that personal knowledge and investigation which legislatures are supposed to possess or to make.” Cooley on Taxation, 120.
The judgment is affirmed.
AFFUtMED.
[Opinion delivered November 10, 1882.]