This is a suit of unlawful detainer brought by appellee against appellant in the Justice Court of Precinct No. 1 of Bexar County to recover possession of certain lots in the city of San Antonio. The defendant having recovered a judgment in the Justice Court the plaintiff appealed to the District Court, where the defendant, Gulledge, made a motion to dismiss the cause on the ground that “the complaint fails to show the relation of landlord and tenant between plaintiff and defendant."” The court overruled the motion, and we are of opinion that this was error. The only allegation in regard to the relation of landlord and tenant between the parties found in the complaint is as follows: “Also that said Gulledge has heretofore been a tenant at will of said real property and that said complainant is entitled to the actual possession of the same.” In Cooper v. Marchbanks, 22 Texas, 1, the court say: “If the case is one where a tenant willfully holds over after the determination of his lease or of the lease of the person under whom he claims, the complainant must state the fact of the lease, the time of its determination, and the facts which entitle him to the possession of the premises and to the remedy of the statute.” That decision was made under the Act of March 15, 1848, which did not expressly require the complaint to “ state the facts which entitle the complainant to the possession and authorize the action,” as is now required in terms by *500article 2445 of the Revised Statutes. Pasch. Dig., art. 3872. The complaint in this case alleges that the defendant was a tenant at will of the lots in controversy as a conclusion of law, but does not even allege that, he was a tenant under the plaintiff as his landlord.
It is also assigned that “the judgment is contrary to the law and evidence in this, that the evidence does not show that the defendant ever' became the tenant at will or otherwise of the plaintiff, his vendors, or' agents.”
This assignment is also well taken. The plaintiff testified that he-bought the property of one Ambler and that very shortly after his purchase he found G-ulledge in possession, and that he never made any agreement with defendant regarding his possession or occupancy of the lots., Ambler testified that he bought the lots of Hosach in July, 1884, and that defendant was then in possession, and that be “made no arrangement with Gulledge to let him occupy the property.” Hosach swore that-he was agent for the property from May to July, 1884; that he did not. know when Gulledge went into possession, and that he did not have his: consent to take possession, and also that he (Hosach) had never had possession, and that when he first became agent no one was in possession of the lots. For whom Hosach was acting does not appear by the record. Gulledge testified: “ I am the owner of the lots in controversy. I bought and paid for them. I never made any agreement with J. A. H. Hosach,, L. White, or A. S. Ambler with reference to my possession of the lots sued for or to become their tenant at will or otherwise.”
The relation of landlord and tenant grows out of a contract between the parties. There is not the slightest conflict in the testimony in this case. It shows affirmatively that no such relation existed between the parties to this suit at the time the proceeding was instituted.
It is not even shown that the plaintiff or anyone under whom he claims ever had actual possession of the premises in controversy. If it had been proved Hosach's principal had actual possession, and during his casual absence the defendant had entered upon and detained the property, and if the complaint had shown these facts, an action of forcible entry and detainer may have been maintained. Warren v. Kelly, 17 Texas, 544; Holmes v. Holloway, 21 Texas, 658.
That the constructive possession of one who has been disseised by an adverse entry is not sufficient to support an action of this character follows from the fact that such a case would involve an inquiry as to the title, which is not permitted in such a proceeding.
The judgment is reversed and here rendered for appellant.
Reversed and rendered.
Delivered April 16, 1889.