This action was brought by the State of Texas against F. B. York, a resident citizens of the State of Missouri, to recover the sum due to the State under a lease contract made between the parties. No service of citation Avas made on appellant within this State, hut notice was served upon him in the State of Missouri in accordance with articles 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, Revised Statutes.
Appellant by proper pleading and in proper time denied the jurisdic*654tion of the court over him personally, questioning the sufficiency of the notice served in the State of Missouri to confer it. This plea was overruled on June 20, 1888, and the case was continued for the term.
At the ensuing term appellant demanded a jury, paid the jury fee, and caused the case to be transferred to the jury docket, and on the next day renewed his plea to the jurisdiction of the court over his person, which was again overruled.
Appellant then “ waived the 'jury heretofore demanded by defendant and stated to the court that he would not further answer in this case, inasmuch as his plea to the jurisdiction had been overruled, but rely on the same,” after which, on hearing, a judgment was rendered in favor of the State, from which this appeal is prosecuted.
In reply to appellant’s plea to the jurisdiction the State pleaded that by the lease contract appellant had bound himself to pay the money sued for in the county in which the suit was brought, and that he had agreed in writing that any suit to be brought for the collection of money due on the contract sued on should be brought in that county.
The lease contract contained agreements such as alleged, and the court below held that the part of the agreement last named bound appellant to submit to the jurisdiction of the court after notice made without the State was given in the manner provided by the statutes before referred to.
Since the decision made in the case of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 United States, 723, it must be held that service made without this State, as was it upon appellant, is insufficient to confer jurisdiction on a court of this State to render a mere personal judgment against one a citizen of and resident in another State. Freeman v. Alderson, 119 U. S., 185; Hart v. Sansom, 110 U. S., 151; Harkness v. Hyde, 98 U. S., 476; Cooper v. Reynolds, 10 Wall., 309.
One of the grounds on which the decision in Pennoyer v. Neff is based makes it authoritative throughout the Union in all cases to which it is applicable, and although there may have been some decisions made in this State asserting a contrary rule, we feel bound to follow it.
In this case there was no judgment sought or rendered other than one strictly personal in its character.
It seems to be claimed that appellant made an appearance in the court below and is therefore bound by its judgment.
If it be true that he made such an appearance as gave the court jurisdiction over him personally then it is unimportant whether the process or notice served on him without the State is of any validity Avhatever, for if the court below so acquired such jurisdiction then the fact of non-residence of appellant is a matter of no importance.
If found within this State and here served with proper process this gives to a court of this State jurisdiction to render a personal judgment against a non-resident as fully as does the service of such process on a *655citizen of this State clothe the court with such power, unless it be in a case in which the plaintiff is also a non-resident and the defendant without property within the State.
Whenever the service of proper process will clothe a court with such jurisdiction, then that which is to be deemed in law an appearance by a defendant will confer on a court the like power.
What is to be deemed an appearance may be determined by statute, and a statute declaring what shall be deemed an appearance, which makes notice to a defendant of the pendency of an action against him, opportunity to know its nature, and fully to defend it necessary, does not contravene the letter or spirit of any constitutional provision intended for the protection of private right.
An appearance is said to be strictly voluntary when without the service of process a defendant in some manner indicates his intention to' submit his person and cause to the jurisdiction of the court.
Article 1241, Revised Statutes, provides that “the defendant may in person or by attorney or by his duly authorized agent enter an appearance in open court, and such appearance shall be noted by the judge upon his docket and entered in the minutes, and shall have the same force and effect as if citation had been duly issued and served as provided by law.” r
The succeeding article provides that “the filing of an answer shall constitute an appearance of the defendant so as to dispense with the necessity for the issuance or service of citation upon him.”
In either of the cases here provided for, the doing of the act prescribed would operate as a voluntary appearance in any case in which no process whatever had been served, and so simply because it would clearly indicate the intention of the defendant to submit his person to the jurisdiction of the court.
The record before us however leaves no ground for claim that appellant intended voluntarily to submit himself to the jurisdiction of the court, which from first to last he" resisted.
His appearance was special and declared to be restricted to the sole purpose of presenting and having acted upon his plea to the jurisdiction of the court over his person; and prior to the adoption of the Revised j Statutes there can be no claim that such an appearance under the facts f of this case would have given jurisdiction over the person of appellant. De Witt v. Monroe, 20 Texas, 293; Harkness v. Hyde, 98 U. S., 476.
That appellant made at least a special appearance in the court below can not be questioned, and it was not a compulsory appearance, for no process had been served on him which compelled him to appear or take the consequences of default, nor had any of his property been seized under process which made it necessary for him to appear in order to protect it or his rights in it.
*656A judgment entered against him as the case stood before his appearance would have been a nullity.
s His appearance was optional, and jurisdiction could not have been obtained over his person so long as he remained beyond the limits of this. State, unless by his voluntary act.
The inquiry arises, whether the Bevised Statutes have given to a special appearance by a defendant the full effecfjí in respect to jurisdiction which before their adoption was given only to a general appearance.
It is now provided that “when the citation or service thereof is quashed on motion of the defendant the case may be continued for the term, but. the defendant shall be deemed to have entered his appearance to the sueceeding term of the court." Rev. Stats., art. 1243.
Before the enactment of this law an appearance for the purpose of having citation or service, thereof quashed would not have been held to confer jurisdiction on the court over the person of the defendant, but such, now is evidently made the effect of such an appearance, and further issuance and service or process becomes unnecessary, even when it is held: that the citation or service was insufficient,. -
The purpose of a motion asking that a citation or its service be quashed is simply to have an adjudication that these are not sufficient to give th& court jurisdiction over the defendant.
The appearance of appellant, ■ though by plea, was only to have an adjudication of the insufficiency of the process and service through which he-, was sought to be brought into court to give the court jurisdiction over his. person.
Whether this question be raised by motion or plea, the appearance is-for the same purpose and of the same character and must be given the-same effect.
;!
In the one case, as in the other, the appearance is made for the sole purpose of questioning the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant, which is as much wanting when the citation or service made on a. resident of the State is not in accordance with law as is it when process, is served on a defendant beyond the limits of the State whose process it is. It is not the fact that the motion to quash a citation or service is sustained which operates as an appearance, but it is the fact that a defendant appears and asks an adjudication which makes the appearance. Railroad v. Brett, 61 Texas, 487; Keener v. Duff, 66 Texas, 185.
This as well as the spirit of the statute is further illustrated by the. succeeding article, which provides “when the judgment is reversed on appeal or writ of error taken by the defendant for the want of service,, or because of defective service or process, no new citation shall be issued or served, but the defendant shall be presumed to have entered his appearance to the term of the court at which the mandate shall be filed." Rev. Stats., art. 1244.
*657Under the statutes of this State all defensive pleadings are styled the “answer,” and among these are pleas questioning the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant. Richardson v. Pruitt, 3 Texas, 227; Hopkins v. Wright, 17 Texas, 36; Rev. Stats., art. 1262.
In view of this fact and in the' light of the statutes to which we have referred it must be held under article 1242, Revised Statutes, that a defendant who files any defensive pleading makes such an appearance as gives the eoúrt jurisdiction over his person as fully as would the issuance of proper citation and its proper service within this State.
One not a citizen or resident of this State is subject to be sued here, and we know of no ground on which the courts of this State can be denied jurisdiction over the person of such a defendant when by his own act he makes such appearance in its courts as would give them jurisdiction over a person here resident.
The State can not send its process abroad and thus compel a non-resident defendant to submit his person to the jurisdiction of its courts, but
if in the exercise of his own untrammeled volition he makes an appearance then he must be held bound thereby, as would be one who could be, but had not been, subjected to the jurisdiction of the courts nor by the proper issuance and service of process.
The purpose for which appearance is made is unimportant, as is the intention with which it is made, if the act done is one which the statute declares is such as gives to the court jurisdiction to render a personal judgment against the person appearing.
In the case of Liles v. Woods, 58 Texas, 419, it was not necessary to consider the statutes bearing on the question before us, and attention was not- called to the fact that the same rules in force in the District Courts as to appearance were by statute made applicable to Justice Courts, and there is an expression in the opinion in that case not necessary to its decision from which it might be understood that a defendant served as was , the defendant in this case was not bound by his appearance when his exceptions to service were sustained.
The appellant had notice of the action and of the claim the State was seeking to enforce against him, with full opportunity to defend, and must be held to have given the court jurisdiction to render the personal judgment against him. The proposition that the agreement contained in the lease contract gave the court jurisdiction over the appellant we think can not be sustained.
That agreement may have fixed the venue, but it could not operate as an acceptance, waiver of service, or appearance; but because of the appearance the court had jurisdiction and its judgment must be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Delivered May 7, 1889.