—Appellant instituted this suit in the County Court, from which it was transferred to the District Court, to-recover upon six coupon notes for 870 each, charged to have been executed by appellee, a municipal corporation under the general laws of this State having a population of less than 10,000 inhabitants.
The defendant pleaded its want of authority under the Constitution and laws of this State to execute the obligations. The cause was tried by the court without a jury and judgment was rendered for the defendant. The facts as found by the court are as follows:
The city, through its council, on the 12th day of December, 1883, authorized the issuance of its bonds for the sum of 828,000, in sums of $1000 each, to run fifty years and bearing interest at the rate of 7 ppr cent per annum, to provide for the payment of the cost of constructing a system of water works for the city.
It at the same time passed an ordinance levying a tax of one-fourth of one per cent upon the taxable property within the city, and appropriating one-tenth of the tax (one-fourth of one per cent) annually levied to-defray the current expenses of the city; and also appropriated the net revenues arising from the water works to be constructed, after paying all expenses for the necessary repairs and the operation thereof, for the purpose of creating a fund for the payment of the interest upon the bonds and providing a sinking fund' of 2 per cent upon the principal of the debt..
Afterwards, on the 25th day of June, 1884, the city council passed another ordinance directing the city secretary to erase the words “twenty-eight” in the ordinance of the 12th day of December, .and insert in the *455ordinance in lieu of the erased words the words “thirty-five,” which was never done.
The taxable values of the city at the date of the issuance of the bonds did not exceed the sum of $909,000.
In pursuance of the two ordinances there were issued thirty-five water works bonds, dated the first day of May, 1884, all of the denomination of $1000, running for fifty years, bearing 7 per cent interest per annum payable annually.
These bonds were registered in the office of the State Comptroller on the 7th day of July, 1884, añd were all negotiated by the city and are still outstanding.
The coupons now sued upon are payable to bearer, and represent bonds numbered 1, 7, 13, 19, 25, and 31.
It was agreed that the assessed value of taxable property within the city was $749,363 for the year 1883, and was $908,976 for the year 1884.
The court concluded that the ordinance of the 25th day of June was a nullity, and that the coupon representing the interest on bond Ho. 31 was therefore void. Also that the city had no power under its charter to issue the thirty-five bonds without providing a sufficient fund to pay the annual interest and provide a 2 per cent sinking fund on the principal, and that on account of its failure to so provide all of the coupons sued upon are void.
Judgment was rendered for the defendant.
The constitutional provisions in force when the ordinance of the 12th day of December, 1883, was adopted are as follows:
“Ho county, city, or town shall levy more than. 25 cents for city or county purposes, and not to exceed 15 cents for roads and bridges on the $10°0 valuation, except for the payment of debts incurred prior to the adoption of this amendment; and for the erection of public buildings, street, sewer, and other permanent improvements not to exceed 25 cents on the $100 valuation in any one year, and except as is in this Constitution otherwise provided.” Art. 8, sec. 9.
“Cities and towns having a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less may be chartered alone by general law. They may levy, assess, and collect an annual tax to defray the current expenses of their local government, but such tax shall never exceed for any one year one-fourth of one per cent, and shall be collectable only in current money.” Art. 11, sec. 4.
“Ho debt shall ever be created by any city unless at the same time provision be made to assess and collect annually a sufficient sum to pay the interest thereon and create a sinking fund of at least 2 per cent thereon.” Art. 11, sec. 5.
■ And again, “ But no debt for any purpose shall ever be incurred in any manner by any city or county unless provision is made at the time of creating the same for levying and collecting a sufficient tax to pay the inter*456est thereon and provide at least 2 per cent as a sinking land.” Art. 11, sec. 7.
A city can not create a debt unless the power to do so is either expressly or impliedly conferred upon it by law.
If the'law prohibits the creation of a debt for any purpose, then no attempt to create one would have any force.
If the law permits the creation of debts for specified purposes only, an attempt to create one for a purpose not specified would be without validity.
If the law authorizes the creation of debt for a specified purpose, but limits the amount and prescribes the manner of creating such debt, any attempt to create one greater than the amount, specified, or without substantially observing the regulations prescribed, would be equally without force.
When the law makes the existence of the power to issue bonds depend upon the existence of a given state of facts, which depend for proof of their existence upon parol evidence, and appoints a tribunal to ascertain the facts and to create the debt and issue negotiable bonds, if it finds that the required facts exist, and the bonds are issued and contain recitals that the facts existed that conferred authority to issue them, and such negotiable bonds go into the hands of bona fide holders, they are collectable, notwithstanding the nonexistence of the facts required to confer the authority to issue them.
In such cases the validity of the bonds does not exist in disregard or violation of the law, but because the ascertainment of-the facts that confer the power has been delegated to the body that issues them, and its ascertainment of the facts is held to be conclusive in favor of the innocent holders of the negotiable securities, against which no evidence will be heard.
But where the authority to create a debt at all, or beyond a given amount, is made to depend upon evidence furnished by official records, the same rule with regard to recitals contained in bonds given for the debt should not be applied.
Every holder of such bonds is charged with knowledge of all provisions of law relating to their issuance, and if the law points to records as evidence of the existence of the facts required to authorize their issuance or to limit the amount of the debt that the city may create, such records, and not the recitals in the bonds, must be looked to by every one who proposes to deal in the bonds.
While our Constitution authorizes the creation of a debt and the issuance of its negotiable bonds by the defendant city to provide for constructing water works, its mandate is imperative that no such debt shall be created without making provision at the time of its creation to assess and collect annually a sufficient sum to pay the interest thereon and create a sinking fund of at least 2 per cent on the principal.
Until that is done the debt is not created and none exists. If not for*457bidden by another provision of the.Constitution, the levy may provide for the collection of a greater sum than the interest contracted for and 2 per cent additional, but it can not be less than that. The language is plain and unambiguous, and in relation to cities the command is twice given.
The provision must be sufficient when made. If subsequently it becomes either more or less than sufficient the validity of the obligation would not be affected.
By another provision of the Constitution the percentage on the assessed value that may be levied is limited.
The Constitution in effect commands that a city with less than 10,000 inhabitants shall in order to create a debt take its latest assessment of property for taxes and from that ascertain how much money a tax of 25 cents on $100 of valuation will produce, and it may create a debt that that ■amount will provide for the payment of the interest on and 2 per cent per annum additional.
The rule applies with all its force to cities having more than 10,000 inhabitants, except that the limit of the percentage of taxation is greater.
We deem it unnecessary to consider or discuss the articles of the Revised Statutes relating to the question. Some of these had their origin before the adoption of our present Constitution.' So far as the statutes can be harmonized with the requirements of the Constitution they will furnish useful guides and must be observed. When they are in conflict with it or lead to a different result they must be disregarded.
The command of the Constitution that no debt shall be created without at the same time providing for the levy and collection of a tax for its payment, was evidently designed not more to insure the payment of honest debts than to admonish the people whose property was being charged with them of that fact.
The other provision limiting the amount of debt that cities can charge themselves with had its foundation in a wise public policy.
These constitutional restrictions were made for observance, not evasion.
A disregard of them by the attempted creation of unlawful debts, either on account of the purpose or the amount, may lead to serious complications in the administration of the affairs of the municipal government, growing out of questions that they may give rise to as to whether the property of delinquent tax payers can be sold so as to confer any right upon the purchaser when the void debt enters to any extent into the tax for which the sale is made.
When the debt is void in its inception for want of authority to create it, no subsequent ratification of it by the collection of taxes or otherwise can give to it any validity, nor can there then be such a thiug as a bona fide holder of the obligations, with a right to collect them notwithstanding the want of power in the city to create the debt.
Questions with regard to the validity of municipal bonds have f requ ently *458been considered by the Supreme Court of the United States. As there is ■scarcely any issue of such bonds that may not be brought directly before that court, its decisions relating to them are of the first importance.
That court, in the case of Town of Coloma v. Eaves, 92 United States, 490, speaking of the issuance of such bonds and the rights of a bona fide holder of them growing out of their recitals, says:
“Apart from and beyond the reasonable presumption that the officers: of the law, the township officers, discharged their duty, the matter has passed into judgment. The persons appointed to decide whether the necessary prerequisites to their issue had been completed have decided and certified their decision. They have declared the contingency to have happened on the occurrence of which the authority to issue the bonds was. complete. Their recitals are such a decision, and beyond these a bona, fide purchaser is not bound to look for evidence of the existence of things. in pais. He is bound to know the law conferring upon the municipality power to give the bonds on the happening of a contingency; but whether that has happened or not is a question of fact, the decision of which is by the law confided to others—to those most competent to decide it—and which the purchaser is, in general, in no condition to decide for himself.. This we understand to be the settled doctrine of this court. Where it may be gathered from the legislative enactment that the officers of the municipality were invested with power to decide whether the condition, precedent has been complied with, their recital that it has been, made in the bonds issued by them and held by a bona fide purchaser, is conclusive: of the fact and binding upon the municipality, for the recital is itself a. decision of the fact by the appointed tribunal.”
The case of Marcy v. Township of Oswego, 92 United States, 641, arose under a law of the State of Kansas containing a proviso “that the amount, of bonds voted by any township should not be above such a sum as would, require a levy of more than 1 per cent per annum on the taxable property of such township to pay the yearly interest.”
• The court held that the existence of sufficient taxable property to warrant the amount of the issue was an intrinsic fact, “bearing not so much upon the authority vested in the board to issue the bonds as upon the question whether the authority should be exercised;” that as that fact,, with others, was referred by the statute to the inquiry and determination of the board, “and they were all determined before the bonds aiid coupons came into the hands of the plaintiff, he was not bound when he purchased to look beyond the act of the Legislature and the recitals which, the bonds contained.”
In the case of Dixon County v. Field, 111 United States, 94, it is said, after quoting the language used in the case of Town of Coloma v. Eaves, that “The converse is embraced in the proposition and is equally true. If the officers authorized to issue bonds upon a condition are not the *459appointed tribunal to decide the fact which constitutes the condition,, their recital will not be accepted as a substitute for proof.
“The differences in the results of the judgments have depended upon the question, whether in the particular case under consideration a fair construction of the law authorized the officers issuing the bonds to ascertain, determine, and certify the existence of the facts upon which their power by the terms of the law was made to depend; not including of course that class of cases in which the controversy related, not to conditions precedent on which the right to act at all depended, but upon conditions affecting only the mode of exercising a power admitted to have come into being.”
In this case the Constitution of the State of Nebraska, under which the question arose, limited the amount of the debt that could be created to “10 per cent of the assessed valuation.” '
Upon this point the opinion holds that the amount of the assessed value of the taxable property was ascertainable only by a reference to the assessment itself, “a public record equally accessible to all intending purchasers of bonds as well as to the county officers;” and that the county officers “are bound, it is true, to learn from the assessment what the limit upon their authority is, as a necessary preliminary in the exercise of their functions and the performance of their duty; but the information is for themselves only. All the world besides must have it from the same source and for themselves. The fact, as it is recorded in the assessment itself, is extrinsic and proves itself by inspection, and concludes all determinations that contradict it.”
■ The command of our Constitution is that when the debt is created provision shall then be made for levying and collecting a tax to discharge it. It amounts to more than a direction that no debt shall ever be created above such a sum as the directed levy will pay.
The Constitution will not be obeyed unless it shall be ascertained, when and before a debt is created, whether one-fourth of one per cent or lesson the taxable valuation will annually pay the interest and sinking fund.
The debt is not to go beyond what a tax can be levied to pay, and the clause in the Constitution that defines how much may be levied shows that it is to be done on a “ valuation,” one meaning of which, given by Webster, is “appraisement, as a valuation of lands for the purpose of taxation.”
The Constitution provides for the election of an assessor of taxes.
No ad valorem tax has ever been collected in this State otherwise than through carefully regulated assessments.
It is not practicable, if it can be said to be possible, to arrive at correct", taxable values through any other means than an assessment.
We would be compelled to ignore common sense and reject all experience before we could hold that when the Constitution imposed upon cities *460the duty of ascertaining the valuation of their taxable property, it contemplated that they should look to any other source for the information than their own assessment rolls, taken for the purpose alone of furnishing such information.
We are unable to conclude that the Constitution, while intending to so strictly limit the creation of a debt to a percentage on valuation, contemplates that a city council may disregard official assessments and adopt, according to their pleasure, any other means or no means of ascertaining the required fact.
Then there would be no limitation upon the power of the council to involve the city in debt through the issuance of negotiable bonds. It is true that on account of the limited tax that can belevied the debt might never be paid. Neither the removal nor the punishment of the officerst who perpetrated the wrong would cancel the unlawfully created debt.
It is firmly settled by the highest authority that when the law that limits the debt by valuation directs that the valuation shall be ascertained by an assessment, such assessment governs and can not be overcome by any mere recitals that the fact is otherwise.
The right to be protected from unlawful taxation is one of the most important that belongs to the citizens of this State.
There is nothing in the record before us showing when any of the bonds were issued, nor whether they were all disposed of at the same or at different dates. There is nothing to distinguish those issued under the last-ordinance from those issued under the first one, unless we can look for that purpose to the numbering of the bonds.
The city had nó authority to pledge or appropriate any part of the current revenues to the payment of the principal or interest of the debt. That fund is devoted by the Constitution to the support of the city government, and is always under the control of the council for that purpose. The net proceeds from the water works, if there had been such, would have likewise been under the control of the council, and was not a basis for the creation of debt.
The action of the council on the 25th day of June, 1884, was utterly . void. The ordinance of the 12th day of December, 1883, was valid for such an amount as a tax of 25 cents upon the $100 of valuation, according to the last taken assessment of the taxable values of the city, would provide for.
If the bonds were delivered at different dates, those first delivered, up to the amount of the debt that the city could lawfully create, should be paid, and the remainder of them should be treated as nullities. Daviess County v. Dickson, 117 U. S., 657.
If all of the bonds under the first ordinance were delivered at the same time, so that none of them have priority over the others, the 'amount of *461valid debt should be distributed equally between -said bonds. McPherson v. Foster, 43 Iowa, 72.
The bonds that were issued under the last ordinance can not be treated as valid for any purpose. Which of the bonds were so issued should not be determined by their numbers alone if there exists any other means of identifying them. If no other means exist of distinguishing them from the others, then from the necessity of the case the numbers must be looked to to determine the fact, and the bonds above the number twenty-eight must be held to be those issued under the last ordinance. The coupons will of course be governed by the principles applied to the bonds frotó, which they were detached.
Under the view we take of the law, the original holders, as well as any subsequent holders, of the bonds or coupons may recover so much of the debt as was lawful.
. Neither the pleadings nor the proof in the record before us present the case so as to authorize a judgment of the nature indicated by us as being proper. Strictly speaking, no judgment other than the one from which the appeal was taken could have been rendered. We think it right, however, to give the appellee an opportunity to amend his pleadings and have the issues so presented as to show what proportion of the debts sued on he may be entitled to recover, under the rules that we here announce.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
Delivered December 5, 1890.