Tina Smalley v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 21a0423n.06

No. 20-1865

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

TINA ROSE-L SMALLEY, )
FILED
Sep 03, 2021
)
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant-Appellee. )
)

Before: ROGERS, BUSH, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. In 2015, Tina Rose-L Smalley filed a claim for Title II Social Security

Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits. After the Commissioner denied Smalley’s claim, she sought

judicial review. The district court agreed that the Commissioner erred by failing to give good

reasons for discounting the medical opinion of Smalley’s treating physician. But the court found

this error harmless. We respectfully disagree. We therefore VACATE the district court’s opinion

with instructions to remand Smalley’s case to the Commissioner for further proceedings.

I.

For several years, Smalley worked full time at an assisted-living facility, most recently as

a resident care manager. In October 2012, she was injured in a car accident when she was rear-

ended by a drunk driver. Since then, she has experienced lower back pain. Smalley continued to

work as a resident care manager until May 2015. But she started missing more and more work
No. 20-1865, Smalley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.

due to the pain and, eventually, her primary care physician, Dr. Marie-Louise Sagan-Yewah,

advised her to quit. Smalley has not worked since.

Smalley filed for SSDI benefits on November 16, 2015, alleging an onset date of May 5,

2015—the day she stopped working at the assisted-living facility. At the time, Smalley was forty-

five years old. She claimed that her back injury, arthritis, depression, anxiety, high blood pressure,

chronic fatigue, and myalgia prevented her from working. The Social Security Administration

(SSA) acknowledged that Smalley’s conditions somewhat limited her ability to perform work-

related activities. But it determined that these conditions were not severe enough to prevent

Smalley from working altogether and therefore denied her application. Smalley then requested a

hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ).

Based on Smalley’s medical records, symptoms, and the testimony at the hearing, the ALJ

determined that Smalley suffered from the “severe impairments” of degenerative disc disease of

the lumbar spine, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. He also found that

Smalley’s osteoarthritis had “no more than minimal impact” on her ability to work. Mindful of

these conditions, the ALJ determined that Smalley retained the residual functional capacity to

perform:

[L]ight work as defined in 20 [C.F.R. §] 404.1567(b) except that she can climb no
ladders, ropes or scaffolds. [Smalley] can occasionally climb ramps or stairs,
balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and crawl. She must avoid concentrated exposure to
excessive vibration and use of moving machinery. [Smalley] must avoid all
exposure to unprotected heights. She is able to perform simple, routine and
repetitive tasks in an environment isolated from the public with only occasional
interaction with supervisors and coworkers.

Although these restrictions precluded Smalley from returning to work as a resident care manager,

the ALJ found that she could successfully adjust to work as an office clerk, record clerk, or order

filler. He thus found that Smalley was not disabled. Smalley requested further review by the

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SSA’s Appeals Council. But that request was denied, at which point the ALJ’s opinion became

the final decision of the Commissioner. See 20 C.F.R. § 422.210(a).

Smalley then sought judicial review in federal district court, arguing that the

Commissioner’s decision was not supported by substantial evidence. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). For

the most part, the district court rejected Smalley’s arguments. But it agreed with Smalley that “the

ALJ’s analysis of Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s opinion did not fully comply with the treating-physician

rule” set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2). Nevertheless, the district court held that this error

was harmless and upheld the Commissioner’s decision. Smalley timely appealed.

II.

“We exercise de novo review of district-court decisions in Social Security cases.” Emard

v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 953 F.3d 844, 849 (6th Cir. 2020). However, our review of the ALJ’s

underlying decision is more deferential. “We ensure only that it (1) ‘is supported by substantial

evidence’ and (2) ‘made pursuant to proper legal standards.’” Brown v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 814

F. App’x 92, 95 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Rogers v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 241 (6th

Cir. 2007)); see 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

On one hand, the substantial evidence standard, while requiring “more than a mere

scintilla” of evidence, is a low bar. Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (quoting

Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). It requires only “such relevant evidence

as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. (quoting Consol.

Edison, 305 U.S. at 229). If substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision, then we defer to it,

“even if there is substantial evidence in the record that would have supported an opposite

conclusion.” Blakley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 581 F.3d 399, 406 (6th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks

omitted).

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“That said, the existence of otherwise substantial evidence supporting the Commissioner’s

decision cannot excuse the failure of an ALJ to follow a mandatory regulation that ‘is intended to

confer a procedural protection’ for claimants.” Shields v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 732 F. App’x 430,

436 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 547 (6th Cir. 2004)).

In this appeal, Smalley’s chief contention is that the ALJ violated one such procedural regulation

by discounting her treating physician’s opinion without adequate justification. We agree. And,

contrary to the district court, we hold that this error was not harmless.

A.

In evaluating evidence for SSDI cases filed prior to March 27, 2017,1 an ALJ must give

the medical opinion of a claimant’s treating physician “controlling weight” as long as it “is well-

supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not

inconsistent with the other substantial evidence” in the record. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2); see

Wilson, 378 F.3d at 544. This is “commonly known as the treating physician rule.” Rogers, 486

F.3d at 242. And the rationale for the rule is simple. “Because treating physicians are ‘the medical

professionals most able to provide a detailed, longitudinal picture of [a claimant’s] medical

impairment(s) and may bring a unique perspective to the medical evidence that cannot be obtained

from the objective medical findings alone,’ their opinions are generally accorded more weight than

those of non-treating physicians.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c)(2)).

“Separate from the treating physician rule, but closely related, is the requirement that the

ALJ ‘always give good reasons’ for the weight ascribed to a treating-source opinion.” Hargett v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 964 F.3d 546, 552 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)); see

1
For cases filed on or after this date, the treating physician rule and good reasons requirement
discussed in this opinion do not apply. Compare 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c, with id. § 404.1527(c).
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also SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *7 (July 2, 1996) (“If the [residual functional capacity]

assessment conflicts with an opinion from a medical source, the adjudicator must explain why the

opinion was not adopted.”). This is known as the “good reasons requirement.” Fox v. Comm’r of

Soc. Sec., 827 F. App’x 531, 536 (6th Cir. 2020). To satisfy the requirement, the ALJ’s reasons

must be sufficiently specific so as to help “claimants understand the disposition of their cases,”

and “permit[] meaningful appellate review of the ALJ’s application of the [treating physician]

rule.” Rogers, 486 F.3d at 242–43 (quotation marks omitted); see SSR 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188,

at *5 (July 2, 1996). The ALJ “may not summarily discount a treating-source opinion as not well-

supported by objective findings or being inconsistent with the record without identifying and

explaining how the substantial evidence is purportedly inconsistent with the treating-source

opinion.” Hargett, 964 F.3d at 552; see also Friend v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 375 F. App’x 543,

552 (6th Cir. 2010) (per curiam).

Furthermore, “[i]f the ALJ decides not to give the treating physician’s medical opinion

controlling weight, [he] must determine what weight to give it by looking at ‘the length of the

treatment relationship and the frequency of examination, the nature and extent of the treatment

relationship, supportability of the opinion, consistency of the opinion with the record as a whole,

and any specialization of the treating physician.’” Fox, 827 F. App’x at 536 (quoting Blakley, 581

F.3d at 406); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)(i)–(ii), (3)–(6). “In many cases, a treating

source’s medical opinion will be entitled to the greatest weight and should be adopted, even if it

does not meet the test for controlling weight.” SSR 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188, at *4.

B.

As Smalley’s treating physician, Dr. Sagan-Yewah concluded that Smalley was “unable to

stand up or [sit] down for more than 1-2 [hours]” at a time, was “not able to bend down,” and was

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“not able to lift more than twenty pound[s].” Dr. Sagan-Yewah further stated that Smalley would

need to take unscheduled breaks every hour or so and would likely be absent from work three days

per month due to flare ups in her back pain. Based primarily on Smalley’s inability to sit or stand

for prolonged periods of time, Dr. Sagan-Yewah opined that Smalley was incapable of performing

a full-time job.

The ALJ acknowledged these “work preclusive limitations.” But he provided the following

analysis for affording the treating-source opinion only “little weight”:

This opinion is not supported by Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s reports or supported by the
record as a whole. Dr. Sagan-Yewah noted multiple times that the claimant had
normal gait and station (Exhibit 3F).2 The record shows that the claimant is able to
perform a limited range of light work. In addition, the issue of disability is reserved
for the Commissioner.

We find that “terse analysis” troubling. Shields, 732 F. App’x at 439.

Indeed, when we eliminate the conclusory statements—as we must, see Hargett, 964 F.3d

at 552, 554—the only reason that the ALJ explicitly offered for discounting Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s

opinion is that her notes show that, at some point, she observed that Smalley had normal gait and

station. “Gait means walking, and station refers to the posture used in standing and walking.”

Harvey L. McCormick, 1 Social Security Claims & Procedures § 8:123 (6th ed., Aug. 2020

update). So perhaps the treatment notes are reasonably inconsistent with Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s

conclusion that Smalley could not stand for prolonged periods. See Lester v. Soc. Sec. Admin.,

596 F. App’x 387, 389 (6th Cir. 2015) (per curiam). But like the district court, we fail to see how

those notes undermine the treating physician’s opinion regarding Smalley’s inability to sit for more

than a couple of hours. The Commissioner does not even attempt to rebut the district court’s

2
Exhibit 3F consisted of 117 pages of treatment records from Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s office.
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conclusion on this front and continues to insist that a normal gait or posture is “a significant

inconsistency” with the doctor’s opinion.

The ALJ “had to deal” with this significant restriction on Smalley’s ability to work to

satisfy the good reasons requirement. Hall v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 148 F. App’x 456, 462 (6th

Cir. 2005) (citing SSR 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188, at *2). But he did not. Nor did he directly wrestle

with Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s opinion that Smalley would have to take near-hourly breaks and miss

approximately three days per month at work due to her back pain. Thus, the ALJ failed “to follow

the procedural requirement of identifying the reasons for discounting [Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s]

opinion[] and for explaining precisely how those reasons affected the weight accorded” to it.

Rogers, 486 F.3d at 243; see Gayheart v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 710 F.3d 365, 376–77 (6th Cir.

2013). That was error.

C.

The question then becomes, what do we do about it? “It is an elemental principle of

administrative law that agencies are bound to follow their own regulations.” Wilson, 378 F.3d at

545; accord Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 235 (1974). And the Administrative Procedure Act

(APA) directs us to “set aside agency action . . . found to be . . . without observance of procedure

required by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(D). As such, “when the Commissioner has not provided

‘good reasons’ for the weight given to a treating physician’s opinion,” we have generally remanded

to the agency for further proceedings. Hensley v. Astrue, 573 F.3d 263, 267 (6th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Wilson, 378 F.3d at 545). We have done so even where “there is sufficient evidence in

the record for the ALJ to discount the treating source’s opinion and, thus, a different outcome on

remand is unlikely.” Wilson, 378 F.3d at 546.

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Nevertheless, the APA also instructs us to take “due account” of “the rule of prejudicial

error.” 5 U.S.C. § 706. “[T]he rule of prejudicial error is treated as an ‘administrative

law harmless error rule.’” Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter & Paul Home v. Pennsylvania,

140 S. Ct. 2367, 2385 (2020) (alteration adopted) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs.

of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 659–60 (2007)); see also Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 406 (2009).

So we must determine whether the ALJ’s failure to comply with the good reasons requirement was

harmless.

“[A]n agency’s violation of its procedural rules will not result in reversible error absent a

showing that the claimant has been prejudiced on the merits or deprived of substantial rights

because of the agency’s procedural lapses.” Connor v. U.S. Civil Serv. Comm’n, 721 F.2d 1054,

1056 (6th Cir. 1983). And the good reasons requirement, we have said, implicates the latter

concern; it “bestows a ‘substantial right’” on disability claimants by “creating an important

procedural safeguard” for the adjudication of their claims. Wilson, 378 F.3d at 547. Specifically,

the object of the rule is to make clear to the claimant the ALJ’s basis for rejecting the views of her

treating physician. See id. at 548; Hargett, 964 F.3d at 554. Such clarity serves important interests

of the losing claimant and of the agency, apart from assuring that substantial evidence supports the

agency’s decision. Wilson, 378 F.3d at 546. It serves the agency’s interest in maintaining public

confidence in the basic fairness of the administration of the Social Security program to have

disappointed claimants at least understand why the government has rejected the opinion of the

physician in whom the claimant has presumably the most confidence. See id. at 544. Violation of

the rule is not harmless, then, if an ALJ’s decision does not make clear to a reasonable reader why

the opinion of the treating physician was not accepted. See id. at 548; Cole v. Astrue, 661 F.3d

931, 937–38 (6th Cir. 2011). In that case, the opinion has not “met the goal of § 1527[(c)(2)]—

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the provision of the procedural safeguard of reasons.” Wilson, 378 F.3d at 547; see also Hargett,

964 F.3d at 554.3

Although this is a close case, the ALJ’s error was not harmless. The ALJ credited the

opinion of Dr. Ramirez-Jacobs, a state agency medical consultant who concluded that Smalley was

“able to perform a limited range of light work,” finding that her opinion was more consistent with

the record. Yet even if Smalley performed such work, it remains unclear whether she would still

need to take unscheduled breaks every hour or miss three days of work per month due to flare ups

in her back pain, as Dr. Sagan-Yewah opined.

To be sure, the ALJ summarized certain portions of Smalley’s medical records—pointing

out that previous X-rays and MRIs were negative or showed only mild pathology, that Smalley

“ambulates without an assistive device,” and that she “has had no back surgery” or “gait

disturbance”—in support of his finding that Smalley could perform some unskilled light work.

But the ALJ made no effort to explain why the cherry-picked factors he found relevant undermined

Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s conclusion that Smalley would need frequent breaks or would be unable to sit

or stand continuously for more than one to two hours. Is Smalley’s ability to walk without an

assistive device incompatible with Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s conclusion that Smalley would need to take

unscheduled breaks? Do the medical tests shed any light on Smalley’s ability to sit for continuous

3
In Wilson, we identified two other ways that an ALJ’s failure to comply with the good reasons
rule might be held harmless: (1) where the Commissioner ultimately adopted the treating-source
opinion; or (2) where the “opinion is so patently deficient that the Commissioner could not
possibly credit it.” 378 F.3d at 547. Neither applies here. The Commissioner did not adopt Dr.
Sagan-Yewah’s opinion. And Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s opinion was based on extensive medical
records from her years as Smalley’s physician, as well as her access to medical records from Dr.
Bez, Smalley’s pain specialist. The medical questionnaire she completed, while truncated in some
sections, sufficiently explained Smalley’s condition and symptoms and delineated her functional
limitations. Because Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s opinion was “based on objective observation and defined
criteria,” it was not “patently deficient.” Hargett, 964 F.3d at 554.
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periods of time? The ALJ’s opinion leaves such questions unanswered. Also, to the extent the

ALJ found Smalley’s “normal gait and station” determinative, it is not apparent why he

disregarded records from Dr. Sagan-Yewah and Dr. Bez indicating Smalley had an “abnormal gait

and station” and was “constan[tly] changing position between sitting and standing.” In short, the

mere recitation of certain facts in the record—unaccompanied by explanations as to how they

bolster Dr. Ramirez-Jacobs’s opinion and weaken Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s opinion—is not sufficient.

“[T]here must be some effort to identify the specific discrepancies and to explain why it is the

treating physician’s conclusion that gets the short end of the stick.” Hernandez v. Comm’r of Soc.

Sec., 644 F. App’x 468, 473 (6th Cir. 2016) (emphasis added) (quoting Friend, 375 F. App’x at

552).

It is true that in some unpublished cases, we have stated that “[a]n ALJ may accomplish

the goals” of the good reasons rule “by indirectly attacking the supportability of the treating

physician’s opinion or its consistency with other evidence in the record.” Coldiron v. Comm’r of

Soc. Sec., 391 F. App’x 435, 440 (6th Cir. 2010); see also Dutkiewicz v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 663

F. App’x 430, 432 (6th Cir. 2016) (per curiam); Reynolds v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 424 F. App’x

411, 418 (6th Cir. 2011). But here, the ALJ failed to identify—in a way that Smalley could

reasonably comprehend—what evidence in the record he thought undermined Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s

work-preclusive limitations. The ALJ simply stated that the treating physician’s opinion was not

“supported by the record as a whole.”

Such a conclusory statement “dismiss[ing] a treating physician’s opinion as incompatible

with other evidence of record” is not enough to attack the supportability of a treating physician’s

opinion. Hernandez, 644 F. App’x at 473 (internal quotation marks omitted). For left with only

a vague reference to the record “as a whole,” it is unlikely that Smalley could discern what specific

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evidence the ALJ relied upon in rejecting Dr. Sagan-Yewah’s opinion. Was it the evidence

discussed elsewhere in the ALJ’s opinion? Inferences he drew from that evidence? Or some other

evidence in the record altogether? The ALJ does not say.

In response, the Commissioner points to our decision in Hernandez. But that case is

inapposite. The ALJ there rejected the treating physician’s report as not supported by the objective

medical evidence in the record with a cursory reference to what was “discussed above,” earlier in

the opinion. Id. at 474. Even though this language did not “specifically identify the previously

discussed objective medical evidence,” we held that any potential violation of the good reasons

rule was harmless because it was “clear which evidence [the ALJ] was referring to.” Id. (emphasis

added). Now contrast that with our decision in Hall. In that case, we recognized the possibility

that indirect reference to other evidence could satisfy the goal of the good reasons requirement.

148 F. App’x at 464. But we were “unable to identify the basis on which [the ALJ] rejected [the

treating doctor’s] lifting/sitting/standing restriction that led to his opinion receiving little to no

weight,” and we thus reversed the district court’s upholding of the ALJ decision. Id. at 466–67.

The present case is more like Hall than Hernandez. The ALJ’s overall discussion does not

“make[] clear the basis on which the treating physician’s opinion was rejected,” Friend, 375 F.

App’x at 552, and so this is not the “rare case of the ALJ’s analysis meeting the goal of the [good

reasons] rule” without meeting its letter, Nelson, 195 F. App’x at 472. We have emphasized that

we will “not hesitate to remand when the Commissioner has not provided ‘good reasons’ for the

weight given to a treating physician’s opinion.” Hargett, 964 F.3d at 554–55 (quoting Hensley,

573 F.3d at 267). We do so again here, but we take no position on whether there is substantial

evidence in the record on which to deny benefits.

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***

The judgment of the district court is vacated, and we remand with instructions to return the

case to the Commissioner for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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