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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 20-10831
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-03832-AT
EDGINA HENDRIX-SMITH,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
versus
JP MORGAN CHASE BANK N.A.,
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,
Defendants – Appellees.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
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(September 7, 2021)
Before JORDAN, GRANT, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Edgina Hendrix-Smith, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
dismissal without prejudice of her complaint against JPMorgan Chase Bank and
Bank of America. 1 Hendrix-Smith’s action stems from the foreclosure sale of her
home. In her complaint, she asserts the following claims: a claim that her mortgage
was fraudulently assigned, a claim under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”),
a claim under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), and a general fraud
claim. Because she fails to state viable claims as to any of these claims, we affirm
the district court’s dismissal of her complaint.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2
In May 2004, Hendrix-Smith obtained a mortgage loan to finance the
purchase of her home from Sun America. A security deed was executed as to the
property and recorded in the property records of Gwinnett County, Georgia. In 2008,
the mortgage, along with the security deed, was assigned to Bank of America.
1
While it appears that Hendrix-Smith also appeals the district court’s denial of her motion
for a temporary restraining order and injunction and of her motion to compel discovery, we
conclude that she has abandoned any challenge to these rulings by failing to raise the issues or any
arguments related to them in her opening brief. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739
F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (“[A]n appellant abandons a claim when he either makes only
passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and
authority.”).
2
Because the procedural posture of this case involves a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we must
accept the allegations of plaintiff’s amended complaint as true. See Marsh v. Butler County, 268
F.3d 1014, 1023 (11th Cir. 2001) (en banc). The facts set forth in this section of the opinion
therefore are taken from the complaint, which at this procedural stage we must accept as true and
construe in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.
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Then, in January 2019, the deed for transferred to Chase Bank, who recorded it with
Gwinnett County.
Hendrix-Smith then defaulted on the loan. After the default, on or about June
27, 2019, she received notice of a foreclosure sale of her home. Presently, Bank of
America is the listed secured creditor of the mortgage loan, and Chase Bank is the
servicer of the loan. Claiming that Chase Bank and Bank of America created
fraudulent documents and engaged in deceptive practices to obtain her home,
Hendrix-Smith filed the present action shortly thereafter alleging that the foreclosure
was unlawful and raising various claims related to it. With her complaint, she also
filed a motion for a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and
permanent injunction seeking to stop the foreclosure sale of her home.
Chase Bank and Bank of America jointly filed a motion to dismiss the
complaint for failing to state a viable claim. On January 30, 2020, the district court
granted the motion to dismiss, dismissed the case without prejudice, and denied
Hendrix-Smith’s motion for a temporary restraining order and injunction. This
timely appeal ensued.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to
state a claim. Hill v. White, 321 F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 2003). The complaint
is viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and all of the plaintiff’s well-
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pleaded facts are accepted as true. Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d
1043, 1057 (11th Cir. 2007). But conclusory allegations, unwarranted deductions of
facts, or legal conclusions masquerading as facts will not prevent dismissal. Oxford
Asset Mgmt., Ltd. v. Jaharis, 297 F.3d 1182, 1188 (11th Cir. 2002).
Because Hendrix-Smith is proceeding pro se, we note that, although we
liberally construe a pro se litigant’s filings, we will not rewrite them to sustain an
action. See Albra v. Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). All litigants,
even those proceeding pro se, must comply with our procedural rules. Id.
III. ANALYSIS
Liberally construing her brief, Hendrix-Smith argues that the district court
erred in dismissing her complaint because her factual allegations were sufficient to
maintain a fraudulent assignment claim, a general fraud claim, a FCRA claim, and a
FDCPA claim. We address each claim in turn.
A. The Fraud Claims
First, as to her fraud claims, she alleges generally that the assignment of her
mortgage loan was fraudulent and that Appellees falsely published that they were
her lender. Georgia law authorizes the transfer of deeds to secure debt, O.C.G.A.
§ 44-14-64, and requires that an assignment “be filed prior to the time of sale in the
office of the clerk of the superior court of the county in which the real property is
located,” O.C.G.A. § 44-14-162(b). “The assignment of a security deed is a contract
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between the deed holder and the assignee,” and general contract law governs
disputes over such an assignment. See Ames v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 783
S.E.2d 614, 620 (Ga. 2016). But a lawsuit related to the validity of a contract “may
be brought only by a party to the contract or an intended third-party beneficiary of
the contract.” Id. And a debtor typically cannot dispute an assignment because the
debtor “is not a third-party beneficiary of the assignment as a whole and particularly
is not intended to directly benefit from the transfer of the power of sale.” Id.
Here, the district court correctly determined that Hendrix-Smith, as a debtor,
was not a third-party beneficiary of the mortgage loan assignment and therefore
lacked standing to challenge the assignment. As such, she does not have a viable
fraudulent assignment claim against either Chase Bank or Bank of America.
Hendrix-Smith’s other general claims of fraudulent activity by Chase Bank
and Bank of America likewise fail. The bare allegations in her complaint that they
engaged in some form of fraud or trickery in order to steal her home are too
conclusory to state a valid claim. Her complaint falls far short of stating with
sufficient particularity the circumstances constituting any fraud. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
9(b); see also United States ex rel. Matheny v. Medco Health Sols., Inc., 671 F.3d
1217, 1222 (11th Cir. 2012). We therefore affirm the dismissal of the fraudulent
assignment and general fraud claims.
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B. The FCRA
Hendrix-Smith next alleges that after she initiated a dispute with a credit
agency, Bank of America did not file the debt’s record with them despite claiming
to be her lender, thus violating the FCRA. The FCRA governs claims related to the
submission of incorrect information regarding consumers by furnishers to credit
reporting agencies. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681a(c), (f), 1681s-2(a). The FCRA provides
a private right of action where furnishers fail to investigate and promptly respond to
notices of inaccurate information, but only if the furnisher of the information
received notice of the consumer’s dispute from a consumer reporting agency. See id.
§ 1681s-2(b)(1); see also Felts v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 893 F.3d 1305, 1312 (11th
Cir. 2018) (explaining that consumers have a private right of action against
furnishers for a violation of § 1681s-2(b)).
Here, although Hendrix-Smith now vaguely claims to have initiated a dispute
with a consumer reporting agency, she made no such allegation in her complaint.
And even if she had done so, she did not allege that Bank of America was provided
notice by the agencies of such a dispute. The district court therefore did not err in
dismissing her FCRA claim.
C. The FDCPA
Finally, Hendrix-Smith alleges that Chase Bank and Bank of America falsely
published the notice of sale and published her phone number in a public database,
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thus violating the FDCPA. The FDCPA prohibits a “debt collector” from using “any
false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the
collection of any debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e. “[I]n order to state a plausible FDCPA
claim under § 1692e, a plaintiff must allege, among other things, (1) that the
defendant is a ‘debt collector’ and (2) that the challenged conduct is related to debt
collection.” Reese v. Ellis, Painter, Ratterree & Adams LLP, 678 F.3d 1211, 1216
(11th Cir. 2012).
As to the first element, the FDCPA defines a “debt collector,” in relevant part,
as “any person” (1) “who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the
mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts,”
or (2) “who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed
or due or asserted to be owed or due another.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6); see also Reese,
678 F.3d at 1218. Generally, banks are not debt collectors when their principal
purpose of business is not to serve as third-party debt collectors. Davidson v. Cap.
One Bank (USA), N.A., 797 F.3d 1309, 1311 (11th Cir. 2015). Likewise, creditors
and servicers are not typically subject to the FDCPA. Id. at 1313, 1324 n.4. Indeed,
the FDCPA expressly states that the term “debt collector” does not include “any
person collecting or attempting to collect any debt [such as a loan servicer] . . . to
the extent such activity . . . concerns a debt which was not in default at the time it
was obtained by such person.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)(F).
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Hendrix-Smith did not allege that Chase Bank, as the loan servicer, and Bank
of America, as the secured creditor, were debt collectors in her complaint. And,
even construed liberally, none of the allegations in her complaint suggest that the
principal purpose of either defendant’s business was debt collection or that either
defendant regularly collected or attempted to collect on debts “owed or due another.”
See id. at 1311, 1317; § 1692a(6). Bank of America, as a creditor on Hendrix-
Smith’s loan, was not engaging in any collection activity related to “debts owed . . .
another,” but rather a debt owed itself through assignment. See, e.g., Henson v.
Santander Consumer USA Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1718, 1721–22 (2017) (holding that debt
purchaser “may indeed collect debts for its own account without triggering the
statutory definition” in the FDCPA). And as for Chase Bank, even based on
Hendrix-Smith’s factual allegations in her complaint, it became the servicer on her
loan prior to her default, which thus excludes it from the “debt collector” definition.
As such, as alleged in the complaint, neither Chase Bank nor Bank of America can
be considered a “debt collector” for purposes of the FDCPA in this case. Because
Hendrix-Smith cannot state a plausible FDCPA claim against either Chase Bank or
Bank of America, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not err by
dismissing Hendrix-Smith’s complaint without prejudice because the allegations in
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her complaint failed to state a valid fraud, FCRA, FDCPA, or any other claim. We
therefore affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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Edgina Hendrix-Smith v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Combined Opinion