State v. McKinney

[Cite as State v. McKinney, 2021-Ohio-3108.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
PICKAWAY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, : Case No. 20CA17
:
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
:
v. : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
: ENTRY
KERTEZ McKINNEY, :
: RELEASED: 09/03/2021
Defendant. :
________________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:

Judy C. Woldford, Pickaway County Prosecuting Attorney and Jayme Hartley
Fountain, Assistant Pickaway County Prosecutor, Circleville, Ohio, for Appellee.

Roger Soroko and Joshua Bedtelyon, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Wilkin, J.

{¶1} This is an appeal from a decision of the Pickaway County Court of

Common Pleas that denied appellant, Chuck Brown Bail Bonds’, motion to

release its liability for the bond it posted on behalf of defendant Kertez McKinney.

Appellant asserts two assignments of error: (1) the trial court erred in denying

appellant’s motion to release liability for McKinney’s bond when the appellant

fulfilled the obligation on the bond in compliance with the law, and (2) the trial

court erred in denying appellant’s motion to release liability for McKinney’s bond

when the court failed to comply with statutory requirements. After reviewing

appellant’s arguments, the applicable law, and the record, we overrule its

assignments of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 2

BACKGROUND

{¶2} The state charged McKinney of tampering with evidence, possession

of cocaine, and trafficking in cocaine. On October 25, 2019, the trial court

required McKinney to “post a bond in the sum of $10,000 in cash, property or

surety.” On that same day, appellant posted a “bail bond” in the amount of

$10,000 on McKinney’s behalf, which prohibited him from leaving the state.

McKinney failed to appear for his June 12, 2020 pre-trial conference.

Consequently, the trial court executed an entry issuing a capias for McKinney’s

arrest and ordering his bond to “be revoked and forfeited[.]” The court set a bond-

forfeiture hearing for August 12, 2020.

{¶3} Appellant moved to continue the August 12, 2020 forfeiture hearing

for 60 days to allow it additional time to locate McKinney. The trial court granted

the motion and set the hearing for October 14, 2020. McKinney failed to appear

on October 14, 2020, and appellant moved for another continuance, which the

court granted, giving appellant an additional 30 days to locate him. The court

rescheduled the forfeiture hearing for November 18, 2020.

{¶4} On November 4, 2020, two weeks before the scheduled forfeiture

hearing, appellant filed a motion to release its liability for the $10,000 bond it

posted on McKinney’s behalf. Appellant argued that McKinney was arrested and

jailed in Macomb County, Michigan, September 11, 2020 through September 13,

2020. Appellant alleged that the Pickaway County Sheriff’s Office “was notified

that [McKinney] was incarcerated and they could pick him up,” but appellant
Pickaway No. 20CA17 3

claims that the sheriff’s office declined to pick up McKinney. Therefore, the

appellant moved the court to release it from liability for McKinney’s bond.

{¶5} The trial court denied appellant’s motion relying on State v. Hughes,

27 Ohio St.3d 19, 501 N.E.2d 622 (1986), in which the Supreme Court of Ohio

did not exonerate the bonding company for liability on a defendant’s bond. The

court stated that similar to Hughes, appellant was not instrumental in McKinney’s

capture in Michigan, and made no effort in returning appellant to Pickaway

County, but instead relied on the Pickaway County Sheriff’s Office to pick up

McKinney from Michigan and bring him back. The court reasoned that appellant

was responsible for McKinney appearing at his pre-trial hearing and it failed to

meet that obligation. It is this judgment that appellant appeals, asserting two

assignments of error.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S
MOTION TO RELEASE LIABILITY FOR DEFENDANT’S BOND
WHEN APPELLANT FULFILLED THE OBLIGATION ON BOND IN
COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW

II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S
MOTION TO RELEASE LIABILITY FOR DEFENDANT’S BOND
WHEN THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO COMPLY WITH
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

{¶6} In its first assignment of error, appellant admits that preventing the

escape of a defendant is a surety’s responsibility. However, appellant argues

that a surety may be excused from liability for a bond if it can show good cause

why it should not be held liable. Appellant claims it was never aware that
Pickaway No. 20CA17 4

McKinney was incarcerated in Michigan in September of 2020, but the Pickaway

County Sheriff’s Office was aware of his incarceration. Appellant asserts that it

had no legal right to take custody of McKinney from the Michigan jail, but the

sheriff could have extradited him and failed to do so. Appellant essentially

argues that the sheriff’s failure to extradite McKinney is good cause why

appellant should be released from liability for McKinney’s bond. Had the sheriff

extradited McKinney, he would have appeared before the trial court and

appellant would have been released from liability. Alternatively, appellant argues

the sheriff’s office could have informed appellant of McKinney’s incarceration in

Michigan so appellant could have seized McKinney upon his release and

returned him to Ohio, thereby satisfying its obligation on the bond.

{¶7} Appellant argues that the trial court erred in relying on Hughes

because it is distinguishable. Appellant claims that in Hughes, Cuyahoga County

had begun the extradition process and the bonding company could no longer do

anything to get the defendant back to Cuyahoga County. Thus, it was Cuyahoga

County’s obligation to get the defendant back to Ohio. However, when the

extradition hearing was scheduled, the defendant posted bond and fled again

thereby shifting responsibility back to the bonding company to produce the

defendant. Appellant contends that in this case it was the sheriff’s obligation to

bring McKinney back to Ohio by initiating an extradition proceeding, but it failed

to do so. Unlike in Hughes, the responsibility to return McKinney to Ohio never

reverted back to appellant; thus, appellant asserts that we should reverse the trial

court’s judgment denying its motion for release from liability.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 5

{¶8} In response, the state argues that the trial court did not err in denying

appellant’s motion for release from liability. Appellant was responsible for

securing McKinney’s appearance for the June 12th pre-trial, but failed to do so.

If this court held McKinney’s incarceration in Michigan relieved appellant of its

responsibility on the bond, then the state claims there would be no incentive for a

surety to track a fugitive. Rather, a surety could simply request to be released

from bond under the assumption that the defendant will be picked up in another

jurisdiction and extradited, while the surety walks free. Thus, the state asserts

that we should affirm the trial court’s judgment denying appellant’s motion for

relief from liability.

Law and Analysis

{¶9} “A trial court's bond-forfeiture decision is reviewed using an abuse-of-

discretion standard.” State v. Slider, 184 Ohio App.3d 68, 919 N.E.2d 775, ¶ 10

(4th Dist.), citing State v. Green, 9th Dist. Wayne App. Nos. 02CA0014 through

02CA0019, 2002-Ohio-5769, ¶ 11. An abuse of discretion is “more than an error

of law or judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary,

or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450

N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

{¶10} “Bail is security for the appearance of an accused to appear and

answer to a specific criminal * * * charge in any court or before any magistrate at

a specific time.” R.C. 2937.22(A), see also State v. Hughes, 27 Ohio St.3d 19,

20, 501 N.E.2d 622 (1986). Bail can be “cash or a bond.” State v. Dye, 2018-

Ohio-4551, 122 N.E.3d 678, ¶ 24 (5th Dist.), citing Black’s Law Dictionary 7th Ed.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 6

“A surety's recognizance bond is a contract between the surety and the state

whereby the state agrees to release the defendant into the surety's custody and

the surety agrees to ensure the defendant is present in court on the appearance

date.” City of Youngstown v. Edmonds, 2018-Ohio-3976, 119 N.E.3d 946, ¶ 12

(7th Dist.), citing State v. Lott, 2014-Ohio-3404, 17 N.E.3d 1167, ¶ 8 (1st.

Dist.); State v. Scherer, 108 Ohio App.3d 586, 591, 671 N.E.2d 545 (2d

Dist.1995).

{¶11} A surety may be exonerated from liability for a bond if it can show

“good cause by production of the body of the accused or otherwise.” R.C.

2937.36(C). Moreover, in certain circumstances “a promisor may be excused

from an obligation to the promisee when the performance promised is rendered

impossible by operation of law, if that impossibility was not foreseeable to the

promisor.” See Scherer, 108 Ohio App. 3d 586, 591, 671 N.E.2d 545 (2d

Dist.1995).

{¶12} Appellant relies on Scherer in support of its good cause argument.

According to appellant, it was impossible by operation of law for it to extradite

McKinney and it was not foreseeable the sheriff’s office was not going to

extradite him or inform it he was incarcerated in Michigan. But this Court finds

that the facts of Scherer are distinguishable and actually support the trial court’s

denial of releasing appellant from liability for McKinney’s bond. In Scherer, the

Greene County Court of Common Pleas released the defendant prior to

sentencing on bond, which required him to maintain his residence in Kentucky,

and not move without giving notice to the court. Scherer, 108 Ohio App.3d at
Pickaway No. 20CA17 7

589, 671 N.E.2d 545. When the court learned that the defendant moved without

leave, it issued a warrant for his arrest. Id. The defendant was arrested in

Kentucky and detained to face a probation violation for the offense he committed

in Ohio. Id. Kentucky revoked the defendant’s probation, and filed new charges

based on another offense he committed in Kentucky. Id. Consequently, he did

not appear for his sentencing in Ohio, and after a hearing, the court in Ohio

issued an entry forfeiting his bond. Id.

{¶13} On appeal, the surety argued Kentucky’s incarceration of the

defendant made its performance on the bond contract legally impossible. Id. at

590. The court of appeals recognized that a defendant voluntarily fleeing a

jurisdiction and becoming incarcerated in another jurisdiction was a reasonably

foreseeable event, and a surety is on notice of that possibility thereby precluding

the surety from escaping liability on the defendant’s bond. Id. at 591. However,

because the defendant in Scherer had not voluntarily fled to Kentucky, but

instead resided in Kentucky as a condition of his bond in Ohio, the court of

appeals found that “his subsequent incarceration in Kentucky did not proximately

result from any negligence of the sureties in failing to prevent his leaving Ohio.”

Id. at 594. Therefore, the court concluded that the surety had “good cause,”

which excused it from being liable for the defendant’s bond. Id.

{¶14} In contrast, if the bond indicates that the defendant “shall not depart

the jurisdiction without leave,” but nevertheless illegally departs Ohio on his or

her volition without leave of the court, the flight of the accused “is a business risk

that the surety assumes,” and a trial court does not err in forfeiting a bond under
Pickaway No. 20CA17 8

that circumstance. State v. Sexton, 132 Ohio App.3d 791, 794, 726 N.E.2d 554

(4th Dist.1999), citing Scherer, 108 Ohio App.3d at 593-594, 671 N.E.2d 545 (2d

Dist.1995); see also, State v. Jackson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200153, 2021-

Ohio-1646; State v. Ohayon, 12 Ohio App.3d 162, 467 N.E.2d 908 (8th

Dist.1983). As explained in Jackson:

Sureties make calculated business judgments in determining to
insure a defendant's appearance. As a part of this evaluation of
risk, it is foreseeable that a person would “flee,” voluntarily
leaving the state. It is also foreseeable that the fleeing defendant
would commit a crime in another jurisdiction and be unable to
return. Sureties have ways to reduce their risks, and undoubtedly
engage in a cost-benefit analysis in deciding what protections to
take as to any particular defendant.

Jackson at ¶ 18.

{¶15} In this case, the recognizance bond provided by appellant stated:

“DEFENDANT SHALL NOT LEAVE THE STATE OF OHIO.” Despite this

prohibition, McKinney failed to appear at his June 12, 2020 pre-trial conference,

at some point decided to leave Ohio, and was subsequently imprisoned in

Michigan on September 11, 2020 through the 13th. Under this court’s decision in

Sexton, we reject appellant’s argument that McKinney’s three-day incarceration

in Michigan was “good cause” that relieved appellant of its liability for McKinney’s

bond. As stated in Sexton, McKinney’s decision to leave Ohio was a business

risk that appellant assumed when it posted bond on his behalf. Moreover,

McKinney’s three-day incarceration in Michigan did not occur until approximately

three months after his failure to appear at his June 12, 2020 pre-trial hearing.

And aside that brief incarceration, appellant had approximately five and one-half

months to locate and return McKinney to Ohio, but failed to do so.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 9

{¶16} Contrary to appellant’s self-serving assertion, there is no evidence

in the record supporting its claim that the Pickaway County Sheriff’s Office was

aware that McKinney was incarcerated in Michigan in September of 2020. See

State v. Cambron, 2020-Ohio-819, 152 N.E.3d 824, ¶ 24 (4th Dist.) (Recognizing

that on appeal, we are limited to reviewing the trial court’s record). More

importantly, even accepting for argument sake that the sheriff’s office was aware

of McKinney’s incarceration in Michigan, and ignoring Sexton, appellant has not

cited any authority that would obligate the sheriff to extradite McKinney, or notify

appellant of McKinney’s incarceration. Therefore, we reject appellant’s argument

that the sheriff had a unilateral obligation to assist appellant regarding

satisfaction of its bond contract.

{¶17} In conclusion, it was appellant’s obligation to show good cause by

delivering McKinney to the court or “otherwise,” or alternatively by showing that it

was impossible for it to perform on the bond contract. Appellant failed to satisfy

either option. Therefore, we find that the trial court’s decision denying appellant’s

motion for release from liability for McKinney’s bond was not unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first

assignment of error.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

{¶18} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial

court erred in failing to provide it a hearing on the matter of the bond forfeiture.

Appellant claims that the purpose of a hearing is to give the surety time to locate

the defendant prior to the hearing and to avoid liability for the bond. By “failing to
Pickaway No. 20CA17 10

provide appellant its statutory requirement of a show cause hearing,”1 the trial

court deprived “appellant a final opportunity to be heard on the matter.”

Appellant cites State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21074, 2006-Ohio-

417, for the proposition that a court must hold a hearing before rejecting a

surety’s claim of good cause for purposes of relieving the surety of its liability on

the defendant’s bond. Therefore, appellant maintains that the trial court abused

its discretion by not holding a forfeiture hearing.

{¶19} In response, the state argues that R.C. 2937.26(C) requires a court

to notify a surety and permit the surety to “show cause” why it cannot produce

the accused, but it does not require the court to hold a hearing. The court

provided appellant notice that it needed to produce McKinney or forfeit the bond

in its June 23, 2020 entry. The court also provided appellant two extensions of

time to locate McKinney with the last hearing date set for November 18, 2020.

Additionally, the court afforded appellant more than the 45-day minimum required

by R.C. 2937.26(C) to locate McKinney. Therefore, the state claims that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in not holding a forfeiture hearing, and

appellant’s second assignment of error should be overruled.

Law and Analysis

{¶20} As we previously set out in the first assignment of error, an abuse of

discretion is “more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court’s

attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore,

5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

1
Although appellant argues that the trial court failed to hold a “show cause hearing,” courts refer to this as a “ ‘bond
forfeiture hearing.’ ” See State v. Clagg, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 19CA2, 2019-Ohio-4527, ¶ 5.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 11

{¶21} We begin our analysis with Johnson, the case relied upon by

appellant. In Johnson the defendant failed to appear for his sentencing hearing,

so the trial court issued an entry forfeiting the surety’s bond, and ordered the

surety to show “good cause” by April 25, 2009 why judgment should not be

entered against it. Johnson, 2006-Ohio-417, ¶ 5. Appellant moved the court for

a continuance of the defendant’s sentencing hearing on the grounds the

defendant was hospitalized with a serious gun-shot wound to the leg and was not

a threat to leave the jurisdiction. Id. at ¶ 7. Without first holding a hearing, the

trial court entered a judgment finding appellant did not show “good cause” why

the court should not enter an adjudication of forfeiture. Id. at ¶ 10. On appeal,

the court reversed stating in pertinent part that:

As a general rule, when grounds for relief are portrayed in a
written filing the court may grant the motion or application without
a hearing, but the court errs when it denies the motion without a
hearing to determine whether grounds exist. The court therefore
erred when it entered judgment on the forfeiture, rejecting the
grounds for good cause that the April 19, 2005 motion alleged,
without a hearing.

Id. at ¶ 22.

{¶22} As we recognized in analyzing appellant’s first assignment of error,

R.C. 2937.36(C) addresses the procedure upon forfeiture and provides:

Upon declaration of forfeiture, the magistrate or clerk of
the court adjudging forfeiture shall proceed as follows:
***
(C) As to recognizances the magistrate or clerk shall notify the
accused and each surety within fifteen days after the declaration
of the forfeiture by ordinary mail at the address shown by them in
their affidavits of qualification or on the record of the case, of the
default of the accused and the adjudication of forfeiture and
require each of them to show cause on or before a date certain
to be stated in the notice, and which shall be not less than forty-
Pickaway No. 20CA17 12

five nor more than sixty days from the date of mailing notice, why
judgment should not be entered against each of them for the
penalty stated in the recognizance. If good cause by production
of the body of the accused or otherwise is not shown, the court
or magistrate shall thereupon enter judgment against the
sureties * * *. (Emphasis added.)

{¶23} “The purpose of [R.C. 2937.36(C)] is to afford due process by

allowing the surety to be heard prior to the forfeiture.” City of Univ. Heights v.

Allen, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107211, 2019-Ohio-2908, ¶ 17, appeal not allowed

sub nom. Univ. Hts. v. Allen, 158 Ohio St. 3d 1421, 2020-Ohio-647, 140 N.E.3d

740, reconsideration denied, 158 Ohio St. 3d 1507, 2020-Ohio-2819, 144 N.E.3d

457. The term “hearing” is not found in R.C. 2937.36(C), and “it is the duty of the

court to give effect to the words used, not to delete words used or insert words

not used.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Lenegar, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 98CA521,

1999 WL 59727, at *4, citing Cline v. Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 61 Ohio St.3d 93,

97, 573 N.E.2d 77 (1991). In a case involving the sealing of an individual’s

criminal record, we found that even though the applicable statute, R.C. 2953.32,

required a court to “set a date for a hearing,” there was no language in the

statute that required the court to hold a hearing. State v. Clark, 4th Dist. Athens

No. 11CA8, 2011-Ohio-6354, ¶ 13. Therefore, based on the principal “ ‘we are

forbidden to add a nonexistent provision to the plain language of [a statute],’ ” we

concluded that “[t]here is no requirement that a hearing must be held.” Id.,

quoting State ex rel. Steffen v. Court of Appeals, First Appellate Dist., 126 Ohio

St.3d 405, 2010-Ohio-2430, 934 N.E.2d 906, ¶ 26.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 13

{¶24} The statute in this case merely mandates that a surety be afforded

an opportunity to “show cause” by a “date certain” that the surety has “good

cause by production of the body of the accused or otherwise.” Based on the

plain language of R.C. 2937.36(C), we disagree with Johnson’s conclusion that a

trial court is mandated to hold a hearing before entering judgment of forfeiture

against a surety in every instance. It is important to note that we are not

suggesting that courts should not hold forfeiture hearings. Most courts, including

this Court and the Supreme Court of Ohio have recognized that a hearing is the

typical vehicle used by courts for sureties to show good cause. See e.g. State v.

Holmes, 57 Ohio St. 3d 11, 13, 564 N.E.2d 1066 (1991); Slider, 184 Ohio App.

3d 68, 2009-Ohio-4179, 919 N.E.2d 775, ¶10 (4th Dist.). Rather, we find that in

limited circumstances where a surety has been afforded adequate due process

to show cause why it should not be held liable for a defendant’s bond, a hearing

may not be necessary.

{¶25} In this case, the trial court initially scheduled a bond-forfeiture

hearing for August 8, 2020. However, appellant filed a continuance of the

hearing seeking additional time to locate McKinney, which the trial court granted

and rescheduled for October 14, 2020. After failing to procure McKinney’s

appearance at the October hearing, appellant sought a second continuance. The

court also granted this continuance, and rescheduled the bond-forfeiture hearing

for November 18, 2020. Despite affording appellant approximately 5 months to

locate McKinney, significantly more than the statutorily-required 45-day

minimum, appellant was unable to deliver McKinney to the trial court.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 14

{¶26} Finally, mere days before the “date certain” of the November 18th

forfeiture hearing, appellant filed a motion seeking its release from liability for

McKinney’s bond arguing it had good cause for not delivering McKinney to the

trial court. Appellant has not argued on appeal that it had any further permissible

arguments that it could have asserted at the hearing that it did not assert in its

motion for release from liability.

{¶27} Considering that R.C. 2937.36(C) does not contain the word

“hearing,” and the particular circumstances in this case, we find that appellant

was afforded more than adequate due process not only to locate McKinney, but

to show good cause why it should not be held liable for McKinney’s bond, even

without a hearing. Therefore, we find that the trial court’s decision to issue a final

entry denying appellant’s motion for release from liability of McKinney’s bond

without first holding a forfeiture hearing was not unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. Accordingly, because we find the trial court did not abuse its

discretion, we overrule appellant’s second assignment of error.

CONCLUSION

{¶28} Having overruled both of appellant’s assignments of error, we affirm

the trial court’s judgment entry denying appellant’s motion to release it from

liability on McKinney’s bond.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Pickaway No. 20CA17 15

JUDGMENT ENTRY

It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that appellant shall
pay the costs.

The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Pickaway County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Hess, J. & Abele, J: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.

For the Court,

BY: ________________________
Kristy S. Wilkin, Judge

NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.