NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 19-2063
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
EUGENE SMITH,
Appellant
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
(D.C. Crim. No. 2-18-cr-00306-001)
District Judge: Honorable R. Barclay Surrick
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Argued: July 15, 2021
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Before: McKEE, GREENAWAY, JR., and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: September 10, 2021)
Richard Coughlin
Karina D. Fuentes [ARGUED]
Office of Federal Public Defender
1002 Broad Street
Newark, NJ 07102
Counsel for Appellant
Jennifer Arbittier Williams
Robert A. Zauzmer
Joan E. Burnes
Anita D. Eve
Bernadette A. McKeon [ARGUED]
Office of United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street
Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Counsel for Appellee
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OPINION*
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GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge.
Appellant Eugene Smith appeals his sentence and challenges: (1) the application
of a two-level role enhancement, pursuant to United States Sentencing Guidelines
(“U.S.S.G.”) § 3B1.1(c); (2) the application of a two-level enhancement for use of
sophisticated means, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C); (3) the calculation of the
loss amount used to calculate the guidelines range; and (4) the reasonableness of the final
sentence. The District Court did not clearly err in applying the sophisticated means
enhancement or in calculating the loss amount. However, because the District Court did
not provide sufficient explanation and factual findings to enable our review of the
application of the role enhancement, we will vacate the judgment of conviction and
remand for resentencing.
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
2
I. BACKGROUND
From at least December 2016 through January 2018, Smith organized the
production, sale, and distribution of counterfeit tickets to popular events, including
National Collegiate Athletic Association football and basketball games, National Football
League games, and concerts. The counterfeit tickets displayed the trademarks of several
organizations and agencies that are registered with the United States Patent and
Trademark Office. As part of this scheme, Smith purchased a genuine ticket to an event
and requested that another individual, the printer, produce counterfeit versions of the
tickets that bore the features of the genuine ticket, including specific seat and section
numbers. Smith and three other individuals would then travel to events nationwide to sell
the counterfeit tickets. These events included: the 2017 College National Championship
game in Tampa, Florida; the 2017 Super Bowl in Houston, Texas; the 2017 NBA All-Star
Game in New Orleans, Louisiana; the 2017 Army–Navy Game in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; and the 2018 Super Bowl in Minneapolis, Minnesota, among others.
After Smith’s scheme was uncovered, a grand jury returned an indictment,
charging Smith with one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1349; one count of wire fraud, and aiding and abetting wire fraud, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343 and 2; one count of conspiracy to traffic in counterfeit goods, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2320; and one count of trafficking in counterfeit goods, and
aiding and abetting the trafficking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2320(a)(1) and 2. Smith
entered a plea of guilty to all four counts.
3
The Probation Office provided the District Court with a Presentence Investigation
Report (“PSR”). The Probation Office set the total offense level at nineteen, including
(1) a two-level enhancement for Smith’s role and (2) a ten-level enhancement based on
the infringement amount of $173,250. The Probation Office did not include an
enhancement for the use of sophisticated means. Based on Smith’s criminal history and
this offense level calculation, the Probation Office determined that the appropriate
guidelines range was forty-six to fifty-seven months. Both the Government and Smith
filed objections to the PSR.
The District Court conducted a sentencing hearing. After hearing from the parties,
the District Court (1) applied the role enhancement, (2) applied the sophisticated means
enhancement because the offense occurred over several years, involved various
individuals, targeted events across the country, and employed a ticket selling process that
was “somewhat complicated, somewhat complex,” and (3) found that the loss was in
excess of $150,000. App 190. Consequently, the District Court sentenced Smith to fifty-
one months in prison, followed by three years of supervised release. The District Court
also ordered restitution in the amount of $77,850 and a special assessment of $400.
This timely appealed followed.
II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. This Court has
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We exercise plenary
review over challenges to a district court’s interpretation and application of the Federal
4
Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 570 (3d Cir. 2007) (en
banc). We review any associated factual determinations for clear error. United States v.
Bierley, 922 F.2d 1061, 1064 (3d Cir. 2009). In reviewing sentencing guidelines
determinations for clear error, this Court reverses “only if [it is] left with a definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Lessner, 498 F.3d
185, 199 (3d Cir. 2007). “Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the
factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States v. Beckett,
208 F.3d 140, 148 (3d Cir. 2000) (quoting Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574
(1985)).
III. DISCUSSION
A. ROLE ENHANCMENT
Smith first argues that the District Court erred when it applied a two-level role
enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1. Section 3B1.1(c) allows for a two-level
enhancement if the defendant was a “an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any
criminal activity.” To qualify for the enhancement, “the defendant must have been the
organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of one or more other participants.” § 3B1.1,
cmt. 2. A “participant” is defined as “a person who is criminally responsible for the
commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted. A person who is not
criminally responsible for the commission of the offense (e.g., an undercover law
enforcement officer) is not a participant.” § 3B1.1, cmt. 1.
5
Smith objected to the inclusion of the role enhancement in the PSR. The District
Court stated: “Mr. Smith was in fact the leader of this situation, the organizer/leader of
the situation . . . .” App. 191. Absent from the District Court’s statement is any factual
finding.
Smith contends that the District Court failed to sufficiently explain its decision to
apply the enhancement. We agree.
A district court must “adequately explain the chosen sentence to allow for
meaningful appellate review.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 50 (2007). Our review
of the District Court’s application of the role enhancement is deferential, see United
States v. Fountain, 792 F.3d 310, 321 (3d Cir. 2015) (reviewing the application of the
role enhancement for clear error), but we cannot defer to the District Court’s brief
conclusion, which is devoid of the requisite factual findings. For instance, the District
Court never made a factual finding as to who was the “participant” required for the
§ 3B1.1 enhancement to apply.1 See § 3B1.1, cmt. 2. While the Government may be
correct that there is enough information in the record to support a proper conclusion that
the enhancement applies, our precedent advises that this Court should not speculate
1
The printer and the other individuals who sold the counterfeit tickets are possible
participants, but this Court has no way of knowing who, if anyone, the District Court
determined was the participant who was organized, led, managed or supervised by Smith.
The Probation Office noted that the printer and the three individual sellers were all
participants, but the Government argues that only the printer was a participant for the
purposes of the § 3B1.1(c) enhancement. The Government asks us to guess that the
District Court based the enhancement on Smith’s relationship to the printer, and not to
the others as discussed in the PSR.
6
regarding what facts the District Court relied upon. See United States v. Tai, 750 F.3d
309, 319 (3d Cir. 2014) (“Under our precedent, the culpable participation of the person
being supervised is central to the applicability of an upward adjustment for role. The
question here then is whether the absence of such a finding of criminal culpability of a
participant constitutes plain error. We conclude that it does.”).2
We cannot discern whether the District Court committed error because it provided
an insufficient explanation on the record. Accordingly, we will vacate and remand to the
District Court for resentencing.
B. SOPHISTICATED MEANS ENHANCEMENT
Next, Smith contends that the District Court erred in applying an enhancement for
use of sophisticated means pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C). The Sentencing
Guidelines prescribe a two-point enhancement if an offense “involve[s] sophisticated
means and the defendant intentionally engaged in or caused the conduct constituting
2
Our sister courts have come to the same conclusion. See United States v. Burnley,
988 F.3d 184, 187-88 (4th Cir. 2021) (determining that “the district court’s explanation
[for applying the § 3B1.1 enhancement] is insufficient to facilitate meaningful appellate
review, so we remand for further fact-finding and resentencing”); United States v. Ware,
577 F.3d 442, 451–52 (2d Cir. 2009) (noting that “the sentencing court must make specific
findings as to why a particular subsection of § 3B1.1 adjustment applies,” that these
findings “must be sufficiently specific to permit meaningful appellate review,” and that
“[i]t is not enough for the court merely to repeat or paraphrase the language of the guideline
and say conclusorily that the defendant meets those criteria”); United States v. Tai, 994
F.2d 1204, 1212 (7th Cir. 1993) (rejecting the government’s argument that the record
included sufficient support for the enhancement because “it is not [the appellate] court’s
role to make the factual findings necessary to support a sentencing calculation; that is a
task for the district court”).
7
sophisticated means.” § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) (emphasis added). The commentary defines
“sophisticated means” as conduct that is “especially complex or especially intricate.” §
2B1.1 cmt. 9(B). The commentary includes specific examples of what would constitute
sophisticated means, such as hiding assets or transactions or using fictitious entities,
corporate shells, or offshore financial accounts. Id. Yet the commentary does not limit
the ways a defendant could use sophisticated means to facilitate his crime. See id. This
Court has said that factors to consider when making this determination include “the
duration of a scheme, the number of participants, the use of multiple accounts, and efforts
to avoid detection,” and that the “enhancement is appropriate where a defendant’s
conduct ‘shows a greater level of planning or concealment than a typical fraud of its
kind.’” Fountain, 792 F.3d 310 at 319 (quoting United States v. Fumo, 655 F.3d 288,
315 (3d Cir. 2011)).
At the sentencing hearing, after both the Government and Smith presented their
views on the applicability of this enhancement, the District Court stated:
After hearing all of the evidence and after hearing counsel’s respective
positions with regard to it, I’m satisfied that the sophisticated means
enhancement is appropriate in this situation. The crime here occurred over
an extended period of time, a couple years. There were a number participants
in it . . . . The scope of the endeavor was nationwide, actually. . . .
And I’m satisfied that this is not just a simple criminal endeavor. It was
somewhat complicated, somewhat complex: getting a ticket, getting [the
printer] to do the right thing, distributing those tickets in different areas. So
I’m satisfied under all the circumstances that the sophisticated means
enhancement is appropriate.
App. 190.
8
The District Court’s determination here was not clearly erroneous. The District
Court commented on the duration of the scheme, its nationwide scope, the number of
people involved, the work that went into creating counterfeit tickets, and it concluded that
Smith caused the printer to create the “right thing.” Id. Given these findings, we do not
find a reason to upset the District Court’s application of the sophisticated means
enhancement.
C. LOSS CALCULATION
Finally, Smith contends that the District Court and Probation Office wrongly
calculated the loss attributable to him for the purposes of computing his offense level.
The Probation Office advised that the loss amount should be calculated to reflect the
aggregate face value of the counterfeit tickets in accordance with U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3, and
that this produced a $173,250 loss amount.3 The Government also calculated the loss
amount at $173,250, but it did so pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1.4 The District Court
adopted this calculation.
3
Section 2B5.3 of the Guidelines, which governs offenses involving counterfeits,
defines an “infringing item” as one “that violates the copyright or trademark laws.”
U.S.S.G. § 2B5.1 cmt. 1. Section 2B5.3(b)(1)(B) counsels that if the infringement amount
exceeds $6,500, the offense level should be increased in accordance with the table in
§ 2B1.1.
4
Section 2B1.1 of the Guidelines enhances fraud sentences based on the amount
of “loss.” § 2B1.1(b)(1). The commentary defines “loss” as “the greater of actual loss or
intended loss.” § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A). “Actual Loss” is defined as “the reasonably
foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense.” § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A)(i).
“Intended Loss” is defined as “(I) . . . the pecuniary harm that the defendant purposely
sought to inflict; and (II) includes intended pecuniary harm that would have been
9
Pursuant to § 2B5.3, “[t]he infringement amount is the retail value of the infringed
item, multiplied by the number of infringing items” where “the infringing item (I) is, or
appears to a reasonably informed purchaser to be, identical or substantially equivalent to
the infringed item; or (II) is a digital or electronic reproduction of the infringed item.”
§ 2B5.1 n.2(A)(i). Here, the District Court did not err in determining the loss amount
attributable to Smith was $173,250.
Pursuant to § 2B5.3, the face value, or retail value, of the counterfeit tickets was
the “infringement amount,” and therefore the appropriate loss amount. The infringing
items were the counterfeit event tickets, printed at Smith’s direction, that had a price on
their face.
Similarly, the District Court did not err if § 2B1.1 had solely applied.5 Section
2B1.1 directs courts to utilize “the greater of actual loss or intended loss.” The “actual
loss” (the amount Smith received, $77,850) is less than the “intended loss” (defined as
“the pecuniary harm that the defendant purposely sought to inflict,” § 2B1.1 cmt.
3(A)(ii), which was determined to be the $173,250 face value of the tickets).
impossible or unlikely to occur (e.g., as in a government sting operation, or an insurance
fraud in which the claim exceeded the insured value).” § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A)(ii).
5
To the extent there is ambiguity in the record regarding the section employed by
the District Court, it does not hamper our review because in this case loss under either
section is based on the same predicate facts (the tickets’ face value), as to which the
District Court made express findings.
10
Therefore, the District Court did not clearly err in determining that the loss
attributable to Smith was $173,250.6
IV. CONCLUSION7
For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment of
sentence and remand for resentencing. The District Court need not reconsider the two-
level sentence increase for use of sophisticated means or revisit the loss calculation.
6
Relying on Judge Bibas’s concurrence in United States v. Nasir, 982 F.3d 144
(3d Cir. 2020), Smith argues that “this situation calls for the rule of lenity and the least
harsh interpretation.” Appellant’s Br. 34 (quotation marks and citations omitted). It is
true that the commentary in the Guidelines relied upon here more than doubled the loss
amount attributed to Smith—the actual loss was $77,850 (the amount Smith received for
the tickets), which would add eight levels, whereas the retail value used by the District
Court was $173,250, which added ten levels. See §2B1.1. However, this argument is
unavailing because, even if the concurring opinion was binding, the commentary here
specifically states that the greater of actual or intentional loss should be applied,
acknowledging that in some cases the amount of loss will be higher than the amount
intended. See § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A).
7
Smith also argues the final sentence imposed by the District Court was
substantively unreasonable. Given that we are vacating and remanding Smith’s sentence
on other grounds, we need not reach this argument at this posture. See e.g., United States
v. Merced, 603 F.3d 203, 214 (3d Cir. 2010) (“If the district court commits procedural
error, our preferred course is to remand the case for resentencing, without going any
further.”); United States v. Douglas, 885 F.3d 145, 154 n.6 (3d Cir. 2018) (“Because we
will remand for resentencing due to the erroneous application of the enhancement . . ., we
need not address the substantive reasonableness of the sentence.”).
11