delivered the opinion of the court.
By the second section of the statute of Massachusetts of 1797. ch. 63, being an act in addition to an act for the support and regulation of mills, it is provided that the party charged by the complaint may, by his plea, dispute the statement made by the complainant,and issue being joined thereon,the same is to be tried by a jury at the bar of the court, if it be an issue of fact ; but if of law, by the court themselves. Under this statute, Parsons C. J. says, in delivering the opinion of the court, in Lowell v. Spring 6 Mass. 398, that the respondent may deny that he is the owner of the dam, which may have occasioned the flowing, it would doubtless under this statute have been equally competent for the respondent to deny, that any flowing was caused by the dam.
By the second section, ch. 45, of the revised statutes of this State, which provides for the regulation of mills, the party charged in the character of owner or occupant of the mill, is to be notified to appear and show' cause, if any he has, why a warrant should not issue in the manner, and for the purposes,prayed for in the complaint. The third section provides for the trial of an issue, if of fact, by a jury at the bar of the court; or if of law, by the court themselves; which may be joined upon a plea of the respondent, denying the tille of the complainant to the lauds alleged to have been flowed, or claiming a rh»ht to flow such lands, without payment of damages, or for an agreed composition. This second section is a re-enactment of the second section of the statute of Massachuselts before cited, omitting the specification of a plea, in which the respondent may dispute the statement made by the complainant. The fourth section of the revised statute provided that, if the owner or occupant of the mill shall *324not appear, or appearing shall not show sufficient cause, the court may issue a warrant to the sheriff, or his deputy, to em-pannel a jury, who “shall be sworn to make a true and faithful appraisement of the yearly damages done to the complainant, by so flowing his lands, and how far the same may be necessary.” And if such jury find that “ no damage is done to the complainant by flowing his land, as aforesaid, the respondent shall recover his costs.” By the additional act of February, 1S24, ch. 261, the fourth and fifth sections of the revised statute of this State, before cited, are repealed ; and, as a substitute, it is by the additional act provided “ that if any owner or occupant of a mill, being notified as directed in the second section of the act, to which this is in addition, shall not appear, or appearing shall not show sufficient cause, the court, in which the complaint therein mentioned may be pending, may appoint three or more disinterested freeholders of the same county, to make true and faithful appraisement, under oath, of the yearly damages, if any, by flowing his said lands, and how far the same may be necessary.”
By the statutes of this State, both in the trial by the sheriff’s jury, and in the examination afterwards substituted by commissioners, two facts are taken for granted ; that the party charged is the owner and occupant of the mill; and that the complainant’s lands are flowed by reason of the dam, appertaining to such mill. These facts therefore, are not made the subjects of their inquiry. If then the pleas, specified in the third section of the revised statute of Maine, are the only ones which the party charged can be allowed to plead, he may have a just defence, and yet be altogether precluded from making it ; which the legislature could certainly never have intended. The pleas stated in the third section, cannot be considered as designed to exclude others, which show the complaint unfounded, and which are not subjected to the examination of the commissioners.
The respondent is notified to show cause why the court should not proceed to the appointment of commissioners, to ascertain the extent of the injury, in conformity with the statute ; which is to be done only, if no sufficient cause be shown against it. Any *325plea, showing that the process ought to abate, as coverture, for instance, on the part of the respondent,, would be a sufficient cause. So the respondent might, by demurrer, object to the complaint, as insufficient in law on the face of it, to charge him. Or he might plead that he was not the owner or occupant of the mill and dam, as averred in the complaint, by which the injury was occasioned ; or that the lands of the complainant were not flowed by reason of the dam. Either of these pleas would show sufficient cause why further proceedings should not be had; and they are in their nature preliminary to the appraisement to be made by the commissioners.
Whether the flowing of land at a distance from the dam, is or is not occasioned by it, may often be a nice question, as it ivas in the present case. If it could easily be determined by a view, that might best be made by the commissioners ; although, as before stated, their proceedings are predicated upon the assumption of the fact, that the complainant’s lands are flowed by the respondent’s dam. The precise fall of water,from one point to another, at a distance, can be ascertained only by accurate instruments, adapted to the purpose, in the hands of those, who are skilful in the use of them. And when that is known, what influence a dam may have upon the waters of a stream above, or of the larger collections from which it flows, is not always, it is believed, a question of very easy solution ; or one of mere calculation, upon any well ascertained principles of science. Thebes! evidence upon this point would arise from proof of the state of the waters prior and subsequent to its erection ; making proper allowance for the difference of seasons. And from this comparison, especially if proved by those who had made accurate observations for a succession of years, a jury might he enabled lo come to a satisfactory result; taking care, as they ought to do, the bur-then of proof being on the complainant, not to find for him upon this point, unless the fact be made out clearly, and beyond reasonable doubt.
That the complainant’s land is flowed by the respondent’s dam, is the very gravamen or injury complained of; the respondent must therefore he received to deny this fact, and if he do, the *326complainant must be holden to prove it. No provision having been made for the trial of this question by the commissioners; if tried at all, it must be, as other issues of fact are, by a jury at the bar of the court.
The averment that the complainant’s land has been flowed by the respondent’s dam, is established by the verdict of the jury. Had they found otherwise, the complaint could not have been sustained ; and the respondent would have been entitled to judgment. Notwithstanding the parties have, by their pleadings, Submitted to the jury, and they have found matter, which is the proper subject of consideration for the commissioners, namely that the complainant’s land is rendered of no value, by reason of the flowing ; yet we may regard this part of their verdict as surplusage, and consider it as conclusive only upon the fact of flowing.
The motion to set aside the verdict is overruled, and three disinterested freeholders within the county are to be appointed to examine, appraise, and report, according to the provisions of the statute.