The opinion of the Court was drawn up by
Shepley J.— It appears from the report of the case, that Arretta Bryant and others, on October 21, 1837, conveyed a farm in Newcastle to Nathan W. Sheldon and took back a mortgage of the premises to secure the payment of about one thousand dollars. That the tenant paid about thee hundred dollars, and the balance remained unpaid. That N. W. Sheldon on October 20, 1841, signed and sealed a deed of indenture of two parts between himself and Ebenezer D. Rob*572inson, purporting to convey the farm to Robinson in trust, to permit Bartlett Sheldon and Lucy H. his wife, and their heirs, to enjoy the use and occupation forever.
On the fifteenth of February following, the tenant, having this deed, called with Robinson upon Ebenezer Webb, and Robinson in his presence signed and sealed the deed, which was left with Webb till the tenant paid a sum of money, which Nathan was bound to pay, and if it was paid within a certajn. time, the deed was to be put on record, otherwise to be null and. void and to be given up, In June following, this deed was, in the presence and by the consent of the tenant and Naihan and Robinson, given up to Nathan, upon a statement that the money had not been paid, and he cut his name out of it, and carried it away. Robinson was examined as a witness by the tenant, and testified, that the deed was never delivered to him. The demandant caused his execution to be levied on the estate as the property of the tenant, on February 17, 1842, two days after the deed had been signed and sealed by Robinson,
The counsel for the demandant contends, that the testimony of Robinson should not have been received to prove, that the deed was not delivered to him, because one of the subscribing witnesses had not been called to testify, Webb, who was the subscribing witness to the execution by Robinson, had before been examined by the demandant. If the other subscribing witness had any knowledge of the execution by him and of what then took place, it was not necessary to call more than one of the two subscribing witnesses, before other testimony might be legally admitted. 1 Stark, Ey. 323. It is also insisted, that the deed itself furnished proof, that it was delivered to Robinson ; for he accepted the trust and covenanted to execute it, and cannot be permitted to contradict his own deed, and avoid his own covenants. Delivery is essential to the operation of a deed as a valid instrument; and whatever recitals or covenants it may contain, they cannot bind the parties without it, That testimony of Robinson did not contradict his covenants in the deed. It only proved, that those *573covenants as expressed in the deed, never became binding upon him. At least this would have been the effect, if there had not been a delivery of the deed to a third person. The instrument could not have operated to convey the estate by the execution of one of the two intended parties, especially as the other could not be presumed to accept a conveyance imposing a burthen and conferring no benefit upon him. If it became operative to convey the estate, it must have been made so by the proceedings, when it was executed by Robinson.
The law, as stated in Com. Dig. Fait, A 3, is, “if it be delivered as his deed to a stranger to be delivered to the party upon performance of a condition, it shall be his deed presently; and if the party obtains it he may sue before the condition performed.” The same doctrine is stated in the case of Wheelwright v. Wheelwright, 2 Mass. R. 452. It appears to have been denied in the case of Johnson v. Baker, 4 B. & A. 440. And to have been held, in the case of Fairbanks v. Metcalf, 8 Mass. R. 230, that where the deed was in form delivered to the grantee and immediately afterward, according to the agreement of the parties, delivered to a third person, it did not become the deed of the grantor until the delivery by the third person. The doctrine seems to have been again in substance admitted in the case of Murray v. The Earl of Stair, 2 B. & C. 82. A technical rule, which would operate so inequitably as to dispense with the performance of a condition, when the possession of the deed must be obtained by the grantee by a breach of trust, should be clearly established. But it is not necessary in this case to examine the cases, which are referred to as the foundation of it, or to decide, whether it can be clearly established or not; for there is no proof of a formal delivery of the instrument by the grantor as his deed. And the case last named shows that the intention of the parties respecting a delivery is to prevail, and that it is not necessary, that there should be an express declaration, that it was delivered as an escrow to make it such. That if the delivery was conditional so as not to constitute any *574present obligation, it was an escrow and not a deed. The concurrent testimony of the witnesses, Webb and Robinson, proves that the deed was left with Webb, to become effectual as a conveyance of the estate only upon the condition, that the tenant should pay certain sums of money, which Nathan W. Sheldon was bound to pay. It is alleged, that this condition was void for uncertainty, because the witnesses could not state, to whom payment was to be made, nor the amount or time of the payment. These matters become sufficiently apparent, except as to the time of the payment, by the mortgage, which discloses the amount and the persons, to whom N. W. Sheldon was bound to make payment. And the time, if essential to the validity of the condition, is shown to have elapsed without payment, or á performance of the condition. It is also said, that there is no evidence, that the grantor annexed any such condition to the delivery. There is no proof of any delivery by him, except through the agency of the tenant, to whom the deed partly executed appears to have been entrusted, to have it executed by the trustee and deposited with Webb to secure the payment due on the mortgage. This is disclosed as well by the nature of the transaction as by the admission of the parties present at the time when the deed was cancelled.
The case presented is then, that of an instrument not delivered to the grantee, but to a third person to be delivered to him upon the performance of a condition, which never was performed, and it was but an escrow and not a deed. And although it might have been effectual, from the time of its delivery to Webb, to convey the title, if the condition had been performed, without such performance it conveyed no title to the grantee, and the demandant must fail to show any title in the tenant, on which his execution could be levied. Fairbanks v. Metcalf, 8 Mass. R. 230; Graham, v. Graham, 1 Ves. Jr. 274; Hooper v. Ramsbothom, 6 Taunt. 12.
It is not perceived that the demandant, upon the testimony presented in this case, can maintain the action.