This is a writ of error to reverse a judgment rendered in the municipal court for the town of Brunswick. The rulings at nisi prius were against the plaintiff in error, exceptions were taken, and in support of the exceptions the argument relies upon one essential ground, variously stated in several of the assignments of error. It is insisted that the judgment is erroneous,.because before it was rendered the judge of that court had vacated his office by accepting an election to the legislature, and by qualifying and acting as a member of that body. By that fact, it is claimed, the judge ceased to hold his office, became a member of the legislative, and could not be at the same time of the judicial department, and any judgment subsequently rendered by him was necessarily without jurisdiction and erroneous.
Independently of this claim, itis urged that, even if the authority of the judge had not expired, the court did not have jurisdiction of an action, involving the title to real estate, where the damages claimed exceeded twenty dollars. But we think the jurisdiction of the court was clear under the special laws of 1874, c. 565. Both the parties resided, and the land was situated, in Brunswick, *209and tho terms of that act gave the court " exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of forcible entry and detainer in said town.” This is in addition to "concurrent jurisdiction with trial justices, in cases of forcible entry and detainer” in the county, and "also concurrent original jurisdiction with the supeiior court for the county of Cumberland in all civil actions at law, where the damage demanded does not exceed fifty dollars,” when the parties, or one of them and a trustee, are residents of the county.
We have no doubt that under these provisions, and under E. S., c. 94, § 4, the court had jurisdiction of a process of forcible entry and detainer, inserted in a writ, and claiming damage in the sum of fifty dollars, -when both parties lived in Brunswick, and the land -was there situated.
■ We recur, then, to the principal inquiry in the case, and the conclusion wre have reached upon that -will render it unnecessary to consider whether, if the judgment were void, as the plaintiff claims, a -writ of error was or was not the appropriate remedy. There is nothing to prevent, and we prefer to decide the main issue, rather than any question of the form of process.
That the two offices, judge of the municipal court and member of the legislature, were incompatible, cannot be denied. Constitution of Maine, art. 9, § 2. Commonwealth v. Hawkes, 123 Mass. 525.
That to accept and qualify for one of these offices, while holding the other, would be a resignation of tho one first held, is a rule already adopted by this court. Stubbs v. Lee, 64 Maine, 195.
It follows that when Judge Humphreys was qualified as-a member of the legislature, his strictly legal authority to act as judge of the municipal court ceased. He -was no longer judge de jure. If he continued to exercise the functions of a judge, he might have been ousted by an information in the nature of a quo warranto. Commonwealth v. Hawkes, 123 Mass. 525.
But the immediate question under considei'ation is, what was the character of his acts, as to validity or invalidity, during such continuance in the exercise of the duties of his judicial office, after expiration of the legal tenure. They must be void, unless *210they are to be upheld on the ground that a judge holding oyer, under such circumstances, is to be regarded as an officer defacto.
In State v. Carroll, 38 Conn. 449, after an elaborate review of the English and American cases on this subject, it is said, "the defacto doctrine was introduced into the law as a matter of policy and necessity, to protect the interest of the public and individuals, where those interests were involved in the official acts of persons exercising the duties of an office, without being lawful officers. It was seen, as was said in Knowles v. Luce, Moore, 109, that the public could not reasonably be compelled to inquire into the title of an officer, nor be compelled to show a title, and these became settled principles in the law. But to protect those who dealt with such officers when apparent incumbents of offices under such apparent circumstances of reputation, or color, as would lead men to suppose they were legal officers, the law validated their acts as to the public and third persons, on the ground that, as to them, although not officers de jure, they were officers in fact, whose acts public policy required should be considered valid.”
On this ground it was held that a justice of the peace, temporarily holding a city court, under a law alleged to be unconstitutional, Avas at least, under the circumstances of that case, an officer de facto, if not de jure, and judgments rendered by him were valid.
"An officer de facto,” the court say, "is one whose acts, though not those of a lawful officer, the law upon principles of policy and justice will hold valid so far as they involve the interests of the public and third persons, where the duties of the office were exercised;
"First, without a known appointment or election, but under such circumstances of reputation or acquiescence as were calculated to induce people without inquiry, to submit to, or invoke his action, supposing him to be the officer he assumed to be.
"Second, under color of a known and valid appointment or election, but where the officer had failed to conform to some precedent requirement or condition, as to take an oath, give a bond and the like.
*211"Third, under color of a known election or appointment, void, because the officer was not eligible, or because there was a want of power in the electing or appointing body, or by reason of some defect or irregularity in its exercise, such ineligibility, want of power, or defect being unknown to the public.
"Fourth, under color of an election or appointment by or-pursuant to a public unconstitutional law, before the same is. adjudged to be such.”
It is clear that the first of these specifications was intended to include the case of an officer holding over after the expiration of' his term, or after it has been determined in any other way than, by lapse of time, as well as that of one who assumes the office' without an original appointment or election. In either case, at the time referred to, the officer is "without a known appointment or election” to uphold his acts. "In the case of public officers, who are such de facto, acting under color of office by an election or appointment not strictly legal, or without having qualified themselves by the requisite tests, or by holding over after the-period prescribed for a new appointment, as in the case of sheriffs, constables, &c.; their acts are held valid as respects the rights-of third persons who have an interest in them, and as concerns, the public, in order to prevent a failure of justice.” 2 Kent. 295..
In a learned note which Judge Redeiel» adds to the opinion,, cited from the Connecticut court, Law Register, March, 1873, it is said: " The result of all the cases seems to be that an officer ■ defacto is just what the term implies — one who by right, but without having complied with all the formal requisites and qualifications, or else by mistake and misapprehension, or perhaps by downright wrong and gross usurpation, is for the time exercising-the functions of the office, and whom from necessity all persons-having to do with such functions must employ, and to whose acts all must submit, since he holds the insignia of the office, and the power to enforce obedience to his demands.” From its statement of the general rule in regard to the validity of the acts of officers. defacto, the note excludes the cases where the office itself is in. conflict, two or more persons claiming to hold it and each denying the authority of the other. To that class of cases, it is unnecessary *212'for the present purpose to determine what distinct considerations may apply.
In Wilcox v. Smith, 5 Wendell, 232, it was held that an -execution issued by one who had acted as a justice of the peace for three years was a protection to an officer in taking property •on it, although there was no proof that the justice came into office under color of an election. "The principle is well settled that the acts of officers de facto are as valid and effectual, when ' they concern the public or the rights of third persons, as though they were officers de jure. The affairs of society could not be ■carried on upon any other principle.”
The same rule is held in Brown v. Lunt, 37 Maine, 423, with a citation of authorities, and discussion of principles which leave very little to be added on the subject.
It is necessary only to add that the precise question under -consideration has been recently determined by the supréme court • of Massachusetts, in Sheehan’s Case, 122 Mass. 445, where it is . said, "If Mr. Hawkes upon taking his seat in the house of representatives ceased to be a justice de jure, he was, by color of the • commission which he still assumed to hold and act under, having the usual signs of judicial office — sitting in the court, using its -seal and attended by its clerk — and no other person having been ¿appointed in his stead, .a justice de facto. Upon well settled •principles, it would be inconsistent with the convenience and ;security of the public, and with a due regard to the rights of one ; acting in an official capacity, under the color of, and a belief in ’lawful authority to do so, that the validity of his acts as a .justice should be disputed, or the legal effect of his election and ■ qualification as a representative be determined in this proceeding •to which he is not a party. The appropriate form of trying his ¿right to exercise his office as a justice is by information in behalf ■ of the Commonwealth, or perhaps by action against him by the ■person injured.”
Upon habeas corpus, the court refused to release a prisoner 'committed by the magistrate under such circumstances, although' upon information filed, as we have seen — 123 Mass. 525 — it was *213held that the two offices were incompatible, and that by taking his seat in the house of representatives the defendant legally vacated his judicial office.
Exceptions overruled.
Appleton, C. J., Walton, Virgin, Peters and Libbey, JJ., concurred.