Dissenting ObiNION by
AppletoN, C. J.This is an indictment against the defendant for malicious mischief, under the provisions of R. S., c. 127, § 1, which provides that " whoever wilfully or maliciously kills, wounds, maims, disfigures or poisons any domestic animal . shall be punished by imprisonment not more than four years, or by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars.” It will be perceived that the largest discretion is allowed in regard to the punishment to be inflicted or the fine to be imposed.
The indictment alleges that the defendant on July 24, 1882, at Waldoboro, in the county of Lincoln, " with force and • arms one Newfoundland dog, called 'Rich,’ of the value of one hundred dollars of the goods and chattels of John D. Miller, then and there in the inclosure and immediate care of his master being, did then and there wilfully and maliciously kill and destroy,, against the peace of said state and contrary to the form of the' statute in such case made and provided.”
*566To this the defendant has demurred, thereby admitting- the truth of the allegations contained in the indictment.
The main question is whether a dog is a " domestic animal,” for if he be, the defendant is guilty by his own admission and should be held criminally liable.
A dog is the subject of ownership. Trespass will lie for an injury to him. Trover is maintainable for his conversion. Replevin will restore him to the possession of his master. He may be bought and' sold. An action may be had for his price. The owner has all the remedies for the vindication of his rights of property in this animal as in any other species of personal property he may possess.
He is a domestic animal. From the time of the pyramids to the present day, from the frozen pole to the torrid zone, wherever man has been there has been his dog. Cuvier has asserted that the dog was perhaps necessary for the establishment of civil society and that a little reflection will convince us that barbarous nations owe much of their civilization above the brute to the possession of the dog. He is the friend and companion of his master — accompanying him in his walks, his servant, aiding him in his hunting, the playmate of his children — an inmate of his house, protecting it against all assailants.
It may be said that he was "ferce naturce ” but all animals, naturalists say, were originally "ferae naturce,” but have been reclaimed by man, as horses, sheep or cattle, but however tamed, they have never like the dog, become domesticated in the home under the roof and by the fireside of their master.
The dog was a part of the agricultural establishment of the Romans and is treated of as such. There were the canes villatici to guard the villa of the Roman senator, the canes venatici accompanying him in his hunting expeditions, and the canes pastorcdes'bj ■whom his flocks were guarded. Virgil in his G-eorgics, has •given direction as to their management and education. Today, in many countries they are used for draught, as in France .and Holland, and every where regarded as possessing value and .as the subject matter of traffic.
*567The language of the statute is most general, " any domestic animal.” The words are not technical or words of art. They are the words of the common people and should be construed as such. Nothing would more astonish the people for whom the laws are made than to learn that a bull or a hog was a domestic animal and that a dog was not.
The lexicographers define a dog as a " domestic animal.” "A well known domestic animal.” Johnson’s Dictionary. "A well known domestic animal of the genus ccinis.” Worcester’s Dictionary. In Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, he is defined as " a well known domestic animal.” Olway the poet, says of them,
“ They ape honest creatures And ne’er betray their masters, never fawn On any they love not.”
So, in the encyclopedias he is cams familiaris, and called a domestic animal; so that in the ordinary use of language he is within the clear provisions of the statute under which this indictment was found. " The domestic dog has occasioned many legal disputes and the presumption of the common law of England is that he is tame.” Campbell on Negligence, § 27.
By R. S., c. 6, § 5, a tax is imposed on dogs. This is a distinct and statutory recognition of their being property and having value, and that the owner has the same rights to their protection that he has for anything else he may own. In New York, dogs were taxed and this was held to be a statutory recognition of them as property and that they were the subjects of larceny. In The People v. Maloney, 1 Park, (N. Y.) Cr. 598, the court say that if there was no statute on the subject, they should feel bound by the rules of the common law, but " the revised statutes are inconsistent with the common law rule. By them dogs are so far regarded as property as to be in certain cases, the subject of taxation. The owner is made liable for the acts of his dog, thus recognizing that the dog has an owner and consequently that the thing owned is property. For every civil purpose, not only by statute, but by the decisions of courts, a dog is regarded as property.” "All of the distinctions as to animals/era naturas” observes Settle, J., "as to their generous and base natures, *568which we find in the English books, will not hold good in this: 'country.We take the true criterion to be the value of the animal, whether for the food of man, for its fur or otherwise.”
In the present case the Newfoundland dog, "Rich,” of the value of one hundred dollars, was "in the inclosure and immediate care of his master.” He was domesticated.
Whether the property of the master was originally of a qualified nature or not is immaterial. The dog was under his dominion and control. " While this qualified property continues, it is as much under the protection of law as any other property and every invasion of it is redressed in the same manner.” 2 Kent’s Com. 349.
A dog being a " domestic animal” and property, an indictment is maintainable under R. S., c. 127, § 1, for his malicious destruction. When the statute made malicious mischief indictable, it was held that a dog was the subject of absolute property and the killing of one under the act prohibiting malicious mischief was- an indictable offence. State v. Sumner, 2 Porter, (Ind.) 377. There is such property in dogs as to, sustain an indictment for malicious mischief. State v. Latham, 13 Iredell, 33. In State v. McDuffee, 34 N. H. 523, which was like this, for maliciously shooting a dog,’ Fowler, J., says, "We can see no reason why the property of its owner in a valuable dog is not quite as deserving- of protection against the wilful and malicious injury of the reckless and malignant, as property in fruit, shade or ornamental trees, whether standing- in the garden or yard of their owner or in a public street, or any other species of personal property.” Hog-s have been included under "property” and their malicious destruction has been held indictable. 2 Wharton’s Cr. Law, 1082. A fortiori is it so, when the owner is subject to taxation for his dog.
It is objected that the indictment does not describe the dog- as "a domestic animal.” But that is not required, if he be one, any more than it would be to say that a bull, a ram or a sow is a domestic animal. When the statute made it indictable " maliciously” to wound, kill, &c. any horse, cattle or other " domestic *569beast,” an indictment for wounding a bog, without averring that it was a " domestic beast ” was held on the English authorities to be good. The State v. Enslow, 10 Iowa, 115. If the court will take cognizance that a hog or a bull is a domestic animal or beast without its averment in an indictment, much more will they that the dog is such animal.
Keliance is placed onE,. S., c. 30, § § 2, 3 and 4, which impose certain liabilities on the owners of dogs. But these provisions, instead of sustaining, negative the defence. They imply ownership and liability on the part of the owner. They assume the relationship of the household. They recognize the domesticity of the dog — as having an owner or keeper, and of minors and servants as owners and keepers, and make the parent, guardian, master or mistress of such minor or servant responsible for the damages done by the dog so owned. The dog appertains to the household of which the master or mistress is made liable for his misdoings. The owner or keeper thus made responsible for the misdoings of his taxable dog or that of his children should not be left without legal protection when this property is wilfully and maliciously destroyed.
It is true that by § 2, any one may kill a dog under certain conditions therein set forth. But the very section impliedly negatives the right to kill except only when those conditions exist. By its provisions " any person may lawfully kill a dog that assaults him or any other person when^ieaceably walking or riding, &c. But it gives no-general right to kill dogs. The killing is only lawfully done when the person killing is peaceably walking or riding, &c. and not otherwise.
It is said that " if a person is liable to be convicted for killing a dog under c. 127, he may be punished for what he has a legal right to, under c. 30.” Not so. He cannot be punished under c. 127, if the killing was justified under the provisions of c. 30. The statutes are perfectly consistent.
But it is argued thatthe indictment should negative the authority to kill in the cases mentioned in § 2. Such is not the law. The indictment follows the statute. It sets forth clearly an offence. If committed, it is for the accused to establish a justification. *570When the enacting clause of a penal statute describes the offence with certain exceptions it is necessary to state in the indictment all the circumstances which constitute the offence and to negative the exceptions. State v. Keen, 34 Maine, 501. But this principle is not applicable here.
It is to be remarked that the statute, c. 200, of the laws of 1877, requiring the licensing and registration of dogs and that they should wear a collar round the neck with the owner’s name thereon, was repealed by c. 72, of the laws of 1878. If it would have been necessary, had the first named statute been in force to have set forth in the indictment, as in State v. McDuffee, 34 N. H. 527, the facts of such license and registration, which we think it was not, the statute being repealed, those allegations would no longer be required.
The decisions cited in support of the defence do not apply. In Blair v. Forehand, 100 Mass. 137, and in the other cases in Massachusetts, the killing of the dogs was justified under the police laws of the state authorizing the killing of dogs not licensed nor having a collar. But there are no such statutes in this state — hence their utter want of applicability.
Exceptions overruled.