Dissenting Opinion.
Savage, J.I am unable to concur in the opinion of the court. And the importance of the decision, as affecting municipal development in this state both now and hereafter, seems to justify me in placing on record the reasons which govern my dissent.
The situation may be fairly summarized as follows: The inhabitants of the city of Waterville desired the present use of a city hall building, which by reason of the constitutional debt limit they were unable to build by borrowing money therefor. The city, being indebted already beyond its debt limit, could not incur any debt for that purpose. It owned land which had already been devoted to and used for city hall purposes. It was willing that the land and the new building which might be built upon it should be held for the payment of the cost of the building. In consideration of the use of the building, the city was willing to be bound to pay the actual current expenses, and a sum equivalent to the interest on the. cost of the building, and to assume liability for such damages as might be incurred in the construction of the building. The city also desired to have the right to pay, at its option, whenever it could constitutionally do so, the cost of the building, at one time or in installments. None of these things, however, could be done, if thereby the city was to incur a debt or liability, within the meaning of the constitution. The legislature sought to enable the inhabitants of the city of Waterville to accomplish these purposes by the act creating the City Hall Commission.
I concede all that is said in the opinion of the court concerning the cordial, even intimate, relations between the Commission and the city. I see no reason why they should not be so.
The personnel of the Commission, the manner in which its mem*314bers should be chosen, and its duties and powers concerned only two classes — the inhabitants of the city and the prospective bondholders. It mattered not how closely the city was enabled to control the doings of the Commission or the management of the building, if those proposing to buy bonds were satisfied. That was merely a matter of regulative machinery. Nor did it matter, I think, if, as stated in the opinion, the city would have the title to the building, subject to the lien of the bondholders. That lien is their substantial protection; and if they were satisfied, no one else should complain. Nor is it of any particular consequence whether the city in its occupancy of the building is correctly styled a tenant, or whether the compensation it is to pay for the use of the building is properly a rental. These are merely names.
There seems to me to be no good reason why the city, with legislative permission, under these circumstances, may not divest itself of the right to the use of the building unless it pays what is equivalent .to a fair rental. It seeks to put the property in trust for the benefit of those persons who advance money for the purpose of building it, and for the purposes of the trust it is to pay a compensation, which in the legislative act is styled rent. It is to remain in the possession and control, to be sure, but this privilege is subject to the duty of paying the compensation. If an individual places his property in trust, is it not permissible for him to agree to pay a rent in consideration of retaining the use?
All these things do, indeed, show the relations which the city bears to the building and to the Commission. Aside from the constitutional limit upon municipal indebtedness, I am unable to see why such relations may not properly be created by the legislature. And it is the legislature which has attempted to create them in this case. It must be remembered that we are not dealing with natural persons. These relations are not to be deemed colorable, as is frequently the case in the relations between private individuals, and as was the case in Gross v. Jordan, cited in the opinion, The relations in this case were created by law, by the statute, by the only body which had the right to create them. Both the city and the Commission are creatures of the legislature. Their powers, *315duties and responsibilities are all limited by the legislature, and subject to legislative change and regulation.. The same power which created the city of Waterville also created the Commission, and granted to it certain powers and imposed certain duties. Burlington Water Works v. Woodward, 49 Iowa, 58.
These relations are lawful, unless by operation of this statute the municipal debt of Waterville would be increased. The statute creating this Commission should be construed, like every other statute, according to the clear-' intention of the legislature as expressed therein. That intention, I take it, was that the city might put its city hall lot into a trust; that the trustee might hire money for the construction of a city hall on the security of the property alone; that the city should not in any event be liable for the debt; that the city.might have the possession and control of the building by paying annually therefor a fair compensation, but not otherwise; and that the city might pay from time to time, or at one time, if it could constitutionally, the amount necessary to redeem the property from the bondholders. This is all there is .to it.
The real question, however, underlying all others, is whether this legislation is in contravention of the constitution of Maine, in that it may increase the debt of the city beyond its limit.
Whatever may be the opinion of the court of the wisdom or expediency of this instrumentality devised as a part of municipal government in the city of Waterville, if its operation does not tend, directly or indirectly, “to increase the debt or liability” of the city of Waterville; it should not be held to violate the constitutional provision referred to. To the legislature, and not to the court, has been assigned the power to create municipal corporations and municipal governments, and the duty to modify, regulate and control them for the best interests of the people. With the exercise of this duty we should not interfere, unless the legislature oversteps the organic law of the state. The city is the creature of the state. Its powers and duties are defined and limited by the state, acting through the legislature. The state can abolish it and substitute another instrumentality in its place. The state may create, within the town or city, other municipal instrumentalities, *316in furtherance of the public weal, as, for instance, village corporations, fire and sewerage districts, all performing municipal duties, which otherwise would devolve, or might have been devolved, upon the town or city itself. The state in some instances has created commissions to aid in municipal regulation, like police commissions and fire commissions, answerable not to the municipality, but to the statutes which created them.
I think it is not to be questioned that such legislation is within the power of the legislature. No. Yarmouth v. Skillings, 45 Maine, 133; People v. Draper, 15 N. Y. 532.
The complainants charge, and in argument claim, that the act incorporating the City Hall Commission, as a whole, is “an evasion and legal- artifice” to enable the city to increase its debts and liabilities far beyond the constitutional debt limit created by the twenty-second amendment to the constitution, and is therefore unconstitutional and void.
The broad ground is taken that the statute under consideration is nothing but a mask, a scheme, a contrivance, a legal artifice, by which Waterville can get a city building, while indebted beyond the constitutional limit, by indirectly creating a debt or liability, and thus break the spirit, if not the letter, of the amendment above referred to.
“To get at the thought or meaning expressed in a constitution, the first resort, in all cases, is to the natural signification of the words in the order of grammatical arrangement in which the framers of the instrument have placed them. If the words convey a definite meaning, which involves no absurdity, nor any contradiction of other parts of the instrument, then that meaning apparent on the face of the instrument must be accepted, and neither the courts nor the legislature have the right to add to it or take from it.....The simplest and most obvious interpretation of a constitution, if in itself sensible, is the most likely to be that meant by the people in its adoption.” Commissioners of Lake County v. Rollins, 130 U. S. 662.
It is a striking and suggestive fact that the states whose courts have construed the debt limit amendments most narrowly and *317strictly, most abound in various schemes and artifices for municipal improvements, like incorporated “road districts,” “sanitary districts,” “drainage districts,” “fire districts,” and “commissions” of all sorts possessing power to levy taxes or issue bonds. Not only is it held that these schemes and artifices are constitutional and that the legislature can create every conceivable description of corporate authorities and endow them with all necessary powers, but it is also held that the power of the original municipality to incur indebtedness is not in the least affected by the indebtedness or authorized indebtedness of its sub-municipalities. The two corporations are in this respect entirely distinct. Wilson v. Sanitary District, 133 Ill. 443; West Chicago Park Commissioners v. Chicago, 152 Ill. 392; People v. Salomon, 51 Ill. 37; Butz v. Kerr, 123 Ill. 659; Owners of Lands v. People, 113 Ill. 304; St. Louis v. Shields, 62 Mo. 247; Horton v. Mobile School Commissioners, 43 Ala. 598; Kelly v. Minneapolis, 30 L. R. A. 281; Orvis v. Park Commissioners, 88 Iowa, 674; Todd v. Laurens, (S. C.) 26 S. E. 682; Adams v. East River Savings Institution, 136 N. Y. 52.
The act in question creates a City Hail Commission, to which the city of Waterville has the power of appointment, which is charged with the duty of building a city hall for the use of the city, has power to issue bonds for that purpose, and is constituted a trustee for the bondholders.
It is not claimed that the building or leasing of a city hall by a city is not legal and proper, as a municipal act. Spaulding v. Lowell, 23 Pick. 71; Stetson v. Kempton, 13 Mass. 278; State v. Haynes, 72 Mo. 377; People v. Mononey, 4 Cal. 9; Halbut v. Forrest City, 34 Ark. 246; Eastman v. Meredith, 36 N. H. 295; Beaver Dam v. Frings, 17 Wis. 409; Torrent v. Muskegon, 47 Mich. 115 ; People v. Green, 64 N. Y. 499 ; Rome v. McWilliams, 67 Ga. 106; Camden v. Camden Village Corp., 77 Maine, 530.
It is admitted that the primary object of the proposed city hall will be for the' city’s use. If the hall, which shall be adapted for meetings of the citizens for municipal, political and other purposes, shall at the same time be fitted so that it can be used as a theatre *318or for purposes of amusement, when not needed for the use of the city, and thereby produce an income for the city’s benefit, I think the erection of the city hall is no less within the scope of legitimate municipal purpose. Such seems to be the nearly universal practice in this and other states, and such is the result of the decided cases. French v. Quincy, 3 Allen, 9; Worden v. New Bedford, 131 Mass. 23; Jones v. Sanford, 66 Maine, 585; Stetson v. Kempton, supra; Halbut v. Forrest City, supra.
To call this act a “scheme” or “artifice” does not add to the weight of the argument. Much private legislation consists of “schemes.” The wit of men is all the time being exercised in accomplishing new results by new means, within legal limits. If needed public improvements, if the ownership of public water supplies, and the like, by a town or city can be accomplished only by a “ scheme ” like this, and that without infringing upon the constitutional amendment, or becoming subject to the evils which that amendment was intended to prevent, then it is to the credit of the legislature that a “scheme” has been devised.
The question is whether any of the specific provisions of the act are within the inhibition of the constitution. Does the grant of authority to the city to convey its old city hall lot to the Commission in trust, or to the Commission to issue bonds, or the requirement of an annual tax levy to pay “ all expenses for repairs, insurance and management,” and an annual rental of the building, or the requirement that the “revenue derived from the building shall be invested in a sinking fund to be used for the purchase of the bonds,” tend to “increase the debt or liability” of the city?
The language of the constitution is clear. No refinement of language can make it more so. Of its absolute wisdom no one can doubt. Its purpose is equally clear. It is easy to read it in the light of the history of the state. Municipalities of tax-payers can in most instances safely be left to tax themselves, but occasionally a wild and unwarranted enthusiasm attacks a community, as it does an individual. In the years just prior to the adoption of this constitutional amendment many towns in this state had incautiously lent their aid to what were thought to be improvements, notably *319unsuccessful railroads, and in doing so, had incurred so great indebtedness that insolvency was the result, and liquidation was resorted to. This indebtedness was piled up to be met by future taxation, in some cases by a future generation, but like all “debts” it was to be paid, and it could be paid only by municipal taxation. It was, therefore, to prevent municipalities from incurring debts or liabilities (beyond the limit) that must be paid by future taxation, which was the object of the constitutional amendment. Burdens must not be created in the present to be laid upon the shoulders of future tax-payers. A “debt” is what is owed — and must be paid. It is claimed that the word “liability” is more-significant in this instance. A definition which is ample for the purpose of construing the constitution is, “ The condition of being responsible for a possible or actual loss, penalty, evil, expense or burden.” Standard Dictionary. It will be easily perceived that this definition involves the idea of an ultimate pay-day. To be liable in this sense is to be financially responsible, to be obliged to pay, at least, upon a contingency. To be “liable” is to be bound, in the present, to pay, in the future, certainly, or upon a contingency. So defined, the constitution accomplishes its full purpose. It has protected over-confident communities from themselves, and has been and is a strong bulwark of our municipal credit. But it never was intended to prevent a municipality from acquiring for itself such advantages as it can, by any “scheme” or “artifice” which does not create or pile up a debt or liability now which must be paid by it by and by.
I. Is tbe provision authorizing the conveyance of the old city hall lot to the Commission in contravention of the constitutional amendment referred to ? I do not think so. As has already been said, the City Hall Commission is a legal' and proper municipal instrumentality. It was competent for the legislature to create it. The act merely authorizes the transfer of a piece of municipal property created for municipal uses, from one municipal corporation to another municipal corporation, to be used for the same purpose by the same people. Both corporations are a part of the *320municipal machinery of the same city. The real beneficiaries are not changed. The act simply permits a change in the agency by which the public purpose is to be accomplished. Analogous statutes are frequent. By a recent statute in this state, all the property of school districts, each a separate and distinct municipal corporation, was transferred, nolens volens, to the towns in which they were situated. _The right to do so has not been questioned. Much more is this permissive act legal. But it is said that this property was to be conveyed in trust to another corporation to secure its debts. True; but the other corporation was but another instrumentality of the same municipality. Not only does the legislature have power to change, modify or limit municipal corporations, but it can control the use and disposition of municipal property, or so much of it as is acquired for and applied to public municipal uses. No. Yarmouth v. Skillings, 45 Maine, 133; Weymouth & B. Fire District v. Co. Com., 108 Mass. 142; Whitney v. Stow, 111 Mass. 368; Kingman, Petr., 153 Mass. 566; Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U. S. 472; Mount Hope Cemetery v. City of Boston, 158 Mass. 509, (35 Am. St. Rep. 515, note); Richland Co. v. Lawrence Co., 12 Ill. 8; Harris v. Board of Supervisors, 105 Ill. 445 ; Mayor of Baltimore v. State, 15 Md. 370 ; Coyle v. McIntire, 7 Houst. 44.
Some courts have' gone so far as to say that the legislature may divert municipal property to other and different uses from those to which it has been applied by the municipality itself. Indianapolis v. Indianapolis Home, 50 Ind. 215. See note to Mount Hope Cemetery v. Boston, (158 Mass. 509) 35 Am. St. Rep. at p. 536.
If the legislature may require an absolute conveyance of such property by a city to another municipal corporation to be used for the same purpose, can it not permit the conveyance in trust, reserving to the city what may be called an equity of redemption ? I think it can. It must be remembered that it lies with the legislature to determine how and upon what terms and conditions, and for what purposes, a municipal corporation may hold property.
It is claimed, in argument, that the act is unconstitutional, so far as the authorized conveyance of the city hall lot in trust is *321concerned, because thereby the property of the city is made subject to the lien of the bonds, and in case of default, it may be sold, and the proceeds applied to the payment of the bonds, and in this way the city is liable to lose its property.
It is not clear that such a possibility would render the act invalid. The act is permissive. The legislature merely gives the authority. And when the legislature and the municipality affected both agree as to the wisdom of the proposed proceeding, I am unable to see how it infringes upon any provision of the organic law. But a sufficient answer to this objection is, that it is at all times within the power of the city, by the legitimate exercise of the power of taxation, to provide for the payment of the bonds, and so prevent a forfeiture or loss. The amount of the bonds, the rate of interest, and the time or times when they shall mature are all subject to the approval of the city, and it certainly has it within its power to make such provisions that even0 the payment of the debt of the City Hall Commission, from time to time, by money raised by taxation, would not be extremely onerous.
It is claimed further that the subtraction of a portion of the municipal assets of the city is in effect increasing its “debt or liability,” inasmuch as it lessens the means from which the city can derive funds for the payment of its debts. A plain reading of the constitution does not lead to this result. A city is forbidden to “increase its debt or liability,” entirely irrespective of its assets.' They may be more or they be less. If diminishing the assets increases the debt, so increasing the assets ought to diminish the debt. But it is not so. The prohibition is absolute, as to the debts. The amount of a person’s debts is in no way contingent upon the amount of his assets. His debts are not increased by selling his assets.
In computing indebtedness, to ascertain whether it is within thev limit, the courts do not permit the deduction of assets. The debt] stands alone. Lovejoy v. Foxcroft, 91 Maine, 367. Even cash in 1 the treasury for the purpose of paying bonds cannot be deducted. Waxahatchie v. Brown, 67 Tex. 519; 17 Am. & Eng. Corp. Cases, 348. So neither can uncollected taxes nor the levy for the present' year be deducted. Council Bluffs v. Stewart, 51 Iowa, 385.
*322A case in point is Fowler v. Superior, 85 Wis. 411. The city of Superior issued its improvement bonds, containing an unconditional promise of the city to pay. The bonds were made “payable out of the proceeds of certain improvement assessments,” were “issued upon the faith and credit of said assessments,” and “their payment was made chargeable upon the property, benefited by said improvements.” It was held that the bonds constituted an indebtedness of the city within the meaning of the constitutional limitation. The court said: “It is the indebtedness of the city the constitution limits, and nothing else can be considered than that.....The language of the constitution ‘become indebted in any manner or for any purpose ’ is to be understood in its commonly accepted sense. Cannot one become indebted if he has pecuniary resources sufficient'to pay it?”
The same general considerations which apply to the provision for the conveyance of the city hall lot also apply to the requirement that the revenues from the building shall be invested in a sinking fund to be used for the purchase of bonds issued by the Commission. This revenue as earned becomes municipal property. Placing it in a sinking fund does not, for reasons already stated, increase the city debt or liability. The legislature, especially with the assent of the city, which was given by accepting the act, may well impose a trust upon this revenue, when its purpose is to relieve the burden of debt from a property in which the city has an equitable interest. Indeed it may be said that the trust attaches to the money, as earned, and that the city never will have any.title to it except subject to the trust. Would it not be clearly within the power of the legislature to require a city to set aside-any income derived by it from its own income producing property, in order to create a fund to be used for proper municipal purposes ? And if so, why may not the city be required to set aside the income of this trust property and apply it in time to the payment of the liens upon it? It is difficult to see how any municipal debt or liability is created thereby, and unless a debt or liability is created thereby, the propriety of the sinking fund provision is a question which addresses itself to the legislature and not to the court.
*323But it is said that the provision in the act creating a sinking fund contemplates the raising of money for it, not only by taxation, but by other means, as, for instance, by borrowing. Certainly, there is no constitutional objection to that, if at the time of borrowing, the city has the constitutional power to do so, just as any city or town may hire money to build a hall if it can do so within its debt limit. To authorize a city to borrow money may give opportunity for the “tyranny practiced by majorities,” but it is a tyranny which is necessarily incidental to the right of the majority to govern. And the wisdom or unwisdom of bestowing that power upon the majority is a matter which is addressed to the legislature. To that body, and not to the court, is confided the power to add to and subtract from the rights and privileges of municipalities.
It is now the general law of this state that towns and cities may create sinking funds by taxation. The Laws of 1897, Chap. 208. See Burlington Water Works v. Woodward, 49 Iowa, 58.
II. The complainants argue that the city may ultimately be liable for the payment of the bonds issued by the Commission, that there is at least an implied liability which is as obnoxious to the constitution as an express liability. I am unable to see how this can be so, unless the Commission is the agent of the city for the purpose of issuing bonds. But the whole purport of this act is that the city shall not be liable for the bonds of the Commission. The legislature can undoubtedly create an agent for whose acts the city would be liable, but I think it did not do so in this case. Nothing can be clearer than the purpose of the legislature that the bondholders should look to the property alone for the payment of the principal of the debt.
The City Hall Commission is created a body corporate and politic; it has a seal; it can sue and be sued. It has a separate legal entity. It is a corporation entirely distinct from the municipal corporation of Waterville. It is true that the persons composing the Commission may be chosen by the city and that the city may prescribe its powers and duties, not inconsistent with the act *324of incorporation, bat these are matters of mere corporate machinery, as I have already said, designed to protect the equitable interest of the city in the trust property. The bonds, if issued, will be the corporate bonds of the City Hall Commission. The security and the mode of enforcement are both prescribed by statute. The only liability the city will be under is that of losing its equitable interest in the property, in case of non-payment of the bonds, and that is a possibility, or at the worst, a likelihood, rather than a constitutional liability or financial responsibility, as already defined in this opinion. And the city at all times has the legal power to prevent any such possibility by levying a tax. The City Hall Commission is a municipal agency, but it is not the agent of the other municipal corporation, the city, in the issuing of bonds. And such bonds will not be a debt or liability whereof payment by the city can be enforced. West Chicago Park Com. v. Chicago, 152 Ill. 392. The reasoning in Adams v. East River Savings Inst., 136 N. Y. 52, is applicable to this question. “The power of the county or city, as the case may be, is restricted only by the amount of its own debt, and for the purpose of creating a disability against the one or the other, the debts of both cannot be aggregated.” See Wilson v. Sanitary District, supra, and other cases cited in same connection.
A contract to build a sewer, by which the contractor was to receive certificates of assessments upon abutting owners of adjacent property in full payment, was held not to create a debt within the meaning of the constitutional limitation. Davis v. Des Moines, 71 Iowa, 500. Where a city council could not authorize expenditures for the current year beyond the limit fixed by the charter, a contract for grading and paving, not to be completed within the municipal year, and beyond the limit for the current year, was held valid. Weston v. Syracuse, 17 N. Y. 110.
The act, as I understand it, provides that the commission shall hire the money, and the debt will be the debt of the commission. The case of Mayor of Baltimore v. Gill, 31 Md. 375, which is sometimes cited upon this general question, and adversely to the ground I take, is a good illustration of the distinction which I *325think should be made. In that case the court held that when an ordinance provides that $1,000,000 shall be raised by the pledge or hypothecation of stock held by the city, it is substantially the same thing as if it provided in terms for borrowing the money. To raise money on a pledge is to borrow it, and the party from whom it is obtained actually loans it, although in the ordinance it is called furnishing the money, and this is the result, though it is provided that the parties loaning the money shall look for its repayment exclusively to the stock pledged, and that in no event is the city to be liable or responsible for the return or repayment of any part thereof, even though the stock pledged should prove insufficient. The court said, “A debt is money’due upon a contract without reference to the question of the remedy for its collection. It is not essential to the creation of a debt that the borrower should be liable to be sued therefor.” In that case, the city made the contract and borrowed the money and thereby created a debt. That was the gist of the decision. In this case, a sub-municipal corporation which the legislature had authority to call into being makes the contract and borrows the money. Such corporations and such contracts are sustained, as I have already pointed out, although they accomplish indirectly for the people of the city what the city cannot do itself.
But it is said that the city would be liable to proceedings by mandamus. I do not think the city would be liable to proceedings by mandamus to aid in the recovery of the debt, for unless there is a liability for the debt, no proceedings whatever against the city, looking to its recovery, would lie. That mandamus might lie to compel it to meet the annual charges, I concede. There is no provision in the act which requires the city to raise any money whatever at any time except “ such sum or sums as may be necessary to pay all expenses for repairs, insurance and management of the building, together with an annual rental of the building in a sum equal to the annual interest on the bonds issued and outstanding.” There is no requirement that the city shall pay any portion of the debt or raise any money to contribute to the sinking fund. Creditors who take the bonds would have to take them subject to the provisions of the act.
*326III. The complainants claim that the provision for raising money by taxation annually to pay expenses and rental creates in the present a debt or liability to be paid in the future, that the amount of such debt is the aggregate of the payments to be made.
The opinion of the court admits that a town may make time contracts in order to provide for certain municipal wants which involve only the ordinary current expenses of the municipal administration, provided there is to be no payment or liability until the services be furnished, and then to be met by annual appropriations and levy of taxes; and also that such a time contract can be made for the use of a hall for a term of years to be used for strictly municipal purposes.
This may cover all that is sought to be done under the act in question. But if not, I wish to say that such an arrangement as is contemplated by the act is well supported by the authorities. I think that a city may contract for a definite term, or an indefinite period, for such current municipal expenses, as this act provides for, if provision is made by law requiring the raising annually by taxation of the amount necessary to pay such expenses as they accrue. Atlantic City Water Works Co. v. Atlantic City, 48 N. J. L. 378; East St. Louis v. East St. Louis Gas-light & Coke Co., 98 Ill. 415, (38 Am. Rep. 97), where it was held that the aggregate future payments were not a present indebtedness.
In Grant v. Davenport, 36 Iowa, 396, in case of a water contract for a term of years, it was said, “A city already indebted to the maximum limit .... may rent real estate and buildings (suitable for its officers) for a like use, and agree to pay a reasonable rent therefor; such a contract would not be creating an indebtedness, but is a cash transaction, and the length, of time tlie contract is to continue does not alter the effect, .... where the contract made by the municipal corporation pertains to its ordinary expenses, and is, together with other like expenses, within the limit of its current revenues and such special taxes as it may legally and in good faith intend to levy therefor, such contract does not incur an incurring of indebtedness within the constitutional prohibition.” *327See Valparaiso v. Gardner, 97 Ind. 1, (49 Am. Rep. 416); Burlington Water Works v. Woodward, 49 Iowa, 58; Walla Walla Water Co. v. Walla Walla, 60 Fed. Rep. 957; Wade v. Oakmont Borough, 165 Pa. St. 479; Merrill Railway and Lighting Co. v. City of Merrill, 80 Wis. 358; Crowder v. Sullivan, 128 Ind. 486; New Orleans Gas Co. v. New Orleans, 29 Am. & Eng. Corp. Cases, 246; Smith v. Dedham, 144 Mass. 177; Erie's Appeal, 91 Pa. St. 398; State v. Atlantic City, 47 N. J. L. 558; Keihl v. South Bend, (Ind.) 76 Fed. Rep. 921; LaPorte v. Gamewell Fire Alarm Tel. Co. (Ind.) 45 N. E. 588; Hay v. Springfield, 64 Ill. App. 671; Quill v. Indianapolis, 124 Ind. 292.
While the rent required by this act to be paid is arbitrarily fixed, it does not seem to be unreasonable in amount, as rent. And if the amount is fixed by the legislature and assented to by the city, and the amount is required to be raised annually by taxation, I think the statute provision requiring it should be held constitutional. It is not a contribution towards the principal part of the cost of the building. It is not a paying for the building in installments. It is merely a payment of the interest upon the cost of so much of the property as is represented by the building, together with expenses of maintenance, and that may be regarded as a reasonable rental. There would be an obligation to pay only when and as fast as the consideration was received.
It is generally held that the state can direct a town to make municipal improvements, and can lawfully impose a tax upon the property of the citizens of the town to pay the necessary expenses. People v. Flagg, 46 N. Y. 401; Thomas v. Leland, 24 Wend. 65; Easton & Amboy R. R. Co. v. Central R. R. Co., 52 N. J. L. 267; Guilder v. Otsego, 20 Minn. 59; Carter v. Cambridge & Brookline Bridge Proprs., 104 Mass. 236; Kirby v. Shaw, 19 Pa. St. 258 ; Cooley’s Const. Lim. § 230.
A familiar illustration in this state, of the power of the state to compel towns to raise money by taxation for specific purposes, is found in the requirement that “ every town shall raise and expend, annually, for the support of schools therein, .... not less than eighty cents for each inhabitant.” R. S., c. 11, § 6.
*328For these reasons I think that the act creating the City Hall Commission of Waterville did not infringe upon any constitutional provision, and that the bill should have been dismissed.