Writ of entry to recover land in St. Albans. Both parties claim under Napoleon B. Turner, deceased, the defendant as devisee under his will, and the plaintiff by virtue of a sale on execution against his estate. After Turner’s decease the plaintiff brought suit against his executor upon a demand due from Turner in his lifetime, and obtained judgment for $2251.20 damages, and $15.26 costs of suit. The execution issued for both debt and costs, and was satisfied by a sale of the land under K. S., c. 76, § 42.
The defendant attacks the judgment on two grounds; first, that it is a personal judgment against the executor, and that upon it no execution could issue against the goods and estate of the testator; second, that, under B. 8., c. 87, § 1 and 2, judgment and execution for costs against the goods and estate of the testator is unauthorized and illegal. The first objection cannot be sustained. Amendment of the judgment, in matter of form, was asked for and allowed by the presiding justice, if necessary. An examination of the writ shows that it was in proper form, commanding an attachment of the goods and (¡state of the testator in the hands of his executor, and setting forth a cause of action against the deceased on notes indorsed or signed by him in his lifetime. The judgment should have followed the writ and declaration, and been entered up against the goods and estate of the deceased for the amount of the debt or damages. If it was not so entered it was the error of the clerk and not of the court, and the court will order it to be corrected. Piper v. Goodwin, 23 Maine, 251.
This brings us to the defendant’s second objection, which involves the construction of B. S., c. 87, § 1 and 2, and presents the question, whether, in view of the provisions there found, a judgment can be rendered and execution issued for costs against the goods and estate of the deceased, in an action commenced against an executor or administrator. “Executions for costs run against the goods and estate, and for want thereof against the bodies of executors and administrators, in actions commenced by or against them, and in actions commenced *382by or against the deceased in which they have appeared, for costs that accrued after they assumed the prosecution or defense, to be allowed to them in their administration account, unless the judge of probate decides that it was prosecuted or defended without reasonable cause.” Section 2, supra.
The learned counsel for the plaintiff contends that this is a cumulative provision, intended to favor the creditor, giving him an additional remedy of which he may avail himself at his election, but not depriving him or his right to have judgment 'and execution for costs against the goods and estate of the deceased. There is nothing in the statute indicative of such an intention. Its language is general; “executions for costs” in the cases named are to run against the goods and estate of the executors or administrators, and for Avant thereof against their bodies. We do not perceive Iioav this can mean any more of less than if it read “all executions for costs.” Moreover, § 1 militates strongly against the plaintiff’s theory. No cpiestion can be raised but that in the cases named in § 2 executors and administrators are personally liable for costs. But by the preceding section it is only in those cases where they are not personally liable for costs, that execution therefor is to run against the goods and estate of the deceased in their hands. Here is an express negation of any cumulative remedy.
Neither has any plausible reason been suggested Avhy the legislature should be so exceptionally and unusually tender of the interests of creditors in suits against the estates of the dead. In suits against the living, they have but one security, one remedy and one execution for their costs. Why should they have a tAvo-fold security and remedy for costs in suits against the estates of those deceased? On the contrary Ave believe that the statute Avas enacted for the protection of estates of deceased persons, and to prevent them from being frittered away in frivolous and groundless suits by indiscreet or litigious executors and administrators. They, and they alone are liable for the costs. If in the judgment of the judge of probate, the suits were prosecuted or defended with reasonable cause, the costs paid are to be allowed to them in their administration accounts; if Avithout reasonable cause, the costs are not to be allowed, and the consecpiences of *383their contentious spirit or lack of discretion fall, and rightly fall, upon them and not upon the estate which they represent. 11. S., c. 87, § 2, c. 66, § 18.
For these reasons it was held in 1819, while the District of Maine was still a part of Massachusetts, and long before the enactment of the statute under consideration, that where an administrator commences an action, and fails to support it, judgment for costs cannot be rendered against the goods and estate of the intestate, but should be rendered against the administrator de bonis propriis. Hardy v. Call, 16 Mass. 530. That decision remained unquestioned, but in cases prosecuted or defended by administrators and executors under other circumstances, it was held that judgment for costs should be rendered against the goods and estate of the deceased. Crofton v. Ilsley, 6 Maine, 48; Eaton v. Cole, 10 Maine, 137. In 1841 the legislature, doubtless to give uniformity to the practice, and for the reasons assigned in Hardy v. Call, supra, extended the ride in that case to all actions against the executor or administrator, and to all actions commenced by or against the testator or intestate, and prosecuted or defended by the executor or administrator.
The act of 1841, R. S., 1841, c. 120, § 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, has never been amended, but has been condensed in the process of revision. No change of legislative purpose is to be inferred from a mere condensation of a prior statute in a subsequent revision. Turning to the original act we find,’“When the judgment is for debt or damages, and costs also, an execution for the debt or damages shall be awarded against the goods or estate of the deceased, in the hands of the executor or administrator, and another execution for the sum due for costs, against the goods or estate of the executor or administrator, and also against his body, as if it were for his own debt.” 11. kS., 1841, c. 120, § 4. Can clearer language than this be framed? There are to be two executions; an execution for debt and “another execution” for costs; the first one against the goods and estate of the deceased; the other against the goods, estate and body of the executor or administrator “as if it were his own debt.” And this court so held in Ludwig v. Blackinton, 24 Maine, 25. Our statute of 1841, was taken from R. S., Mass. 1836, c. 110, § 2 et seq., now R. S., *384Mass. 1902, c. 172, § 5, 6 and 7, and tlie two are substantially identical. Under the Massachusetts statute it has there been held that in an action brought against an administrator, in which a judgment is recovered against him, separate executions shall issue for debt and for costs, Greenwood v. McGilvray, 120 Mass. 516, one against the estate of the intestate for the damages only, and the other for the costs against the administrator personally; and in such case a levy of an execution, which includes both damages and costs, upon the estate of a deceased person, is void. Look v. Luce, 136 Mass. 249. See also Perkins v. Fellows, 136 Mass. 294; Gibbs v. Taylor, 143 Mass. 187.
The cases cited by the counsel for the plaintiff, to show that the practice in this state in such cases has been to issue one execution for debt and costs against the goods and estate of the deceased, do not sustain his contention. In. Wyman v. Fox, 55 Maine, 523, 92 Am. Dec. 613, for aúght that appears in the report of the case, the suit may have been commenced, and the costs accrued before the administrator assumed the defense, and the question here presented was not considered. In Piper v. Goodwin, 23 Maine, 251, the judgment in question was rendered in 1837, before the enactment of the present statute.
The debt in Baker v. Moor, 63 Maine, 445, was the debt of the executor, and judgment was properly awarded against him personally for both debt and costs; while in Bourne v. Todd, 63 Maine, 427, the judgment was held void on other grounds. While there may have been some diversity of practice in this state, that cannot override the plain intent and meaning of the statute and its settled construction by the courts of this state and Massachusetts.
To consider further the contentions of the parties would be unprofitable and unnecessary. The judgment in this case being illegal, rendered without lawful authority, the defendant has a right to impeach it. Sidensparker v. Sidensparker, 52 Maine, 481, 83 Am. Dec. 527. With it must fall the execution and levy based upon it. Look v. Luce, supra.
Judgment for defendant.