MORGAN DENNEHY VS. EAST WINDSOR REGIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION (L-1333-17, MERCER COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2497-19

MORGAN DENNEHY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

September 27, 2021
EAST WINDSOR REGIONAL
APPELLATE DIVISION
BOARD OF EDUCATION,
HIGHTSTOWN HIGH SCHOOL,
JAMES W. PETO, TODD M.
PETO, and DEZARAE FILLMYER,

Defendants-Respondents.
______________________________

Argued September 1, 2021 – Decided September 27, 2021

Before Judges Alvarez, Geiger and Mitterhoff.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Mercer County, Docket No. L-1333-17.

Brian A. Heyesey argued the cause for appellant
(Szaferman, Lakind, Blumstein & Blader, PC,
attorneys; Brian A. Heyesey, on the briefs).

Timothy P. Beck argued the cause for respondents
(DiFrancesco, Bateman, Kunzman, Davis, Lehrer &
Flaum, PC, attorneys; Timothy P. Beck, on the brief).

The opinion of the court was delivered by

MITTERHOFF, J.A.D.
 Plaintiff Morgan Dennehy appeals from a February 18, 2020 order

denying her motion for reconsideration of a previous order granting summary

judgment to defendants. On appeal, plaintiff principally argues that the motion

judge erroneously applied the heightened recklessness standard set forth in

Crawn v. Campo, 136 N.J. 494 (1994), to the conduct of a high school coach.

We agree, reverse, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

We discern the following material facts from the record. In 2012, the

East Windsor Regional Board of Education (EWRBOE) decided to renovate

the athletic field that would include the installation of a synthetic turf field,

stands, lighting, and a new scoreboard that would maximize the athletic

opportunities at Hightstown High School (the School). EWRBOE hired the

Edwards Engineering Group, Inc. to design and develop the plans for the

renovation of the athletic field and facility at the School. The design and bid

specifications included a twenty-foot "ball stopper" system at the ends of the

synthetic turf field. There is no requirement that protective netting be installed

around synthetic turf fields, but the feature "enhances the maximum utilization

of the athletic field for virtually every sport in which a ball is involved." 1 The

1
In that regard, the ball stopper promotes "athlete safety . . . by preventing
ball interference between simultaneous games or practices."

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next year, EWRBOE approved and financed the construction of the new

athletic facility, which included a twenty-foot ball stopper.

In February 2015, Gary Bushelli, the then-Athletic Director, hired

Dezarae Fillmyer as the varsity field hockey coach. In July 2015, following

Bushelli's departure, James Peto was appointed as the Athletic Director of the

School. Prior to his appointment, Peto served as the Turf Field Coordinator.

Peto's official responsibilities as the Athletic Director included "the scheduling

of all high school . . . intramural and interscholastic athletic events including

facilities usage" and arranging "field and gym practice schedules." As the

Athletic Director, Peto appointed his brother, Todd Peto, 2 as the new Turf

Field Coordinator because "[n]obody else wanted the position."

That month, Peto observed plaintiff and other members of the field

hockey team practicing in the "D-zone," an area between the renovated turf

field and the track, which is separated by the ball stopper. At that time, the

football team was practicing on the field. Because Peto was concerned that the

football team could start kicking field goals, he advised plaintiff to be

"cautious" and to "stay behind the net so nothing happens."

2
Hereinafter, we refer to Todd Peto as "Todd" to avoid confusion with his
brother.

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 Pursuant to his official responsibilities, Peto created the weekly turn

practice schedule that was sent to the coaches. On Wednesday September 9,

2015, the boys' soccer team was to use the turf field for practice from 2:30

p.m. to 3:45 p.m. The girls' field hockey team was to use the field after 3:45

p.m.

At approximately 3:00 p.m. on September 9, 2015, contrary to Peto's

schedule, some members of the girls' field hockey team were participating in

corner drills in the D-zone, while the other members of the team were located

behind the ball stopper observing the drills. At that time, the boys' soccer

team was practicing on the adjacent field and plaintiff observed several soccer

balls vault the ball stopper. Plaintiff, who was the starting goalie, was not

involved in the corner drills. After the team had finished the corner drills,

plaintiff asked Fillmyer if she could take a shot on goal. Fillmyer agreed

because plaintiff rarely had the opportunity to shoot on goal. Plaintiff left the

area directly behind the ball stopper, which allegedly placed her more squarely

in the zone of danger of being hit. After plaintiff finished shooting, she was

struck in the back of the neck, near the base of her skull, by an errant soccer

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ball that went over the ball stopper. Plaintiff was later taken to the hospital

and was diagnosed with a concussion. 3

In June 2017, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendants alleging

negligence (count one) and negligence by EWRBOE and the School in its

hiring, retaining, training and supervision of its employees (count two). In

August 2017, defendants filed an answer. In July 2019, defendants moved for

summary judgment. That same month, plaintiff filed an opposition.

On September 24, 2019, following oral argument, 4 the motion judge

entered an order granting summary judgment to defendants. 5 The motion

judge concluded, citing Crawn and Schick v. Ferolito, 167 N.J. 7 (2001), that

"the recklessness standard must apply and there is no merit to the argument

that a lesser standard is applicable simply because [p]laintiff was not engaged

3
Plaintiff allegedly suffers from Post-Concussive Syndrome, Post-traumatic
Stress Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder as a result of this incident. In
addition, plaintiff purportedly attempted suicide in September 2017.
4
At oral argument, the parties consented to extend discovery for the limited
purpose of disclosing documents relating to her psychiatric and post -
concussion conditions.
5
The judge concluded that the EWRBOE and the School were entitled to
design or plan immunity, N.J.S.A. 59:4-64, discretionary immunity, N.J.S.A.
59:2-3(c), and immunity under N.J.S.A. 59:4-2. Because plaintiff did not brief
these issues, we deem them waived. See N.J. Dep't of Env't Prot. v. Alloway
Twp., 438 N.J. Super. 501, 506 n.2 (App. Div. 2015) ("An issue that is not
briefed is deemed waived upon appeal.").

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in a game at the time that she was injured." Applying that standard, the judge

found that "there [was] no evidence of any recklessness, or [a] conscious

decision that [Fillmyer] made knowing that it would cause danger or harm to

[p]laintiff." She reasoned that "it [was] undisputed that this was an area of the

field with the ball stopper and [p]laintiff was injured by an errant ball that

vaulted the ball stopper." Because there was "no evidence" that Fillmyer's

conduct was reckless, she concluded summary judgment was appropriate.

Plaintiff timely moved to reconsider the order granting summary

judgment to defendants. On February 18, 2020, following oral argument, the

judge entered an oral decision. The judge reaffirmed her original reasoning

that the Crawn recklessness standard applies, noting that there was "no

authority that would allow this [c]ourt to consider that a different standard

would be more appropriate." The judge relied on her initial analysis and,

accordingly, denied the motion for reconsideration. The judge issued an

accompanying written order. This appeal ensued, which focuses solely on

which standard to apply to Fillmyer's conduct.

Our standard of review of an order denying reconsideration is

deferential. "Motions for reconsideration are governed by Rule 4:49-2, which

provides that the decision to grant or deny a motion for reconsideration rests

within the sound discretion of the trial court." Pitney Bowes Bank, Inc. v.

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ABC Caging Fulfillment, 440 N.J. Super. 378, 382 (App. Div. 2015).

Reconsideration "is not appropriate merely because a litigant is dissatisfied

with a decision of the court or wishes to reargue a motion." Palombi v.

Palombi, 414 N.J. Super. 274, 288 (App. Div. 2010). Rather, reconsideration

should be utilized only for those cases which fall into
that narrow corridor in which either 1) the [c]ourt has
expressed its decision based upon a palpably incorrect
or irrational basis, or 2) it is obvious that the [c]ourt
either did not consider, or failed to appreciate the
significance of probative, competent evidence.

[Ibid. (quoting D'Atria v. D'Atria, 242 N.J. Super. 392,
401 (Ch. Div. 1990)).]

Thus, we will not disturb a trial judge's denial of a motion for reconsideration

absent "a clear abuse of discretion." Pitney Bowes Bank, Inc., 440 N.J. Super.

at 382 (citing Hous. Auth. of Morristown v. Little, 135 N.J. 274, 283 (1994)).

In Crawn, the Court considered the extent of a sports participant's duty

to avoid inflicting physical injury on another player. 136 N.J. at 496-97.

There, the plaintiff was playing catcher in an informal softball game. Id. at

498. He sustained an injury when a base runner slid into home plate. Id. at

498-99. The Court held that "the duty of care applicable to parti cipants in

informal recreational sports is to avoid the infliction of injury caused by

reckless or intentional conduct." Id. at 497.

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 In reaching the conclusion that a co-participant had no liability in the

absence of reckless or intentional conduct, the Court relied on two policy

considerations that supported that standard of care. Id. at 501. First, the

benefit to be derived from promoting "vigorous participation in athletic

activities[,]" and second, the need to avoid the "flood of litigation" that wou ld

be generated by participation in recreational sports if the standard were to be

set at ordinary common-law negligence. Ibid. The Court determined that

those two policies outweighed the harm of immunizing conduct that would

otherwise expose the responsible party to liability. Id. at 502-04. In

determining that the recklessness standard should apply, rather than the

common-law standard of ordinary negligence, the Court observed that the

"rough-and-tumble of sports" between two equally situated participants

"should not be second-guessed in courtrooms." Id. at 508.

Four years after Crawn, this court analyzed the standard of care for a

sports instructor in Rosania v. Carmona, 308 N.J. Super. 365 (App. Div. 1998).

In that case, the plaintiff, an adult participant and invitee at a commercial

martial arts academy, was undergoing a proficiency test against his instructor.

Id. at 368-69. The instructor, who owned the academy, kicked the plaintiff in

the face, causing the plaintiff's retina to detach. Id. at 369. The academy had

rules against certain contact, specifically contact to the head area. Ibid.

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 This court held that "[i]nstructors and coaches owe a duty of care to

persons in their charge not to increase the risks over and above those inherent

in the sport." Id. at 373. We determined that:

if the jury found the risks inherent in the karate match
between [plaintiff] and his instructor were materially
increased beyond those reasonably anticipated based
upon the published dojo rules, it should not have been
charged to consider defendants' fault under the
heightened Crawn standards, but under the ordinary
duty owed to business invitees, including exercise of
care commensurate with the nature of risk,
foreseeability of injury, and fairness in the
circumstances.

[Id. at 374.]

We made clear that our decision did "not presume to modify or alter in any

way the heightened recklessness standard adopted in Crawn for determining

liability between amateur participants in informal competitive sports." Id. at

373.

Under the circumstances presented in this case, we conclude the motion

judge erred in applying the heightened recklessness standard. Indeed, the

cases that have subsequently applied the Crawn reckless conduct standard

involved circumstances where one player collided with, or somehow directly

injured another player, in the course of the actual sporting activity. See, e.g.,

Schick, 167 N.J. at 10, 19 (applying recklessness standard when a golfer hit an

unannounced and unexpected second tee shot, or "mulligan," after all members

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of the foursome had already teed off); Obert v. Baratta, 321 N.J. Super. 356,

358-60 (App. Div. 1999) (applying recklessness standard when softball player

sued teammate for injuries sustained when the two collided while in pursuit of

fly ball during informal intra-office game); Calhanas v. S. Amboy Roller Rink,

292 N.J. Super. 513, 522-23 (App. Div. 1996) (applying recklessness standard

where roller skater suffered broken leg from collision with another skater).

In this case, however, and unlike the facts in Crawn, Schick, Obert, or

Calhanas, Fillmyer was not a co-participant. Those decisions apply the

recklessness standard in circumstances involving two equally situated

participants where one directly injured the other during the course of the

sporting activity itself. See Schick, 167 N.J. at 19 ("[Recklessness or

intentional conduct] is the pertinent standard for assessing the duty of one

sports participant to another concerning conduct on golf courses and tennis

courts, as well as conduct on basketball courts and ice rinks.") (emphasis

added). None apply Crawn to situations where, as here, the claim is based

upon a coach's failure to properly supervise and oversee the participants of the

sport he or she was tasked with instructing.

We are also unpersuaded by plaintiff's argument that Rosania applies in

this case for two reasons. First, in Rosania, plaintiff and his marital arts

instructor were co-participants in a proficiency exam that involved sparring.

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308 N.J. Super. at 369. By contrast, Fillmyer was supervising practice and

was not a co-participant. Moreover, the student who kicked the soccer ball

that struck plaintiff was participating in a separate practice session in a

different sport on a different field.

Second, the panel's view in Rosania was informed by cases decided by

the New York Court of Appeals, which considered the liability of an owner or

operator of a sporting venue ("[r]elieving an owner or operator of a sporting

venue from liability from inherent risks of engaging in a sport is justified when

a consenting participant is aware of the risks; has an appreciation of the nature

of the risks; and voluntarily assumes the risks. . . ."). Id. at 374 (quoting

Morgan v. State, 662 N.Y.S. 2d 421, 426 (1997)). The panel then explained

that "[i]t is a different story when the operator or instructor increases the risks

above those inherent in the activity by failing to communicate a material

change in the rules of engagement in a manner clearly understood by a

reasonable student." Ibid.

For those reasons, we need not consider applying a new standard to the

conduct of instructors or coaches. Fillmyer is a public employee, and her

duties, responsibilities, and immunities are clearly established in the New

Jersey Tort Claims Act. N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to 12-3. Generally, "a public

employee is liable for injury caused by this act or omission to the same extent

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as a private person." N.J.S.A. 59:3-1(a). Public employees and public entities

can assert a defense if a TCA immunity applies. Public employees "ha[ve] the

burden to plead and prove [an] immunity under the TCA.'" Maison v. N.J.

Transit Corp., 245 N.J. 270, 298 (2021) (alterations in original)

(quoting Leang v. Jersey City Bd. of Educ., 198 N.J. 557, 582 (2009)).

To the extent we have not addressed any of the parties' remaining

arguments, we conclude that they are without sufficient merit to warrant

discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

Reversed and remanded.

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