09/28/2021
DA 20-0505
Case Number: DA 20-0505
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2021 MT 249N
JOEL WALBERG,
Petitioner and Appellant,
v.
STATE OF MONTANA,
Respondent and Appellee.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Sixth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Park, Cause No. DV-20-73
Honorable Brenda R. Gilbert, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Jami L. Rebsom, Jami Rebsom Law Firm PLLC, Livingston, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Bree Gee, Assistant Attorney
General, Helena, Montana
Kendra Lassiter, Park County Attorney, Korin Ziegler, Deputy County
Attorney, Livingston, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: September 8, 2021
Decided: September 28, 2021
Filed:
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__________________________________________
Clerk
Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Joel Andrew Walberg (Walberg) appeals an October 8, 2020 order by the District
Court, Sixth Judicial District, Park County, denying his petition for reinstatement of his
driver’s license. We restate and address the following issue on appeal: whether the District
Court erred in finding sufficient probable cause for Walberg’s arrest and denying
reinstatement of his driver’s license. We affirm.
¶3 A Montana Highway Patrol trooper arrested Walberg on May 22, 2020. Near dusk,
the trooper had been driving behind Walberg on U.S. Highway 89 South. After the trooper
witnessed Walberg’s pickup truck, equipped with a slide-in camper, drifting over the
highway centerline several times, he activated the overhead lights and spotlight in his patrol
car.
¶4 Walberg proceeded without reaction for about 40 seconds, at which point the trooper
turned on his siren to further alert Walberg he was being pulled over. The vehicles
continued, siren blaring, for another 40 seconds or so before Walberg braked briefly and
activated his right blinker to indicate he would pull over. The trooper turned off his siren.
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¶5 At this point, a guardrail adhered to the road’s shoulder and prevented Walberg from
pulling over. The trooper turned his siren back on after one break in the guardrail where a
dirt-track side road ascends from the river.
¶6 Twenty-five seconds or so after the guardrail ended, Walberg did as his blinker
indicated and turned right into an RV campground. The dashcam video shows that about
two and a half minutes, and no more than two and a half miles, had by then elapsed. During
the arrest and in court argument and briefing, both parties referred to the distance as four
miles. In any case, the trooper testified that the delay and perceived distance caused him
to doubt whether Walberg’s vehicle intended to stop. The trooper also testified that it
looked from his perspective like Walberg’s car door was quickly opening just after he
parked.
¶7 Consequently, without yet approaching, the trooper ordered Walberg to exit the
truck and commanded a shirt-over-head turnabout performance to demonstrate the lack of
a gun in Walberg’s waistband. Before beginning this performance, Walberg made a
noticeable stumble that the trooper testified was characteristic of intoxication. After
Walberg backpedaled toward the patrol car, the trooper handcuffed him and guided him to
the back seat.
¶8 From here, the traffic stop proceeded as it might have had the trooper approached
Walberg’s car more routinely. The trooper asked Walberg whether he had any drinks that
evening, to which Walberg responded, “like one beer,” and the trooper questioned Walberg
about his delay in noticing the lights and siren and stopping. Walberg said that he was
unable to see the flashing lights due to his large camper. The trooper cited the break in the
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guardrail as one spot Walberg could have stopped after his blinker was on, but this spot
was a narrow, nearly U-turn slope. During this exchange the trooper observed what he
testified were a strong odor of alcohol on Walberg, watery and bloodshot eyes, and slurred
speech. The trooper told Walberg he was under arrest for “eluding” but that they also
would need to do more tests regarding his sobriety when they reached the station.
¶9 At the detention center, Walberg exhibited signs of intoxication according to
observational tests. The trooper recited for Walberg an advisory statement required by law
and asked Walberg to submit to a breath test. Walberg refused.
¶10 The effect of this refusal was the suspension of Walberg’s driver’s license. This
consequence is prescribed by § 61-8-402, MCA. Walberg subsequently initiated civil
proceedings in Park County District Court to have his license reinstated, as permitted by
§ 61-8-403, MCA. Walberg argued in the District Court that his arrest for “eluding” was
invalid and that the subsequent driving under the influence (DUI) investigation and
evidence should thus be suppressed, preventing the suspension of his license.
¶11 The District Court disagreed and denied Walberg’s petition. Walburg appealed to
this Court. We affirm, noting that Walberg’s arrest was predicated on adequate probable
cause regarding intoxicated driving—probable cause that coincided with and was
independent of any factors and circumstances regarding fleeing and eluding. His license
suspension need only be supported by the intoxicated driving arrest, and the District Court
did not err in finding that it was, regardless of Walberg’s frustration with the inessential
process over eluding.
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¶12 We review a district court’s denial of a petition for reinstatement of a driver’s license
to determine whether its findings of fact are clearly erroneous, and its conclusions of law
are correct. Ditton v. DOJ Motor Vehicle Div., 2014 MT 54, ¶ 14, 374 Mont. 122, 319
P.3d 1268. Findings of fact are clearly erroneous if they are not supported by substantial
evidence, if the lower court has misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if a review
of the record leaves us with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed. Kummerfeldt v. State, 2015 MT 109, ¶ 8, 378 Mont. 522, 347 P.3d 1233.
¶13 Walberg’s driver’s license was suspended under § 61-8-402, MCA. This law
addresses an effect of the privilege of driving on Montana’s roads: people who do so
impliedly consent to blood or breath tests to determine whether they have been driving
while intoxicated. To be subjected to such tests, drivers must first be validly arrested after
a patrol officer has probable cause to believe they have been driving while intoxicated.
Indreland v. Mont. DOJ, Motor Vehicle Div., 2019 MT 141, ¶ 17, 396 Mont. 163, 451
P.3d 51. After the arrest, the officer must advise the driver of the consequences that attach
to refusing the breath or blood test. State v. Simmons, 2000 MT 329, ¶ 17, 303 Mont. 60,
15 P.3d 408; City of Missoula v. Williams, 2017 MT 282, ¶ 25, 389 Mont. 303, 406 P.3d 8.
If the driver then refuses testing, his or her license is suspended under § 61-8-402(4), MCA.
The driver can petition in a civil proceeding in district court to have the license reinstated.
See § 61-8-403, MCA. There, the district court must limit its inquiry to three things:
(1) whether the police officer had reasonable grounds to believe the person had been
driving under the influence, (2) whether the person was arrested for DUI, and (3) whether
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the person then refused to submit to the drug or alcohol test. Indreland, ¶ 18 (citing
§ 61-8-403(a)(i), (iv), MCA).
¶14 There is no disagreement that Walberg refused to submit to a drug or alcohol test
after being arrested for intoxicated driving. Walberg takes issue with the validity of the
arrest.
¶15 A typical district court proceeding on a license suspended under § 61-8-402, MCA,
would analyze only the particularized suspicion for a DUI stop, whether probable cause for
a DUI arrest arose, and subsequently whether the driver refused the test. In fact, as stated,
the law expressly limits the court to this narrow scope.
¶16 Walberg’s petition, however, was muddled by litigating the validity of the arrest for
eluding that initially landed him in the back of the patrol car. This approach was a
distraction. The civil proceeding for Walberg’s license reinstatement is ultimately
concerned only with the validity of his DUI arrest.
¶17 The trooper described ample observations and circumstances that would establish
particularized suspicion for a DUI stop and later probable cause to make a DUI arrest:
Walberg’s car drifted over the highway centerline several times; Walberg appeared
oblivious to 40 seconds of flashing lights behind him and appeared to take another 40
seconds to register the siren; Walberg stumbled as he stepped out of his vehicle; his speech
was slurred; his eyes were bloodshot and watery; he smelled of alcohol; and he admitted
some drinking. These facts are sufficient to demonstrate the elements of the § 61-8-403,
MCA, test the District Court was required to assess, and the District Court’s findings of
fact and conclusions of law on these points were correct. We evaluate probable cause based
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on whether the “facts and circumstances within the arresting officer’s personal knowledge
are sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that the suspect has committed an
offense.” Hulse v. Mont. DOJ, Motor Vehicle Div., 1998 MT 108, ¶ 13, 289 Mont. 1, 961
P.2d 75. The facts and circumstances above create sufficient probable cause for a DUI
arrest. See, e.g., State v. Hafner, 2010 MT 233, 358 Mont. 137, 243 P.3d 435 (alcohol
odor, slurred speech, glassy and bloodshot eyes); City of Great Falls v. Morris, 2006 MT
93, ¶ 22, 332 Mont. 85, 134 P.3d 692 (“poor driving, slurred speech, red eyes and the odor
of alcohol”); Jess v. Mont. DOJ, Motor Vehicle Div., 255 Mont. 254, 841 P.2d 1137 (1992)
(swerving, erratic driving); Anderson v. Mont. DOJ, Motor Vehicle Div., 275 Mont. 259,
912 P.2d 212 (1996) (stumbling walk, odor, failure to stop when requested); Hulse, ¶ 39
(crossing center line, field sobriety test results).
¶18 Notably, some of the above occurred prior to when Walberg parked, and some came
after he was handcuffed for eluding. Walberg argues that the intervening arrest for having
delayed pulling over was invalid and therefore should render his DUI arrest invalid because
the subsequent evidence must be suppressed. The parties and the District Court thus spent
much effort probing the validity of the arrest for evading. We spend less because
Walberg’s premise falls short.
¶19 Walberg roots his approach in the exclusionary rule, requiring that evidence that is
the fruit of an invalid arrest must be suppressed in a criminal trial. State v. Pearson, 2011
MT 55, ¶ 24, 359 Mont. 427, 251 P.3d 152. There are two problems with applying this
premise to Walberg’s case: first, his petition for license reinstatement is not a proceeding
at which the exclusionary rule necessarily applies; and second, even if it applied, the
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evidence that constituted the probable cause for a DUI arrest was not inadmissible fruit of
the arrest for eluding.
¶20 This Court has connected the rights that attach in a civil case over license suspension
to “certain criminal procedural considerations” like the existence of probable cause and
Fourth Amendment privacy issues. Indreland, ¶ 15; see also Hulse, ¶ 12. However, this
Court has also previously declined to consider the applicability of evidentiary criminal trial
rules like the exclusionary rule when the issue was not integral to the District Court’s task.
Hulse, ¶ 18; see also Indreland, ¶ 42 (Baker, J., concurring). Our approach is the same
here. Walberg’s case hinges on the claim that but for the trooper’s citation for eluding, no
probable cause for a DUI could arise. This argument ignores the trooper’s reason for
initiating the stop, the suspicions that arose prior to the trooper’s interactions with Walberg,
and the inevitability of the observations that followed.
¶21 The trooper had particularized suspicion to stop Walberg and investigate whether
he was driving while intoxicated, stemming from his swerving truck and distracted conduct
pre-stop. The trooper’s subsequent observations of Walberg—the stumbling, slurred
speech, smell, and admission—ripened particularized suspicion into probable cause. These
observations may have occurred after the arrest for eluding, but they are not exclusively
the product of that arrest. The DUI investigation arose from concurrent but also
independent, pre-established grounds.
¶22 The law limits the District Court’s inquiry to a specific question: whether a peace
officer had reasonable grounds to believe that a driver was in actual physical control of a
vehicle on Montana’s public roadways while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or both.
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The District Court’s order was correct on this matter, independent of Walberg’s arrest for
eluding.
¶23 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review. The District Court’s findings of fact were not clearly
erroneous, and its conclusions of law were not incorrect.
¶24 Affirmed.
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
We Concur:
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ JIM RICE
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J. Walberg v. State
Combined Opinion