[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 05-16700 AUG 16, 2006
Non-Argument Calendar THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
Agency Nos. A95-263-345
A95-263-346
AFTIMIO ALFREDO PINEDA-PRENCKE,
MILDRED AMINTA TINOCO-VIANA,
ALFREDO ENRIQUE PINEDA-TINOCO,
WENDY PAOLA PINEDA-TINOCO,
NICOLE ANDREA PINEDA-TINOCO,
Petitioners,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
_________________________
(August 16, 2006)
Before ANDERSON, DUBINA and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Aftimio Alfredo Pineda-Prencke, on his own behalf and on behalf of his
wife, son, and two daughters as derivative applicants,1 petitions for review of the
Board of Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) order affirming with an opinion the
Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) determination denying him asylum and withholding of
removal under the Immigration Nationality Act (“INA”).2 On appeal, Pineda-
Prencke argues that substantial evidence supports a finding of persecution by the
National Liberation Army (“ELN”) because of his political aspirations and his
community activities. Moreover, Pineda-Prencke argues that he can not safely
relocate in Colombia and more likely than not would be persecuted if he returned
to Colombia because the ELN’s threats were consistent and continuous and
included threats against his son when he returned to Colombia because the ELN
wanted to make Pineda-Prencke pay for his debts.
When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, except to the
extent that the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d
1
Family members are “derivatives” as that term is used in 8 C.F.R. § 207.7 and will
be granted asylum if Pineda-Prencke is granted asylum. See also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(A)(stating
that “[a] spouse or child of an alien who is granted asylum under this subsection may, if not
otherwise eligible for asylum under this section, be granted the same status as the alien if
accompanying, or following to join, such alien”) (internal citations omitted).
2
It is clear from the issue on appeal and the law cited in Pineda-Prencke’s appellate
brief that he is only arguing the denial of his asylum and withholding of removal under the INA and
does not challenge the dismissal of his withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention
Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). (See
generally appellants’ brief). His claim under CAT is thus deemed waived.
2
1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). Thus, we will review the BIA’s and IJ’s factual
determinations under the substantial evidence test, and must affirm the decisions if
“supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record as a
whole.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1283-84 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation
omitted).
An alien who arrives in, or is present in, the United States may apply for
asylum. See INA § 208(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The Attorney General has
discretion to grant asylum if the alien meets the INA’s definition of a “refugee.”
See INA § 208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is defined as
any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality or,
in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in
which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or
unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or
herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a
well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion
INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (emphasis added). The asylum
applicant carries the burden of proving statutory “refugee” status. See Al Najjar,
257 F.3d at 1284.
To establish asylum eligibility, the petitioners must, with specific and
credible evidence, establish (1) past persecution on account of a statutorily listed
factor, such as political opinion or (2) a “well-founded fear” that the statutorily
3
listed factor will cause such future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b); Al
Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. If the petitioners demonstrate past persecution, they are
presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution unless the government
can rebut this presumption by showing a fundamental change in circumstances in
the country or the ability to avoid future persecution by relocating within the
country. 8 C.F.R § 208.13(b)(1). If the petitioners cannot show past persecution,
then they must demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution that is both
subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289.
The subjective component can be proved “by the applicant’s credible testimony
that he or she genuinely fears persecution,” while the objective component “can be
fulfilled either by establishing past persecution or that he or she has a good reason
to fear future persecution.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Although the INA does not expressly define “persecution” for purposes of
qualifying as a “refugee,” see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42), we have stated that
“persecution is an extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of
verbal harassment or intimidation.” Sepulveda v. U. S. Atty. Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,
1231 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotations omitted).
“To establish the necessary causal connection between the political opinion
and the feared persecution, the alien must present specific, detailed facts showing a
4
good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out for persecution on account of
such an opinion.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (quotation omitted) (emphasis in
original). Furthermore, we have approved of a “country-wide requirement” in
which a refugee must first pursue an “internal resettlement alternative” in their own
country, or establish that this is not possible, before seeking asylum here.
Mazariegos v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 241 F.3d 1320, 1326-27 (11th Cir. 2001).
Moreover, an alien is entitled to withholding of removal under the INA if he
or she can show that his or her life or freedom would be threatened on account of
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion. Mendoza v. U.S. Atty. Gen, 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003); see
also INA § 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). As a general rule, however, if “an
applicant is unable to meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum, he is
generally precluded from qualifying for either asylum or withholding of
deportation.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93 (quotation omitted).
Upon review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we discern no reversible
error. In this case, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and IJ’s findings that
Pineda-Prencke did not suffer past persecution on account of his political opinion,
and thus, was not eligible for asylum on that basis. Pineda-Prencke sets forth the
following incidents in which the ELN threatened him either by telephone or mail:
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(1) when he worked for the telephone company; (2) when the ELN sabotaged the
event he organized on behalf of the community and vandalized his car; (3) when he
made known his aspirations to run for city councilman; (4) when the ELN placed a
sand cross in front of his home, flattened four tires on his car, and told him that the
cross represented his and his family’s graves; and (5) when his son and daughter
were robbed upon their return to Colombia from the United States and his son
received a telephone call from the ELN threatening him.
All of the incidents alleged by Pineda-Prencke, either individually or as
whole, are distressing, but do not amount to persecution under the statute because
they only involved threats with a few incidents of vandalism, and persecution is an
extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment
or intimidation. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231. Moreover, neither Pineda-
Prencke nor any of his family members were ever physically harmed. Also, the
connection between some of the alleged incidents and the ELN is tenuous. For
example, Pineda-Prencke failed to present evidence establishing that the robbery of
his two older children was connected with ELN threats, rather than just a random
act of violence. Moreover, the threats his older son received occurred several
months after the robbery and never referred to the incident. Also, Pineda-Prencke
failed to present any evidence that he had openly expressed a political opinion
6
against the ELN or any other guerrilla organization. Neither his work with the
telephone company nor his donating shoes to the police involved expressing any
political opinions, and the only reason the ELN threatened him was because they
did not want a telephone system installed that might make the police more
accessible and because they mistakenly perceived the police presence at his shoe
business as a clue that he was an informant. Moreover, when Pineda-Prencke
worked for Solidarity and the Center for Higher Studies (“CES”), he did not
express any political opinion, rather, he was either helping to improve the
infrastructure of the community or organizing events for the residents. The only
incident possibly related to Pineda-Prencka expressing his political opinion was
when he made known his aspirations to run, for city council, which he ultimately
did not do, and at no time, while he was deciding whether to run, did he express
any opinion as to the ELN. Thus, Pineda-Prencke failed to connect the incidents to
any substantial political activity and as a result, he failed to establish that he
suffered past persecution on account of his political opinion.
Likewise, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Pineda-Prencke
failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution in Colombia. As
stated above, neither Pineda-Prencke nor his family were harmed prior to moving
to the United States. Moreover, Pineda-Prencke failed to establish that the police
7
were unable or unwilling to protect him and his family, Pineda-Prencke only filed a
police report on one occasion and he never followed up with them. Additionally,
even though the most recent country report from 2002 stated that the ELN is the
second largest guerilla force in Colombia, the report also asserted that the ELN
proclaimed support for peaceful resolutions, and since ELN’s terrorist and criminal
activities often affected civilians indiscriminately, the group had negligible popular
support. Lastly, Pineda-Prencke never attempted to relocate internally, rather he
moved to a different address within the same city. See Mazariegos, 241 F.3d at
1326-27. Pineda-Prencke relies on the 2002 United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (“UNHCR”) report and the INS’s reply to an inquiry about relocating
in Colombia for the proposition that it was not viable for him to relocate within
Colombia,. However, the UNHCR report specifically referred to those asylum
seekers who faced a serious risk of persecution as outlined under the CAT 3 and the
3
To obtain relief under the CAT, the burden is on the applicant to establish that it is
“more likely than not” she will be tortured in the country of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2).
Torture is defined as:
any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her or
a third person information or a confession, punishing him or her for an act he or she
or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating
or coercing him or her or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination
of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with
the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official
capacity.
8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). To constitute torture, an act must be specifically intended to inflict severe
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INS’s inquiry referred to asylum seekers who were specifically targeted not by one
guerrilla group, as Pineda-Prencka was, and were consequently subject to threats
from multiple groups located throughout Colombia. (See AR at 258-61).
Because Pineda-Prencke failed to establish past persecution or a well-
founded fear of future persecution sufficient to support his asylum claim, as
discussed above, he cannot establish that he is eligible for withholding of removal
under the INA. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93. Thus, Pineda-Prencke failed
to meet the burden of proof required for asylum and withholding of removal relief.
Based on the foregoing, we deny his petition.
PETITION DENIED.
physical or mental pain or suffering. 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(5).
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