United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
April 12, 2007
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 06-60908
Summary Calendar
PATSIE R. BURNETT
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the Order and Decision
of the United States Tax Court
_________________________________________________________
Before REAVLEY, BARKSDALE and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Taxpayer Patsie Burnett pro se appeals the United States Tax Court’s grant of
summary judgment and sanctions in favor of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
(“Commissioner”), which issued a final determination of levy based on deficiencies for
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R.
47.5.4.
the taxable years 1994 through 1997.1 Reviewing the record de novo and applying the
same abuse-of-discretion standard as the Tax Court,2 we affirm for the following reasons:
1. Burnett first claims that the Commissioner denied her an adequate
collection due process (CDP) hearing under 26 U.S.C. § 6330 by refusing
to provide her an in-person hearing following notice of intent to levy. We
disagree.
Treasury regulations require taxpayers to state their reasons for
disagreement with the proposed levy in requesting a CDP hearing. 26
C.F.R. § 301.6330-1(c)(2) Q&A-C1(ii)(E). The lengthy missive attached to
Burnett’s form CDP hearing request set forth various frivolous and
groundless defenses to the proposed collection action. Following Burnett’s
request, in addition to exchanging correspondence, the IRS Appeals Officer
scheduled a telephonic hearing with Burnett. Burnett refused to speak with
the Officer when called and did not, as she stated she would, call the
Officer back.
1
We affirmed the Tax Court’s determination of the underlying liabilities for these
taxable years in Burnett v. Comm’r, 67 Fed. App’x 248 (5th Cir. 2003).
2
See Stearman v. Comm’r, 436 F.3d 533, 535 (5th Cir. 2006) (stating that the Tax
Court’s imposition of sanctions under I.R.C. § 6673 is reviewed for abuse of discretion);
Christopher Cross, Inc. v. United States, 461 F.3d 610, 612 (5th Cir. 2006) (noting that in
a CDP case in which the underlying liability is not at issue, the Tax Court and the court
of appeals review the Commissioner’s determination for abuse of discretion).
2
As we have recognized and as Treasury regulations make clear, CDP
hearings are valid and satisfy the demands of due process if conducted by
telephone or correspondence instead of face-to-face particularly where, as
here, the taxpayer’s proffered arguments are frivolous. See Ralidas v.
United States, 169 Fed. App’x 390, 391 (5th Cir. 2006); 26 C.F.R. §
301.6330-1(d)(2) Q&A-D6 (“CDP hearings . . . are informal in nature and
do not require the Appeals officer or employee and the taxpayer, or the
taxpayer’s representative to hold a face-to-face meeting. A CDP hearing
may, but is not required to, consist of a face-to-face meeting . . . .”) and
Q&A-D8 (“A face-to-face CDP conference concerning a taxpayer's
underlying liability will not be granted if the request for a hearing or other
taxpayer communication indicates that the taxpayer wishes only to raise
irrelevant or frivolous issues concerning that liability.”).3 Because the
issues Burnett indicated she would have raised in a face-to-face meeting
3
We note that Q&A-D8, which describes specific circumstances in which
Appeals will not hold a face-to-face conference with the taxpayer because a conference
will serve no useful purpose, was added to Treasury regulations effective November 16,
2006, after this case was on appeal. Q&A-D8 of the regulation provides that a face-to-
face conference need not be offered if the taxpayer raises only frivolous arguments
concerning the Federal tax system. This clarification was added because Q&A-D7,
which sets forth where face-to-face hearings are to be held if offered, had been
misinterpreted by some taxpayers as requiring the IRS to hold a face-to-face conference
at the taxpayer’s option. See Misc. Changes to Collection Due Process Procedures
Relating to Notice and Opportunity for Hearing Upon Filing of Notice of Federal Tax
Lien, 70 Fed. Reg. 54681, 54683 (proposed Sept. 15, 2005) (to be codified at 26 C.F.R.
pt. 301). That is the same misinterpretation that Burnett relies upon.
3
were frivolous and because Burnett was offered a telephonic hearing as
permitted by Treasury regulations, the Tax Court properly found that the
IRS afforded Burnett an opportunity for an adequate CDP hearing.
2. Burnett further asserts that the Tax Court granted summary judgment on
insufficient evidence. We find Burnett’s objections to the scope of the
administrative record without merit. No formal administrative record is
required in informal adjudicative proceedings such as CDP hearings. See
Kindred v. Comm’r, 454 F.3d 688, 696 & n.21 (7th Cir. 2006); Living
Care Alternatives of Utica, Inc. v. United States, 411 F.3d 621, 624 (6th
Cir. 2005). Further, while the pre-levy hearing statute and regulations do
require verification that the requirements of any applicable law or
administrative procedure have been met,4 the law does not mandate that the
Appeals Officer rely on any particular documents in satisfying the
verification requirement. The notice of determination and attached
explanation fully explained the rationale for the determination. We are
satisfied that this thorough explanation for the final action taken provided
an adequate basis for the Tax Court’s conclusion that the Appeals Officer
made a reasoned decision under the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury
regulations. Living Care, 411 F.3d at 630.
4
See 26 U.S.C. § 6330(c)(1); 26 C.F.R. § 301.6330.1(e)(1).
4
3. Finally, we reject Burnett’s assertion that the Tax Court levied improper
sanctions against her. Code Section 6673(a)(1) authorizes the Tax Court to
impose sanctions against a taxpayer who maintains a proceeding primarily
for delay or who maintains a frivolous position. A claim is “frivolous”
under 26 U.S.C. § 6673(a)(1)(B) if “it is contrary to established law and
unsupported by a reasoned, colorable argument for change in the law.”
Rhodes v. Comm’r, 152 Fed. App’x 340, 342 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting
Coleman v. Comm'r, 791 F.2d 68, 71 (7th Cir.1986)).
In her request for a CDP hearing and during summary judgment
argument, Burnett asserted inter alia (1) that the underlying liabilities are
invalid because nothing in the Internal Revenue Code requires her to file
tax returns and pay taxes; and (2) that the IRS failed to send her proper
notice and demand because nothing in the Code makes her liable to pay any
tax. These arguments are patently frivolous.5 In view of Burnett’s failure
5
We have recognized that “[t]he claim that wages and investment income are
somehow exempt from federal taxation is a tired one, and has been repeatedly rejected.”
Rhodes, 152 Fed. App’x at 341 (citing Lonsdale v. Comm’r, 661 F.2d 71, 72 (5th Cir.
1981) (labeling such claims “meritless,” “stale,” and “long settled.”) and Capps v.
Eggers, 782 F.2d 1341, 1343 (5th Cir. 1986) (finding such a claim to be “manifestly and
patently frivolous.”)). Burnett’s contention that an assessment must precede deficiency
has also been rejected by this court. Rhodes, 152 Fed. App’x at 341; State Farm Life
Ins. Co. v. Swift, 129 F.3d 792, 799 n.41 (5th Cir. 1997) (“An assessment is not a
prerequisite to tax liability.”).
We further note that section 6330(c)(2)(B) provides that the existence and amount
of the underlying tax liability can only be contested at an Appeals Office hearing if the
taxpayer did not receive a notice of deficiency for the taxes in question or did not
5
to raise any substantial issues regarding the levy and her refusal to discuss
the matter with the Appeals Officer when both parties were on the
telephone, it is apparent that her repeated requests for a face-to-face
conference and her allegations that the Appeals Officer abused his
discretion in sustaining the levy were made merely in hope of further
delaying the collection of her delinquent tax liabilities.
Burnett’s case is based upon frivolous claims that are contrary to
relevant statutes and case law, and Burnett has continued to advance
frivolous challenges to the tax laws in spite of warnings to refrain from
doing so. Burnett was provided an opportunity for a CDP hearing to
discuss non-frivolous issues pertaining to the levy. She failed to take
advantage of that opportunity and has engaged in dilatory conduct to
postpone collection. We agree with the Tax Court’s conclusion that
Burnett has become a serial offender in making frivolous arguments for the
sake of delay and accordingly affirm the imposition of a penalty under
section 6673.
AFFIRMED.
otherwise have an opportunity to dispute such tax liability. Because we affirmed the Tax
Court’s determination of Burnett’s deficiencies for the taxable years which lead to the
levy, Burnett was precluded from placing the underlying liabilities for those taxable years
at issue in this case. Burnett v. Comm’r, 67 Fed. App’x 248 (5th Cir. 2003).
6