(dissenting).
I agree with the conclusion in the principal opinion that petitioner, even though at liberty on bond pending appeal from his conviction, was under sentence within the provisions of § 222.020, V.A.M.S., when he committed the offense in Jackson County. However, I cannot agree with the conclusion that the 1959 amendment indicates a legislative intention to change the law so as to require thereafter that the person actually be held in custody for the section to be applicable. Hence, I respectfully dissent from the principal opinion.
Section 222.020, in exactly the same language which existed immediately prior to the 1959 amendment, first appeared as § 1668, RSMo 1879. The section was contained in Chapter 24 thereof dealing with Crimes and Criminal Procedure and was located in. Article IX entitled “Miscellaneous Provisions and Matters of Practice.” That section has been construed on various occasions with reference to the question of whether it required a person under sentence to be held in actual custody at the time of the commission of the second offense. In Herring v. Scott, Mo., 142 S.W.2d 670, 671, this court said: “There is no doubt about the fact that the statute applies to the petitioner. He did commit the second crime of robbery in Jackson County while under sentence for the first crime of robbery. The fact that he was out on parole when the second offense was committed, did not make him any the less ‘under sentence’ for the first offense.” (Emphasis supplied.)
In State v. Campbell, Mo., 307 S.W.2d 486, cert. den. 78 S.Ct. 708, 356 U.S. 922, 2 L.Ed.2d 718, the court dealt with a situation wherein the offense of assault with intent to commit robbery was committed while the defendant was on parole from a life sentence. The question presented involved whether the trial court, in imposing *492a two-year sentence for the assault, had authority to provide that it should run concurrently with the life sentence, in view of the provisions of § 222.020. In holding that it did not, this court said, l.c. 490: "The fact that the defendant was on parole and not confined to the penitentiary at the time of the commission of the second offense did not prevent the application of section 222.020 because, as held in Herring v. Scott, Mo., 142 S.W.2d 670, 671 [2]: ‘The fact that he was out on parole when the second offense was committed, did not make him any the less "under sentence” for the first offense.’” (Emphasis supplied.)
Both Herring and Campbell were decided before 1959. In cases decided since 1959 this court has continued to follow the Herring and Campbell cases and applied § 222.020 to persons under sentence but on parole at the time of the second offense. For example, in State v. Hicks, Mo., 376 S.W.2d 160, 163, this court, in referring to § 222.020, said: “It is clearly applicable both to persons on parole and on probation.” See also State v. Todd, Mo., 433 S.W.2d 550, 554, cert. den. 89 S.Ct. 1022, 394 U.S. 910, 22 L.Ed.2d 221, and Aguilar v. State, Mo., 452 S.W.2d 225, 226.1 At no time since the decisions in Hicks, Todd and Aguilar has there been any legislative action indicating that the general assembly considered the decisions in those cases to be contrary to the legislative intent expressed in the 1959 amendment.
Apparently, the principal opinion concedes that prior to 1959, § 222.020 did apply to one on parole and did not require that the person actually be in custody when the second offense was committed. It holds, however, that the 1959 amendment changed the statute so that thereafter it required not only that the person be under sentence but also in actual custody when the second offense was committed. Hence, it necessarily overrules Hicks, Todd and Aguilar insofar as they held that after 1959 the statute was applicable to one on parole.
The decisive question presented then is whether the 1959 amendment discloses a legislative intent to change the law so as to make it applicable thereafter only to one under sentence held in actual custody.
In considering the effect of the 1959 amendment, the principal opinion focuses on and considers only the substitution of the words “is held” for “may be held” and concludes therefrom what the general assembly intended. It gives no consideration to the other changes in language and how they relate to the change in words on which the principal opinion focuses. I submit that the intent of the legislature cannot be so determined. Rather, the entire legislative change should be considered. When that is done, it is clear that the principal change made by the 1959 amendment was to conform the section to the new system established by legislative enactment wherein a convicted defendant was sentenced to the department of corrections rather than the penitentiary, as before. See § 216.208, V.A.M.S.
This conclusion as to the effect of the 1959 amendment is supported by the legislative history of said amendment. The change in the statute in 1959 was accomplished by Senate Bill No. 87, introduced in the 70th General Assembly. This was a revision bill, as shown by the word “Revision” immediately preceding the caption “Senate Bill No. 87.” In addition, the bill bears the notation “R-44,” indicating that it is accompanied by Revision note 44. Senate Bill No. 87 revised three existing statutory sections, viz., §§ 222.010, 222.020 and 222.030. On the printed copy of the bill under § 222.020, as introduced in and considered by the Senate, appear the words, *493“See note under section 222.010.” The latter note, appearing in the bill immediately following § 222.010 and immediately preceding § 222.020, reads as follows: “Under section 216.208, RSMo 1957 Supp., adopted in 1957, all commitments to the penitentiary or to the intermediate reformatory are required to be hereafter made to the department of corrections generally. This and section 222.020 are changed accordingly.” 2
It is clear from the foregoing notes on Revision Senate Bill No. 87 that the Senate was told by Senators Spencer, Gibson, Noble, Hawkins and Crain, who introduced the bill, that the changes made in §§ 222.010 and 222.020 were made for the purpose of conforming the statute to the new sentencing procedure provided in § 216.208. No other change was stated or even intimated in the revision note. It is thus apparent that the sponsors of the bill did not find in the language of their revision the intention which the principal opinion now says it expressed, and it likewise is clear from the explanatory note that the sponsors did not intend the revision to accomplish any such change. To hold otherwise would mean that they withheld from the Senate a portion of what they intended the bill to do. It is crystal clear that the Senate was not informed by the explanatory revision note that the bill would have any such effect.
Our function in construing such a statute is to ascertain and enforce the legislative intent. In an instance such as this, when the legislative record of a bill so clearly expresses its purpose, we should interpret the statute according to that intent and should not ascribe to the statute an intention which obviously, from the record they made, the general assembly did not intend.
The nature and purpose of revision statutes can be noted from the language of § 3.120(2), V.A.M.S., which, insofar as pertinent, provides as follows: “The committee shall establish a subcommittee on revision which shall conduct and supervise a continuing program of statute revision which is designed to correct defectively enacted or worded statutes without changing the substantive provisions thereof to the end that the statute publication may become a more accurate and authentic statement of the laws of the state. * * * ” The change contemplated by Senate Bill No. 87, as shown by the revision note, is consistent with such a purpose. A meaning such as that ascribed by the principal opinion is not.
Section 222.020, as it appeared in Senate Bill No. 87, is shown in a footnote.3 The italicized words in the section were added and the words through which a line were drawn were deleted by the revision act. In addition to three changes whereby reference to the state department of corrections and its institutions was substituted for the word “penitentiary,” there were several changes in phraseology. These changes as *494they appear in the section were as follows: “is and shall be” was simplified by deleting “and shall be.” Next, “is” was substituted for “shall be.” Next, “shall commit” is changed to “commits.” The next four changes substituted “the” for “such.” Then appears the change on which the principal opinion focuses, i. e., substitution of “is” for “may be” preceding the word “held." Finally, the words “provided that” are deleted and a new sentence created. In that final sentence “such” is changed to “the,” “shall be” is changed to “is,” “such” is changed to “the,” and “may be” is changed to “is.” I submit that all of these changes (other than the ones substituting words for “penitentiary”) were merely to simplify and clarify the language of the section and to express it in positive rather than in hypothetical terms.
These changes in language are easily understood when one examines the manual with reference to bill drafting used by the committee on legislative research, the office which drafts these revision bills. The manual cautions against the use of unnecessary language and sets other guidelines, including one that the statute should be drafted in the present tense. Examples are given. In one, for example, it is stated that a bill should say “officers who have canvassed” rather than “officers who shall have canvassed.” The changes in phraseology made in § 222.020 were for such purpose and were not intended to accomplish a fundamental change in meaning of the statute.
In my judgment, there are several additional reasons for concluding that the substitution of the words “is held” for “may be held” did not express a legislative intention henceforth to require that the person be held in actual custody when the second offense was committed.
First, the structure of the sentence and location of the words “under which he is held” indicates that they are explanatory of and relate to the sentence which must be served or completed before any sentence on the second offense commences, and they have no reference to the earlier portion of the section which required only that the convicted person be “under sentence” at the time of the commission of the second offense for the statute to be applicable. To illustrate, the section provides that “ * * * if any convict commits any crime * * * while under sentence * * * [he] may be charged * * * as other persons; and in case of conviction, the sentence * * * shall not commence to run until the expiration of the sentence under which he is held * * *.” It will be noted that the portion describing the person for purposes of applicability of the statute as one “under sentence” is separated by a semicolon from that part which describes what happens in the event of a conviction. The first portion describes the person and authorizes a charge against him. Then following the semicolon, the words describe what shall be the situation in the event of a conviction on the second charge. In my judgment, the sentence structure makes it clear that the words “is held” have no application to the language describing the convict “under sentence” to whom the section applies.
Secondly, adoption of the principal opinion necessitates a conclusion that the general assembly, by the 1959 amendment, intended to nullify this court’s rulings in Herring and Campbell that the section was applicable to persons on parole. This is true because the principal opinion holds that the amended section applies only to persons being held in custody and not to those lawfully at liberty. A person on parole is lawfully at liberty. I cannot find anything in the 1959 amendment to indicate any such legislative intent. If the general assembly had contemplated such a change and had intended thereafter that persons on parole should be free from application of § 222.020, they would have mentioned specifically that the act was not to apply to one on parole or, at the very least, they would have expressed such intention more clearly by adding to the words “while under sentence” some additional language such as “and held thereunder” or “and in *495actual custody.” The general assembly would not have undertaken to nullify the decisions in Herring and Campbell by relying on whatever interpretation we might place on their action in substituting the word “is” for “may be.” Certainly, the explanatory note in the bill with reference to § 222.020 would have stated the intention to change the statute if it had contemplated the change ascribed thereto in the principal opinion.
In the third place, if we accept the premise of the principal opinion that the amended act requires the convicted person to be held in actual custody in an institution or by some officer at the time of the second offense, we necessarily would have to conclude that the general assembly intended the statute to mean that if a person escapes from an institution or the custody of an officer and thereafter, while free as a fugitive, commits a second offense, § 222.020 would not apply. He would not then be in actual custody any more than one on parole is in actual custody. If the act would not apply to one on parole, as the principal opinion concedes, it would not apply to one at liberty as the result of prior escape. I cannot believe the general assembly so intended.
I recognize that the principal opinion attempts to avoid this dilemma by saying that one who has escaped is not at liberty in legal contemplation and hence would be considered to be in custody. I find no basis for this conclusion. It is not supported by any language in the 1959 amendment. Nothing is said in the act about one lawfully held in custody as contrasted to one unlawfully at liberty.
Furthermore, the status of an escapee as determined in the principal opinion is inconsistent with that portion of the opinion which advances the purpose of § 222.020 as being “to provide fellow prisoners and those persons who have the duty of holding persons under sentence * * * with additional protection * * *.” That purpose would have no application to someone at large, even if as an escapee, because he is not then being held by any officer and is not then confined with fellow prisoners.4
Finally, the result of the holding in the principal opinion is that persons who can afford bail are given preferential treatment to those who can not. One who is under sentence and in custody who commits a second offense is subject to the mandatory sentencing requirements of § 222.020. In contrast, one (such as petitioner herein) who is under sentence but free on bail pending his appeal is exempted from its provisions.5 The principal opinion necessarily holds that the general assembly, by its 1959 amendment, intended this disparity in treatment. I cannot agree.
I would hold that § 222.020 made it mandatory that the Jackson County sentence be consecutive to the Clay County sentence, just as before the 1959 amendment, and I would quash the writ of habeas corpus previously issued.
. In Aguilar v. State and in State v. Campbell, supra, there is language stating that § 222.020 provides for mandatory consecutive sentences if a convict under sentence shall be convicted of another offense. The statute refers to time of commission of the second offense, not the conviction therefor.
. There also was a revision note in the bill following § 222.030 which explained the changes made in that section by the revision. This explanatory note is not set out herein because it does not pertain to or indicate the meaning of the changes in § 222.020.
. 222.020. The person of a convict sentenced to imprisonment te in an institution within the state department of eorrections pesiteattery is and shall he under the protection of the law and any injury to his person, not authorized by law, is shall be punishable in the same manner as if he were not under conviction and sentence; and if any convict shall commits any crime in the penitentiary an institution of the department of corrections, or in any county of this state while under sentence, the court having jurisdiction of criminal offenses in sueh the county shall have jurisdiction of the sueh offense, and the oueh convict may be charged, tried and convicted in like manner as other persons; and in case of conviction, the sentence of the sueh convict shall not commence to run until the expiration of the sentence under which he may be is held, provided, that If sueh the convict shall be is sentenced to death, the ouch sentence shall be executed without regard to the sentence under which said convict may be is held in the penitentiary correctional institution.
. As a matter of fact, I find it hard to understand the basis upon which the principal opinion concludes that the purpose of the section is to provide protection for fellow prisoners or ones holding the person under sentence when it is conceded that for most of the time the statute was in force (1879 until 1959) it applied to persons under sentence but on parole as well as those in custody. I do not believe that was the purpose of the statute at all.
. Without making any reference to the case of State v. Hyde, 234 Mo. 200, 136 S.W. 316, the principal opinion would seem to cast serious doubt upon the statement in said opinion, 136 S.W. l.c. 334, “In a sense, the effect of the bail bond was to place the defendant in the custody of his bondsmen; but he was still in custodia legis.”