United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 91–1282.
Carroll CHILDERS, Plaintiff–Appellant,
v.
PUMPING SYSTEMS, INC., et al., Defendants–Appellees.
Aug. 19, 1992.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
Before WILLIAMS, JOLLY, and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges.
JERRE S. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:
Carroll Childers brought suit in Texas state court to recover stock held in escrow by Texas
American Bank. His suit was based upon the claim that Pumping Systems, Inc. and Jerry Pettengill
breached a previous settlement agreement. Pumping Systems, Inc. and Pettengill countersued seeking
a declaratory judgment that they did not breach the agreement. The FDIC removed the case to
federal district court when it became receiver for the insolvent Texas American Bank. The district
court adopted the state court's holding that there was no breach but that Childers should receive
damages because Pumping Systems, Inc. had underpaid royalties it owed Childers. Childers appeals
the district court's ruling.
I. FACTS
In 1979, Carroll Childers sued Pumping Systems, Inc. ("PSI"), Jerry Pettengill, and Joseph
Van Y in a dispute over ownership of PSI stock. The parties entered into a settlement consisting of,
inter alia, a Royalty Compensation Agreement and a Collateral Pledge Agreement. The present case
involves an alleged breach of the Royalty Compensation Agreement.
In accordance with the Royalty Compensation Agreement, PSI agreed to pay Childers
quarterly royalty payments for five years. The agreement included a formula to determine the royalty
amount, and it provided Childers with the right to have an independent certified public accountant
audit PSI's books to ensure PSI was making the proper royalty payments.
The Collateral Pledge Agreement required Texas American Bank–Dallas ("TAB") to hold PSI
stock in escrow as additional security. The Collateral Pledge Agreement granted Childers the option
to foreclose on the stock "[i]n the event of a material breach of t he Royalty Compensation
Agreement."
PSI missed a payment due under the Royalty Compensation Agreement on November 20,
1984. PSI did pay the next day. Childers maintains the one day delay in payment materially breaches
the Royalty Compensation Agreement because time is of the essence of the agreement. Childers also
claims PSI breached the agreement when it restructured the company in a way that reduced the
royalty it paid to Childers.
On January 25, 1985, Childers initiated the present litigation against TAB in Texas state court
to foreclose on the escrowed PSI stock. On February 18, 1986, PSI and Pettengill sued Childers in
a separate state court proceeding seeking a declaratory judgment that PSI's one-day payment delay
did not materially breach the Royalty Compensation Agreement. The two suits were consolidated.
In June 1986, the court ordered Arthur Young Co. ("AY") to audit PSI's books (the "Audit
Order"). The order instructed AY to verify PSI's "gross sales and services revenues." When AY
completed the audit report, PSI's counsel objected to the report incorporating information other than
gross sales and services revenues. The state court conducted an in camera review of the report, and
then it sealed a portion of the report.
After several hearings and motions for summary judgment by all parties, the state court
entered a final judgment on April 21, 1987. The judgment granted Childers $6,831.53 in underpaid
royalties and returned the pledged stock to PSI and Pettengill. The issue of who would pay for the
audit, however, remained unresolved.
On August 18, 1989, the FDIC, as receiver for the insolvent TAB, removed the case to the
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. Both sides moved for summary
judgment. PSI and Pettengill moved that Childers pay the cost of the audit, and Childers moved for
a reversal of the state court judgment. The district court adopted the state court judgment and ruled
that Childers must pay the full cost of the audit. Childers appeals. Subsequent to the filing of the
appeal, the parties mutually agreed to dismiss all claims against TAB and FDIC–Receiver.
II. BREACH OF THE ROYALTY COMPENSATION AGREEMENT
A. TIME OF THE ESSENCE:
The current litigation arose because Childers claims PSI materially breached the Royalty
Compensation Agreement by paying the royalty one day late. In other words, Childers is claiming
time is of the essence of the agreement. Under Texas law, time is not of the essence of a contract
unless the contract explicitly makes it so or the contract is of such a nature or purpose that it indicates
the parties' intention that they must perform the contract at or within the time specified. Laredo
Hides Co., Inc. v. H & H Meat Products Co., Inc., 513 S.W.2d 210, 216 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus
Christi 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Siderius, Inc. v. Wallace Co., Inc., 583 S.W.2d 852, 863
(Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1979, no writ).
The Royalty Compensation Agreement does not specify that time is of the essence. Although
the agreement specifies the dates payments were due, the Texas courts hold that designation of a
particular date for performance does not, of itself, indicate time is of the essence. Seismic & Digital
Concepts, Inc. v. Digital Resources Corp., 590 S.W.2d 718, 720 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1979, no writ); Builders Sands, Inc. v. Turtur, 678 S.W.2d 115, 118 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1984, no writ); Argos Resources, Inc. v. May Petroleum, Inc., 693 S.W.2d 663, 664–65
(Tex.App.—Dallas 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
The Royalty Compensation Agreement also is not a contract that, by its nature, mandates that
time is of the essence. Texas courts, in contrast for example, have held time is of the essence in
option contracts because the party is essentially buying time. Smith v. Hues, 540 S.W.2d 485, 488
(Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Greenbaum v. Cortez, 644 S.W.2d
510, 512 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1982, writ dismissed). Similarly, time might be of the essence
if PSI paid Childers in stock because the stock price would fluctuate over time. PSI's delivery of the
stock on the date specified would, therefore, be critical. In the present case, however, PSI was to
pay cash based upon its revenues. The value of the royalty did not fluctuate depending upon what
day PSI paid it. We conclude, therefore, that time was not of the essence of the agreement because
delay in payment did not significantly harm Childers. Consequently, the delay in payment did no t
materially breach the agreement.
B. RESTRUCTURING:
Childers further maintains PSI intentionally breached the Royalty Compensation Agreement
when it restructured its business and "spun off" income to its sales representatives. Childers claims
several employees became "area representatives." The customers then paid the representatives,
instead of PSI, fo r service work. According to Childers, the effect of the reorganization was to
reduce the royalties Childers received.
Although the deposition testimony of two witnesses raises doubts as to why PSI and
Pettengill reorganized the company, Childers' claim nevertheless fails because the Royalty
Compensation Agreement does not prohibit restructuring. Moreover, Texas law does not imply a
covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every contract. English v. Fischer, 660 S.W.2d 521, 522
(Tex.1983); Crowder v. Tri–C Resources, Inc., 821 S.W.2d 393, 398 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1991, no writ); Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. v. Murchison, 937 F.2d 204, 208 (5th Cir.1991).
Texas law implies such a covenant only when a special relationship exists between the parties such
as insurers and insured, principal and agent, joint venturers, and partners. Cockrell v. Republic
Mortgage Ins. Co., 817 S.W.2d 106, 116 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1991, no writ); Manufacturers
Hanover Trust Co. v. Kingston Investors Corp., 819 S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1991, no writ). The relationship between Childers and PSI and Pettengill does not qualify as
a special relationship necessitating an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. PSI, therefore,
did not breach the Royalty Compensation Agreement, either by its one day delay in payment or by
its business restructuring.
III. AMBIGUOUS CONTRACT
Childers also asserts that the Royalty Compensation Agreement is ambiguous as it pertains
to royalty computation. We note that the ambiguity issue remains even though we hold PSI did not
breach the agreement. With or without a breach, Childers possessed the right to audit PSI's books.
The audit, as well as Childers' own expert, indicate the agreement might be ambiguous.
Whether the Ro yalty Compensation Agreement is ambiguous is a question of law for the
court. If the agreement is worded so that this Court can ascertain a certain or definite meaning, it is
not ambiguous. If the agreement, however, is reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation,
it is ambiguous. D.E.W., Inc. v. Local 93, Laborers' International Union of North America, 957
F.2d 196, 199 (5th Cir.1992); R & P Enter. v. LaGuarta, Gavrel & Kirk, Inc., 596 S.W.2d 517,
518–19 (Tex.1980); Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393–94 (Tex.1983). "A contract is not
ambiguous merely because the parties disagree upon the correct interpretation or upon whether it is
reasonably open to just one interpretation." D.E.W., 957 F.2d at 199. If the agreement is ambiguous,
summary judgment is improper because interpretation of the agreement is a fact question for the jury.
Id.; Reilly v. Rangers Management, Inc., 727 S.W.2d 527, 529 (Tex.1987).
The disputed issue is whether the Royalty Compensation Agreement is ambiguous regarding
computation of the royalty payable to Childers. Paragraph 1 of the agreement states, "The company
hereby promises to pay to Carroll E. Childers ... an amount equal to one and one-half percent
(11/2%) of the Company's gross sales and service revenues ... computed and payable in the manner
provided in this Agreement." Paragraph 2 then establishes a minimum payment.1 Essentially, the
agreement purports to do more than require that PSI will pay Childers a royalty of 11/2% of gross
sales and service revenues since it also provides that if that amount is less than the minimum quarterly
payment, then PSI instead must pay Childers the minimum quarterly payment.
A problem arises, however, because the agreement contains two separate provisions for
calculating the quarterly payment, and the two provisions conflict. Paragraph 3 provides one royalty
formula while Exhibit A provides another.
Paragraph 3 states:
3. Computation of Royalty; Payment Schedule. At the end of each of the twenty (20)
quarters during which this Agreement is in effect, commencing with the quarter ending July
30, 1981, the following computation shall be made and certified by the chief executive or
financial officer of the Company:
a. Compute aggregate gross sales and service revenues from May 1, 1981 through the
end of the quarter then ended.
b. Multiply these aggregate revenues by one and one-half percent (11/2%) (the "Gross
1
"The company promises to pay to Childers, as an advance against first royalties due, and as
the minimum guaranteed sum to be received by Childers as royalty over the term of this
Agreement, the sum of Two Hundred Forty–Seven Thousand Six Hundred Dollars ($247,600),
payable in installments as follows:
a. Upon execution and delivery of this Agreement, a payment of Twenty–Seven
Thousand Six Hundred Dollars (27,600),
b. Eight monthly payments of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000) each, commencing
October 1, 1980, and continuing on the same day of each succeeding month
through May 1, 1981.
c. Twenty quarterly payments of Seven Thousand Dollars ($7000) each,
commencing August 20, 1981) and continuing on the same day of each third
month thereafter until fully paid.
Aggregate Royalty Earned").
c. Compute the "Aggregate Minimum Royalty Paid" by adding all minimum payments
then actually having been paid under Paragraph 2 of this Agreement from the
execution of this Agreement through the quarter then ended.
d. Subtract the Aggregate Minimum Royalty Paid from the Gross Aggregate Royalty
Earned. If the result is a positive amount, that amount shall be remitted, on the date
of and in addition to, the next maturing quarterly payment. If the amount is negative,
only the next maturing monthly or quarterly minimum payment shall be due.
The parties apparently attempted to reiterate the payment schedule in Exhibit A of the Royalty
Compensation Agreement. Exhibit A is expressly made part of the Royalty Compensation Agreement
in Paragraph 10 which states, "Exhibit "A' to this Agreement contains a schedule of payments to be
made under this Agreement." The problem is that distinct differences pervade Paragraph 3 and
Exhibit A.2
The first distinction concerns the time span of the $7000 minimum quarterly payments. In
calculating a given quarter's aggregate minimum payment, Exhibit A includes the next quarter's $7000
minimum payment. For example, in calculating the aggregate minimum payment fo the quarter
r
ending January 31, 1983, Exhibit A incorporates the $7000 minimum payment due on February 20,
1983. It is apparent the quarterly royalty computed in accordance with Exhibit A includes the next
quarter's minimum payment because the $7000 minimum payment due on February 20, 1983 is added
to the "Total Minimum Paid & Due to Date," and the total minimum paid is subtracted from 11/2%
of all sales through the end of January 31, 1983.
The wording of paragraphs 2 and 3, however, suggests that the subsequent quarter's minimum
payment should not be calculated in the current quarter's Aggregate Minimum Royalty Paid.
Paragraph 2(c) states PSI will make "[t]wenty quarterly payments of Seven Thousand Dollars
($7000) each, commencing August 20, 1981 ..." Paragraph 3 states "At the end of each of the twenty
(20) quarters ... [c]ompute the "Aggregate Minimum Royalty Paid' by adding all minimum payments
2
The text of Exhibit A is appended as the Appendix of this opinion.
then actually having been paid under Paragraph 2 of this Agreement from the execution of this
Agreement through the quarter then ended." The distinction between the two formulas produces an
aggregate minimum payment under Exhibit A, which is, at any given time, $7000 greater than the
Aggregate Minimum Royalty Paid under Paragraph 3.
A second, and more crucial, distinction between Paragraph 3 and Exhibit A involves the final
computation of the royalty PSI owes Childers. Exhibit A requires PSI to subtract the aggregate
minimum payments from 11/2% of all sales. If the difference is negative, then PSI is to pay the
minimum quarterly amount. If the difference is positive, however, PSI is to pay the difference.
Paragraph 3, on the other hand, yields a different result. Paragraph 3 also requires PSI to subtract
the Aggregate Minimum Royalty Paid from the Gross Aggregate Royalty Earned, and, again, if the
result is negative, then PSI must pay the minimum quarterly amount. If the difference is positive,
however, PSI must pay the difference "in addition to [ ] t he next maturing quarterly payment."
Consequently, if the difference between the Gross Aggregate Royalty Earned and the Aggregate
Minimum Royalty Paid is positive, Paragraph 3 mandates a greater payment than Exhibit A because
Paragraph 3 calculates the royalty and then adds the minimum quarterly payment to it. Finally, the
method for calculating royalties provided in either paragraph 3 or Exhibit A is arguably different than
the method used by PSI. Whereas PSI's method would deduct all royalties previously paid from gross
aggregate royalties, paragraph 3 and Exhibit A can be interpreted as saying that only the prior
minimum payments due should be subtracted. Both methods would produce significantly higher
amounts of royalties due than under PSI's method.
The parties erroneously drafted separate and conflicting formulas for calculating the royalty
PSI owed Childers. PSI arguably followed neither of these methods. Because the contract is
ambiguous on its face, the trier of fact must determine the parties' intent. Reilly, 727 S.W.2d at 529
("When a contract contains an ambiguity, the granting of a motion for summary judgment is improper
because the interpretation of the instrument is a question of fact for the jury"); Gaulden v. Johnson,
801 S.W.2d 561, 564 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied) ("Once the document is found to be
ambiguous, the determination of the parties' intent through extrinsic evidence is a question of fact").
Accordingly, we reverse the summary judgment and remand the case to the district court to determine
the parties' intent with respect to calculation of the royalty.3
IV. PAYMENT OF THE AUDIT
In addition to permitting a certified accountant to audit PSI's books, Paragraph 6 of the
Royalty Compensation Agreement states:
Childers shall bear the expense of such audit or review, unless such independent certified
public accountant agrees that the Royalty Earned during the quarter or quarters for which
revenues have been reviewed, have been understated by more than 3%, in which event [PSI]
shall pay for the expense of such review.
The district court ruled Childers must pay for the AY audit, and Childers appeals.
The AY audit analyzed PSI's royalty payments for the five-year period from May 1981
through April 1986. We find it impossible to determine how much PSI understated royalties because
we hold the contract is ambiguous and the contract interpretation of the method of calculation must
be determined before the district court can decide the percentage of understatement to assess the
costs of audit. Upon remand and determination of the percentage of understatement, the district
court can then decide who bears the cost of the audit.
A subordinate issue as to payment of the audit also is raised by Childers. The Royalty
Compensation Agreement states that PSI must pay for the audit only if PSI has understated the
royalties by more than three percent "during the quarter or quarters for which revenues have been
reviewed." In the present case, Childers requested an audit of a five-year period. Childers asserts
3
In determining the parties intent, the district court should bear in mind that Childers never
objected to PSI's method of computation prior to this lawsuit. Childers' acquiescence is not a
waiver of its complaint, but it is at least some evidence of the fact that the royalty was calculated
in accordance with the parties' intent.
that if the audit determines that PSI understated royalties by more than three percent during any
quarter, PSI must pay for the audit. Childers, however, requested a five-year audit, and if over that
five-year period, PSI understated royalties by less than three percent, then it is irrelevant that for any
quarter or quarters PSI understated royalties by more than three percent. Had Childers requested an
audit of a time period in which PSI had understated royalties by more than three percent for that
entire time period, then the agreement would require PSI to pay for the audit. Further, the Royalty
Compensation Agreement makes no provision for prorating the audit cost so that PSI pays for the
proportion of the audit representing the quarters in which it understated royalties by more than three
percent. Thus, when the district court determines the amount of the underpayment of royalties based
upon the proper method of calculating royalties, it must assess the cost of the audit to Childers if PSI
understated royalties by less than three percent for the entire period for which Childers requested the
audit.
V. DUE PROCESS
When AY completed its audit report, it presented the report to PSI in accordance with the
Audit Order. PSI objected to the report, claiming it contained information outside the scope required
by the Royalty Compensation Agreement and the Audit Order. In accordance with the Audit Order,
AY presented the report to the court for an in camera review. PSI sent a letter to the court
requesting that the court excise certain information from the report. The state district court reviewed
the report and determined the report did exceed the Audit Order's requirements. Thus, the court
released Schedule 2 and Appendix D of the report and sealed the rest of the report.
Childers claims the court violated his due process rights. He maintains PSI did not send him
a copy of the letter requesting deletion of part of the report, nor did the court grant him a hearing on
the issue of sealing all but three pages of the report.
In reviewing a ruling to seal information after an in camera review, this Court should reverse
only if the trial court has abused its discretion. Sanders v. Shell Oil Co., 678 F.2d 614, 618 (5th
Cir.1982); Meyer Goldberg Inc., of Lorain v. Fisher Foods, Inc., 823 F.2d 159, 161 (6th Cir.1987).
We first note that the state district court followed the procedures it stated it would follow in its June
1986 Audit Order. Second, contrary to Childers' assertions, he had an opportunity to object. On
October 10, 1986, the state court held a conference call on the audit report's contents. Childers'
attorney participated in the call. Moreover, on January 8, 1987, the state court held a hearing at
which Childers argued he was entitled to the complete audit. The court, therefore, did not deny
Childers due process because it provided him an opportunity to present his arguments.
Furthermore, the state court judge did not abuse his discretion in sealing some of the report.
This court has conducted an in camera review of the AY audit report, and we affirm the state court's
ruling. The Royalty Compensation Agreement permits an audit "for the limited purpose of verifying
[PSI's] gross sales and service revenues." The Audit Order similarly limited the scope of the audit
to verification of gross sales and service revenues. The AY report, however, exceeded these
boundaries and included information concerning royalty computation. This information went beyond
the scope of both the agreement and the court's mandate. PSI agreed only to open its books for a
limited purpose, and Childers is not entitled to any information obtained in the report which goes
beyond the agreement and the Audit Order. The state court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion.
VI. REMAINING ISSUES
Childers presents several procedural issues, which we summarily resolve. Childers objects
to the trial court's releasing the stock in question from the registry of the court. TAB had
interpleaded the stock into the court's registry, and Childers requests that we order PSI and Pettengill
to return it. We decline to issue such an order. TAB originally deposited the stock in the court's
regist ry so that the court could tender it to Childers in accordance with the Collateral Pledge
Agreement if PSI had breached the Royalty Compensation Agreement. As we discussed above, PSI
never breached the Royalty Compensation Agreement. Although PSI may have underpaid the
royalties it owed, we need not require it to return the stock to the court's registry.
All of the remaining issues are properly reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard.
Coughlin v. Lee, 946 F.2d 1152, 1158 (5th Cir.1991) (discovery requests); Zenith Radio Corp. v.
Clark, 665 S.W.2d 804, 806 (Tex.App.—Austin 1983, no writ) (discovery requests); Smith–Weik
Mach. Corp. v. Murdock Mach. Eng'g Co., 423 F.2d 842, 844 (5th Cir.1970) (motions for
continuance); State v. Crank, 666 S.W.2d 91, 94 (Tex.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 833, 105 S.Ct. 124,
83 L.Ed.2d 66 (1984) (motions for continuance); Calcasieu Marine Nat'l Bank v. Grant, 943 F.2d
1453, 1464 (5th Cir.1991) (motions for new trial); Jackson v. Van Winkle, 660 S.W.2d 807, 809
(Tex.1983) (motions for new trial); Nevels v. Ford Motor Co., 439 F.2d 251, 257 (5th Cir.1971)
(striking amended petitions); Plata v. Guzman, 571 S.W.2d 408, 411 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi
1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (striking amended petitions).
Childers claims the state court erred when it denied his discovery requests. Childers
requested documents evidencing both PSI's royalty payments and PSI's financial relationship with
TAB. PSI objected to the request, claiming either they had already produced t he requested
documents or the documents were irrelevant. Childers maintains PSI should have produced the
documents for an in camera inspection and offered evidence to establish their claim of privilege. PSI,
however, did not claim a privilege, and, therefore, it was not required to produce the documents or
evidence establishing the privilege. Tex.R.Civ.P.R. 166b(4) (West 1992). We find the trial judge did
not abuse his discretion, and we affirm the ruling denying discovery.
Childers also asserts the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a continuance. On
January 5, 1987, three days before the hearing on PSI's motion for summary judgment, Childers
moved for a continuance. Childers claims he was unable to prepare an adequate response to the
motion for summary judgment because he did not obtain the released three pages of the AY report
until the day of the hearing. Although it would have been preferable for Childers to receive a copy
of the report prior to the trial, he did have an opportunity at least to view the relevant three pages.
Thus, the state court did not abuse its discretion. In any event, the court held a subsequent hearing
on February 23, 1987, at which time the court provided Childers with an opportunity to present his
arguments subsequent to acquiring the report.
Childers further maintains the trial court erred when it denied his motion for new trial. "It
is incumbent upon a party who seeks a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence to
satisfy the court first, that the evidence has come to his knowledge since the trial; second, that it was
not owing to the want of due diligence that it did not come sooner; third, that it is not cumulative;
fourth, that it is so material that it would probably produce a different result if a new trial were
granted." Jackson, 660 S.W.2d at 809. Childers' attorney discovered parts of the AY report in the
court's files on April 15, 1987, and Childers asserts the new evidence fulfills the Jackson
requirements.
The trial judge in the present case did not abuse his discretion. On January 8, 1987, the trial
judge informed Childers in open court of the report's existence, and instructed him that he could
obtain a copy of the portion that had not been sealed. Thus, Childers had access to the requisite
portion of the report. He did not have access to the sealed portion of the report, but we have already
affirmed the propriety of the court's decision to seal most of the report as not within the proper scope
of the audit provided for in the contract.
Childers next asserts the trial court erred when it struck his amended petition. Childers filed
his First Amended Original Petition on January 5, 1987, three days prior to the hearing. State law,
however, dictates that the parties cannot file amendments within seven days of the trial date unless
the judge grants permission and the opposing party is not surprised.4 Childers argues that although
4
"Parties may amend their pleadings, respond to pleadings on file of other parties, file
suggestions of death and make representative parties, and file such other pleas as they may desire
by filing such pleas with the clerk at such time as not to operate as a surprise to the opposite
he should have filed the amendment by January 1, 1987, the courthouse was closed for the holidays
January 1 through January 4. Moreover, Childers claims PSI and Pettengill could not have been
surprised regarding the unpaid royalties claim because they possessed AY's audit report, which
reflected the underpayment of royalties.
The trial judge struck the amendment, not because of surprise to PSI and Pettengill, but
because Childers had failed to obtain leave of the court as required by the rules. The trial court did
not abuse its discretion. Moreover, Childers filed an amended pleading setting out the same
allegations as the struck pleading, and the court considered this subsequent pleading at a later hearing.
The striking of the earlier amendment, therefore, did not prejudice Childers.
VII. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court's holding to the extent that it held there was no material breach
of the Royalty Compensation Agreement. We also find no error in the court's procedural treatment
of the case. The district court erred, however, when it made a finding on the merits that the royalty
had been understated. We find that the Royalty Compensation Agreement is ambiguous with respect
to calculation of royalties owed by PSI to Childers. We therefore reverse the court's ruling on
royalties and remand the case for the court to determine how the parties intended to calculate the
royalty, and for such further proceedings as are required.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.
APPENDIX
CONTRACT EXHIBIT "A"
party; provided that any pleadings, responses or pleas offered for filing within seven days of the
date of trial or thereafter, or after such time as may be ordered by the judge under Rule 166, shall
be filed only after leave of the judge is obtained, which leave shall be granted by the judge unless
there is a showing that such filing will operate as a surprise to the opposing party."
Tex.R.Civ.P.R. 63 (West 1992).
PAYMENT SCHEDULE
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Date MinimumPayment Total MinimumPaid & Due toDate 11/2% of all sales from
5/1/81 through quarter last Ended (3) minus (2)*
Initial $ 27,600 $ 27,600
Oct. 1, 1980 10,000 37,600
Nov. 1, 1980 10,000 47,600
Dec. 1, 1980 10,000 57,600
Jan. 1, 1981 10,000 67,600
Feb. 1, 1981 10,000 77,600
March 1, 1981 10,000 87,600
April 1, 1981 10,000 97,600
May 1, 1981 10,000 107,600
August 20, 1981 7,000 114,600 _________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nov. 20, 1981 7,000 121,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Feb. 20, 1982 7,000 128,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
May 20, 1982 7,000 135,600 ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
August 20, 1982 7,000 142,600 _________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nov. 20, 1982 7,000 149,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Feb. 20, 1983 7,000 156,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
May 20, 1983 7,000 163,600 ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Aug. 20, 1983 7,000 170,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nov. 20, 1983 7,000 177,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Feb. 20, 1984 7,000 184,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
May 20, 1984 7,000 191,600 ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Aug. 20, 1984 7,000 198,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nov. 20, 1984 7,000 205,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Feb. 20, 1985 7,000 212,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
May 20, 1985 7,000 219,600 ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Aug. 20, 1985 7,000 226,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nov. 20, 1985 7,000 233,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Feb. 20, 1986 7,000 240,600 ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
May 20, 1986 7,000 247,600 ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________
Total $247,600 $257,600
*
If this amount is negative, pay minimum amount (1). If positive, pay this amount.